Care and outcomes for the more than 40,000 patients undergoing pediatric and congenital heart surgery in the United States annually are known to vary widely. While consensus recommendations have been published across numerous fields as one mechanism to promote a high level of care delivery across centers, it has been more than two decades since the last pediatric heart surgery recommendations were published in the United States. More recent guidance is lacking, and collaborative efforts involving the many disciplines engaged in caring for these children have not been undertaken to date. The present initiative brings together professional societies spanning numerous care domains and congenital cardiac surgeons, pediatric cardiologists, nursing, and other healthcare professionals from diverse programs around the country to develop consensus recommendations for United States centers. The focus of this initial work is on pediatric heart surgery, and it is recommended that future efforts focus in detail on the adult congenital population. We describe the background, rationale, and methodology related to this collaborative effort, and recommendations put forth for Essential Care Centers (essential services necessary for any program), and Comprehensive Care Centers (services to optimize comprehensive and high-complexity care), encompassing structure, process, and outcome metrics across 14 domains.
GillumRF. Epidemiology of congenital heart disease in the United States. Am Heart J. 1994;127(4 Pt 1):919‐927.
2.
Centers for Disease Control. Hospital stays, hospital charges, and in-hospital deaths among infants with selected birth defects–United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(2):25‐29.
3.
KerenRLuanXLocalioR, et al.Prioritization of comparative effectiveness research topics in hospital pediatrics. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(12):1155‐1164.
4.
PasqualiSKDimickJBOhyeRG. Time for a more unified approach to pediatric health care policy?: The case of congenital heart care. JAMA. 2015;314(16):1689‐1690.
5.
WelkeKFPasqualiSKLinP, et al.Hospital distribution and patient travel patterns for congenital cardiac surgery in the United States. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;107(2):574‐581.
6.
PasqualiSKThibaultDO’BrienSM, et al.National variation in congenital heart surgery outcomes. Circulation. 2020;142(14):1351‐1360.
7.
PasqualiSKOhyeRGLuM, et al.For the pediatric heart network investigators. Variation in perioperative care across centers for infants undergoing the Norwood procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144(4):915‐921.
8.
BursteinDSRossiAFJacobsJP, et al.Variation in models of care delivery for children undergoing congenital heart surgery in the United States. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2010;1(1):8‐14.
9.
JacobsJPHeXMayerJEJr, et al.Mortality trends in pediatric and congenital heart surgery: an analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;102(4):1345‐1352.
10.
JacobsMLO'BrienSMJacobsJP, et al.An empirically based tool for analyzing morbidity associated with operations for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145(4):1046‐1057.
11.
JacobsJPO'BrienSMPasqualiSKJacobsMLLacour-GayetFGTchervenkovCIAustinEHPizarroCPourmoghadamKKSchollFGWelkeKFGaynorJWClarkeDRMayerJEMavroudisC. Variation in outcomes for risk-stratified pediatric cardiac surgical operations: An analysis of the STS Congenital Heart Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94:564‐571.
12.
JacobsJPO'BrienSMPasqualiSK, et al.Variation in outcomes for benchmark operations: an analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92(6):2184‐2191.
13.
PasqualiSKThibaultDHallM, et al.Evolving cost-quality relationship in pediatric heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(3):866‐873.
14.
WelkeKFO’BrienSMPetersonED, et al.The complex relationship between pediatric cardiac surgical case volumes and mortality rates in a national clinical database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137(5):1133‐1140.
15.
HirschJCGurneyJGDonohueJE, et al.Hospital mortality for Norwood and arterial switch operations as a function of institution volume. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008;29(4):713‐717.
16.
ChecchiaPAMcColleganMDaherN, et al.The effect of surgical case volume on outcome after the Norwood procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129(4):754‐759.
17.
HannanELRaczMKaveyR, et al.Pediatric cardiac surgery: the effect of hospital and surgeon volume on in-hospital mortality. Pediatrics. 1998;101(6):963‐969.
18.
PasqualiSKLiJSBurstein, et al.Association of center volume with mortality and complications in pediatric heart surgery. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e370‐e376. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1188
19.
PasqualiSKJacobsJPHeX, et al.The complex relationship between center volume and outcome in patients undergoing the Norwood operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(5):1556‐1562.
20.
WelkeKFKaramlouTO’BrienSM, et al.Contemporary relationship between hospital volume and outcomes in congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. Published online August 29, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.08.006.
21.
SananesRGoldbergCSNewburgerJW, et al.Six-year neurodevelopmental outcomes for children with single ventricle physiology. Pediatrics. 2021;147(2):e2020014589. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-014589
22.
AltenJCooperDSKlugmanD, et al.Preventing cardiac arrest in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit through multicenter collaboration. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;1;176(10):1027‐1036.
23.
BatesKEConnellyCKhadrL, et al.Successful reduction of postoperative chest tube duration and length of stay after congenital heart surgery: a multicenter collaborative improvement project. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(21):e020730. doi:10.1161/JAHA.121.020730
24.
MahleWTNicolsonSCHollenbeck-PringleD, et al.Utilizing a collaborative learning model to promote early extubation following infant heart surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17(10):939‐947.
25.
AndersonJBBeekmanRHKuglerJD, et al.Improvement in interstage survival in a national pediatric cardiology learning network. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015;8(4):428‐436.
26.
PasqualiSKBanerjeeMRomanoJCNormandST. Hospital performance assessment in congenital heart surgery: where do we go from here?Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;109(3):621‐626.
27.
PasqualiSKGaynorJW. The path forward in congenital heart surgery public reporting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;114(2):534‐535.
28.
BavariaJETommasoCLBrindisRG, et al.2018 AATS/ACC/SCAI/STS expert consensus systems of care document: operator and institutional recommendations and requirements for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(3):340‐374.
DaenenWLacour-GayetFAbergT. Optimal structure of a congenital heart surgery department in Europe, by EACTS congenital heart disease committee. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24(3):343‐351.
32.
Section on Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for pediatric cardiovascular centers. Pediatrics. 2002;109(3):544‐549.
33.
Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. Levels of neonatal care. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):587‐597.
34.
DonabedianA. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Memorial Fund Q. 1966;44(3)(suppl)):166‐206. Reprinted in Milbank Q. 2005;83(4):691–729.
KansyAEulenburgCSarrisG, et al.Higher programmatic volume in neonatal heart surgery is associated with lower early mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(5):1436‐1440.
PasqualiSKShahianDMO’BrienSM, et al.Development of a congenital heart surgery composite quality metric: Part 1-background and conceptual framework. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;107(2):583‐589.
39.
PasqualiSKRavishankarCRomanoJC, et al.Design and initial results of a programme for routine standardised longitudinal follow-up after congenital heart surgery. Cardiol Young. 2016;26(8):1590‐1596.
40.
PasqualiSKO’BrienSMShahianDMRomanoJCJacobsJPMayerJE. Association between past and present operative mortality in congenital heart surgery. Circulation. 2022;146(Suppl 1):A12623.
41.
Institute of Medicine. Performance Measurement: Accelerating Improvement. The National Academies Press; 2006.
42.
LopezKNBaker-SmithCFloresG, et al.American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee of the Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; and Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health. Addressing social determinants of health and mitigating health disparities across the lifespan in congenital heart disease. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;19;11(8):e025358. doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.025358
43.
JacobsJPJacobsMLAustinEH, et al.Quality measures for congenital and pediatric cardiac surgery. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2012;3(1):32‐47.
44.
HickeyEJHalvorsenFLaussenPCHirstGSchwartzSVan ArsdellGS. Chasing the 6-sigma: drawing lessons from the cockpit culture. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;155(2):690‐696.
45.
BatesKEMahleWTBushL, et al.Variation in implementation and outcomes of early extubation practices after infant cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;107(5):1434‐1440.
GoldshtromNVasquezAMChavesDV, et al.Outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery: the impact of a dedicated neonatal cardiac program. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023;165(6):2204‐2211.
48.
NeurazAGuerinCPayetC, et al.Patient mortality is associated with staff resources and workload in the ICU: a multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(8):1587‐1594.
49.
GuptaPRettigantiMJeffriesHE, et al.Association of 24/7 in-house intensive care unit attending physician coverage with outcomes in children undergoing heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;102(6):2052‐2061.
50.
HickeyPAGauvreauKCurleyMAConnerJA. The effect of critical care nursing and organizational characteristics on pediatric cardiac surgery mortality in the United States. J Nurs Adm. 2013;43(12):37‐44.
51.
GaiesMGClarkeNSDonohueJEGurneyJGCharpieJRHirschJC. Personnel and unit factors impacting outcome after cardiac arrest in a dedicated pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13(5):583‐588.
52.
LasaJJBanerjeeMZhangW, et al.Critical care unit organizational and personnel factors impact cardiac arrest prevention and rescue in the pediatric cardiac population. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2022;23(4):255‐267.
53.
HickeyPAPasqualiSKGaynorJW, et al.Critical care nursing's impact on pediatric patient outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;102(4):1375‐1380.
54.
HickeyPAGauvreauKPorterCConnorJA. The impact of critical care nursing certification on pediatric patient outcomes. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018;19(8):718‐724.
55.
HickeyPAGauvreauKTongESchifferNPConnorJA. Pediatric cardiovascular critical care in the United States: nursing and organizational characteristics. Am J Crit Care. 2012;21(4):242‐250.
56.
AltenJAKlugmanDRaymondTT, et al.Epidemiology and outcomes of cardiac arrest in pediatric cardiac ICUs. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(10):935‐943.
57.
LandryMALafrenayeSRoyMCCyrC. A randomized, controlled trial of bedside versus conference-room case presentation in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics. 2007;120(2):275‐280.
58.
LattaLCDickRParryCTamuraGS. Parental responses to involvement in rounds on a pediatric inpatient unit at a teaching hospital: a qualitative study. Acad Med. 2008;83(3):292‐297.
59.
KuoDZSisterhenLLSigrestTEBiazoJMAitkenMESmithCE. Family experiences and pediatric health services use associated with family-centered rounds. Pediatrics. 2012;130(2):299‐305.
60.
GaiesMPasqualiSKBanerjeeM, et al.Improvement in pediatric cardiac surgical outcomes through interhospital collaboration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(22):2786‐2795.
61.
McLellanMCGauvreauKConnorJA. Validation of the cardiac children's hospital early warning score: an early warning scoring tool to prevent cardiopulmonary arrests in children with heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis. 2014;9(3):194‐202.
62.
KotsakisALobosATParshuramC, et al.Implementation of a multicenter rapid response system in pediatric academic hospitals is effective. Pediatrics. 2011;128(1):72‐78.
63.
BavareACAfonsoNSSemberaKA, et al.Paediatric cardiac rapid response systems: a survey of multicentre practices. Cardiol Young. 2022;32(6):944‐951.
64.
KippsAKCassidySCStrohackerCM, et al.Collective quality improvement in the paediatric cardiology acute care unit: establishment of the pediatric acute care cardiology collaborative (PAC3). Cardiol Young. 2018;28(8):1019‐1023.
LortsASmythLGajarskiRJ, et al.The creation of a pediatric health care learning network: the ACTION quality improvement collaborative. ASAIO J. 2020;66(4):441‐446.
71.
MorrayJPGeiduschekJMRamamoorthyC, et al.Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: initial findings of the pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest (POCA) registry. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(1):6‐14.
72.
MuratIConstantIMaud’huyH. Perioperative anaesthetic morbidity in children: a database of 24,165 anaesthetics over a 30-month period. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14(2):158‐166.
73.
OdegardKCVincentRBaijalR, et al.SCAI/CCAS/SPA expert consensus statement for anesthesia and sedation practice: recommendations for patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the pediatric and congenital cardiac catheterization laboratory. Anesth Analg. 2016;123(5):1201‐1209.
74.
RamamoorthyCHaberkernCMBhanankerSM, et al.Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children with heart disease: data from the pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest (POCA) registry. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(5):1376‐1382.
75.
FlickRPSprungJHarrisonTE, et al.Perioperative cardiac arrests in children between 1988 and 2005 at a tertiary referral center: a study of 92,881 patients. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(2):226‐237.
76.
BurchTMMcGowanFXKussmanBD, et al.Congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis and sudden death associated with anesthesia: What’s the mystery?Anesth Analg. 2008;107(6):1848‐1854.
77.
CarmosinoMJFriesenRHDoranA, et al.Perioperative complications in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing noncardiac surgery or cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(3):521‐527.
78.
OdegardKCDiNardoJAKussmanBD, et al.The frequency of anesthesia-related cardiac arrests in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(2):335‐343.
79.
NasrVGStaffaSJVenerDF, et al.The practice of pediatric cardiac anesthesiology in the United States. Anesth Analg. 2022;134(3):532‐539.
80.
NasrVGGuzzettaNAMossadEB. Fellowship training in pediatric cardiac anesthesia: history, maturation, and current Status. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(7):1828‐1834.
81.
NasrVGZabalaLTwiteM. Expertise in pediatric cardiac anesthesia begins with well-designed training programs. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022;36(3):654‐656.
82.
VenerDFAbbasiRKBrownM, et al.The Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society—Society of Thoracic Surgeons Cardiac Anesthesia database collaboration. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020;11(1):14‐21.
83.
LongJBEngornBMHillKD, et al.Postoperative hematocrit and adverse outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery patients: a cross-sectional study from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society database collaboration. Anesth Analg. 2021;133(5):1077‐1088.
84.
GreenNHJoosteEHThibaultDP, et al.A study of practice behavior for endotracheal intubation site for children with congenital heart disease undergoing surgery: impact of endotracheal intubation site on perioperative outcomes—an analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society database. Anesth Analg. 2019;129(4):1061‐1068.
85.
SchwartzLITwiteMGulackB, et al.The perioperative use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease: an analysis from the Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society—Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Disease database. Anesth Analg. 2016;123(3):715‐721.
OldeenMEAngonaREHodgeAKleinT. American Society of ExtraCorporeal technology: development of standards and guidelines for pediatric and congenital perfusion practice. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2020;52(4):319‐326.
88.
AllenHDBeekmanRHGarsonA, et al.Pediatric therapeutic cardiac catheterization A statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1998;97(6):609‐625.
89.
HaddadRNLangeJMRaiskyO, et al.Indications and outcomes of cardiac catheterization following congenital heart surgery in children. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2022;61(5):1056‐1065.
90.
ArmsbyLBeekmanRHBensonL, et al.SCAI Expert consensus statement for advanced training programs in pediatric and congenital interventional cardiac catheterization. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;84(5):779‐784.
91.
ACE Standards for Pediatric and/or Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Accreditation. Published in Accreditation for Cardiovascular Excellence: Quality in Invasive Cardiovascular Care. 2015. www.cvexcel.org.
92.
The IAC Standards and Guidelines for Cardiovascular Catheterization Accreditation. Published in Intersocietal Accreditation Commission: Cardiovascular Catheterization. 2018.
93.
OdegardKCVincentRBaijalR, et al.SCAI/CCAS/SPA expert consensus statement for anesthesia and sedation practice: recommendations for patients undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the pediatric and congenital cardiac catheterization laboratory. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;88(6):912‐922.
94.
O’ByrneMLGlatzACShinoharaRT, et al.Effect of center catheterization volume on risk of catastrophic adverse event following cardiac catheterization in children. Am Heart J. 2015;169(6):823‐832.
95.
JayaramNSpertusJAO’ByrneML, et al.Relationship between hospital procedural volume and complications following congenital cardiac catheterization: a report from the IMPACT® registry. Am Heart J. 2017;183(1):118‐128.
96.
MartinGRBeekmanRHIngFF, et al.The IMPACT registry: IMproving pediatric and adult congenital treatments. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2010;13(1):20‐25.
97.
Chaudhry-WatermanNCoombsSPorrasDHolzerRBergersenL. Developing tools to measure quality in congenital catheterization and interventions: the congenital cardiac catheterization project on outcomes (C3PO). Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014;10(2):63‐67.
98.
CevallosPCRoseMJArmsbyLB, et al.Implementation of methodology for quality improvement in pediatric cardiac catheterization: a multi-center initiative by the congenital cardiac catheterization project on outcomes-quality improvement (C3PO-QI). Pediatr Cardiol. 2016;37(8):1436‐1445.
99.
PetitCJQureshiAMGlatzAC, et al.Comprehensive comparative outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: the rationale for the congenital catheterization research collaborative. Congenit Heart Dis. 2019;14(3):341‐349.
100.
JenkinsKJBeekman IIIRHBergersenLJ, et al.Databases for assessing the outcomes of the treatment of patients with congenital and paediatric cardiac disease—the perspective of cardiology. Cardiol Young. 2008;18(Suppl. 2):116‐123.
101.
KobayashiDMeadowsJForbesTJ, et al.Standardizing radiation dose reporting in the pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory—a multicenter study by the CCISC (congenital cardiovascular interventional study consortium). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;84(5):785‐793.
102.
O'ByrneMLHuangJAsztalosI, et al.Pediatric/congenital cardiac catheterization quality: an analysis of existing metrics. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(24):2853‐2864.
103.
JayaramNBeekman 3rdRHBensonL, et al.Adjusting for risk associated with pediatric and congenital cardiac catheterization: a report from the NCDR IMPACT registry. Circulation. 2015;132(20):1863‐1870.
104.
JayaramNSpertusJAKennedyKF, et al.Modeling major adverse outcomes of pediatric and adult patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization: observations from the NCDR IMPACT registry (national cardiovascular data registry improving pediatric and adult congenital treatment). Circulation. 2017;136(21):2009‐2019.
105.
BergersenLGauvreauKFoersterSR, et al.Catheterization for congenital heart disease adjustment for risk method (CHARM). JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4(9):1037‐1046.
106.
NykanenDGForbesTJDuW, et al.Congenital cardiac interventional study consortium (CCISC). CRISP: catheterization RISk score for pediatrics: a report from the congenital cardiac interventional study consortium (CCISC). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;87(2):302‐309.
107.
HillKDDuWFlemingGA, et al.Validation and refinement of the catheterization RISk score for pediatrics (CRISP score): an analysis from the congenital cardiac interventional study consortium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;93(1):97‐104.
108.
O’ByrneMLSilberJHKennedyKF, et al.Failure to rescue as an outcome metric in the pediatric and congenital cardiac catheterization laboratory: an analysis of data from the IMProving Adult and Congenital Treatment® (IMPACT®) Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(21):e013151.
109.
GhelaniSJGlatzACDavidS, et al.Radiation dose benchmarks during cardiac catheterization for congenital heart disease in the United States. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7(9):1060‐1069.
110.
CevallosPCArmstrongAKGlatzAC, et al.Radiation dose benchmarks in pediatric cardiac catheterization: a prospective multi-center C3PO-QI study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;90(2):269‐280.
111.
QuinnBPCevallosPArmstrongA, et al.Longitudinal improvements in radiation exposure in cardiac catheterization for congenital heart disease: a prospective multicenter C3PO-QI study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(5):e008172. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.008172
112.
LopezLColanSDFrommeltPC, et al.Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the pediatric measurements writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(5):465‐495.
113.
PuchalskiMDLuiGKMiller-HanceWC, et al.Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic: examination in children and all patients with congenital heart disease: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(2):173‐215.
114.
RychikJAyersNCuneoB, et al.American Society of Echocardiography guidelines and standards for performance of the fetal echocardiogram. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17(7):803‐810.
115.
LeinerTBogaiertJFriedrichMG, et al.SCMR Position paper (2020) on clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2020;22(1):76. Published 2020 Nov 9. doi:10.1186/s12968-020-00682-4
116.
KimRJSimonettiOPWestwoodM, et al.Guidelines for training in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2018;20(1):57. Published 2018 Aug 16. doi:10.1186/s12968-018-0481-8
117.
HanBKRigsbyCKHlavacekA, et al.Computed tomography imaging in patients with congenital heart disease part I: Rationale and utility. An expert consensus document of the society of cardiovascular computed tomography (SCCT): endorsed by the society of pediatric radiology (SPR) and the North American Society of Cardiac Imaging (NASCI). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2015;9(6):475‐492.
118.
Writing GroupXSachdevaRValenteAM, et al.ACC/AHA/ASE/HRS/ISACHD/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/SOPE 2020 appropriate use criteria for multimodality imaging during the follow-up care of patients with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee and Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Pediatric Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(10):e1‐e48. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2020.04.026
SrivastavaSPrintzBFGevaT, et al.Task force 2: pediatric cardiology fellowship training in noninvasive cardiac imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;132:e57‐e67.
ChoiAThomasDLeeJ, et al.2020 SCCT guideline for training cardiology and radiology trainees as independent practitioners (LevelII) and advanced practitioners (level III) in cardiovascular computed tomography: a statement from the society of cardiovascular computed tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2021;15(1):2‐15.
123.
LopezL. American Society of Echocardiography Council on Pediatric & Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Echocardiogr Qual Improve. 2012;25:22A‐23A.
124.
BenavidezOJGauvreauKJenkinsKJGevaT. Diagnostic errors in pediatric echocardiography: development of taxonomy and identification of risk factors. Circulation. 2008;117(23):2995‐3001.
125.
WalshEPBar-CohenYBatraAS, et al.Recommendations for advanced fellowship training in clinical pediatric and congenital electrophysiology: a report from the training and credentialing committee of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10(5):775‐781.
126.
HainesDEBeheirySAkarJG, et al.Heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on electrophysiology laboratory standards: process, protocols, equipment, personnel, and safety. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(8):e9‐e51.
127.
SeslarSPKuglerJBatraAS, et al.Pediatric & Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) MAP-IT taskforce. The multicenter pediatric and adult congenital EP quality (MAP-IT) initiative-rationale and design: report from the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society's MAP-IT taskforce. Congenit Heart Dis. 2013;8(5):381‐392.
128.
DubinAMJorgensenNWRadbillAE, et al.What have we learned in the last 20 years? A comparison of a modern era pediatric and congenital catheter ablation registry to previous pediatric ablation registries. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(1):57‐63.
129.
MarinoBSLipkinPHNewburgerJW, et al.Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: evaluation and management. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;126(9):1143‐1172.
130.
MellionKCassedyADrotarD, et al.Health-related quality of life outcomes in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 2014;164(4):781‐788.
131.
GhanayemNSHoffmanGMMussattoKA, et al.Home surveillance program prevents interstage mortality after the Norwood procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126(5):1367‐1377.
132.
RuddNAGhanayemNSHillGD, et al.Interstage home monitoring for infants with single ventricle heart disease: education and management. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(16):e014548.
133.
MarinoBSSoodECassidyAR, et al.The origins and development of the cardiac neurodevelopmental outcomes collaborative: creating innovative clinical, quality improvement, and research opportunities. Cardiol Young. 2020;30(11):1597‐1602.
134.
RychickJGoldbergDJRandE, et al.A path FORWARD: Development of a comprehensive multidisciplinary clinic to create health and wellness for the child and adolescent with a Fontan circulation. Pediatr Cardiol. 2022;43(6):1175‐1192.
135.
GonzalezVJKimbroRTCutittaKE, et al.Mental health disorders in children with congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 2021;147(2):e20201693.
136.
SoodELisantiAJWoolf-KingSE, et al.Parent mental health and family functioning following diagnosis of CHD. A research agenda and recommendations from the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Collaborative. Cardiol Young. 2021;31(6):900‐914.
137.
McCormickADWildeMMCharpieCE, et al.Psychosocial functioning in paediatric patients with single ventricle heart disease: a systematic review. Cardiol Young. 2022;32(2):173‐184.
138.
StoutKKDanielsCJAboulhosnJA, et al.2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:e81‐e192.
