The sessions of the symposium held in December 2014 allow us to capitalize on the shared knowledge and experience that arise from both cardiac anesthesia and cardiac intensive care. During this session, topics that crossed traditional boundaries of pediatric cardiac intensive care and pediatric cardiac anesthesia were presented and discussed. This article summarizes the five topics presented at the symposium.
KressJPPohlmanASO’ConnorMFHallJB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(20):1471–1477.
2.
GuptaKGuptaVKJayashreeMSinghiS. Randomized controlled trial of interrupted versus continuous sedative infusions in ventilated children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13(2):131–135.
3.
StromTMartinussenTToftP. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9713):475–480.
4.
ShehabiYBellomoRReadeMC. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(8):724–731.
5.
ArriagaAFBaderAMWongJM. Simulation-based trial of surgical-crisis checklists. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(3):246–253.
6.
FakhrySMTraskALWallerMAWattsDDForceINT. Management of brain-injured patients by an evidence-based medicine protocol improves outcomes and decreases hospital charges. J Trauma. 2004;56(3):492–499; discussion 499-500.
7.
HaynesABWeiserTGBerryWR. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(5):491–499.
8.
HartmanMEMcCroryDCSchulmanSR. Efficacy of sedation regimens to facilitate mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10(2):246–255.
9.
CeelieIde WildtSNde JongMIstaETibboelDvan DijkM. Protocolized post-operative pain management in infants; do we stick to it?Eur J Pain. 2012;16(5):760–766.
10.
DeeterKHKingMARidlingDIrbyGLLynnAMZimmermanJJ. Successful implementation of a pediatric sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(4):683–688.
11.
StaveskiSLLincolnPAFinemanLDAsaroLAWypijDCurleyMA. Nurse decision making regarding the use of analgesics and sedatives in the pediatric cardiac ICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014;15(8):691–697.
12.
von BaeyerCLSpagrudLJ. Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years. Pain. 2007;127(1-2):140–150.
13.
Conde-AgudeloADiaz-RosselloJL. Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Systemat Rev. 2014;4:CD002771.
14.
JalkutMK. Ketorolac as an analgesic agent for infants and children after cardiac surgery: safety profile and appropriate patient selection. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2014;25(1):23–30.
15.
Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301–1308.
SlutskyASRanieriVM. Ventilator-induced lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2126–2136.
18.
HeSChenBLiW. Ventilator-associated pneumonia after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(6):3148–3155. e3141–e3145.
19.
Garcia GuerraGRobertsonCMAltonGY. Neurotoxicity of sedative and analgesia drugs in young infants with congenital heart disease: 4-year follow-up. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24(3):257–265.
20.
BarashPGLescovichFKatzJDTalnerNSStanselHCJr. Early extubation following pediatric cardiothoracic operation: a viable alternative. Ann Thorac Surg. 1980;29(3):228–233.
21.
ChengDC: Pro: early extubation after cardiac surgery decreases intensive care unit stay and cost. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1995;9(4):460–464.
22.
ChengDCKarskiJPenistonC. Morbidity outcome in early versus conventional tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112(3):755–764.
23.
ChengDCKarskiJPenistonC. Early tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery reduces costs and improves resource use. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 1996;85(6):1300–1310.
24.
LaussenPCReidRWSteneRA. Tracheal extubation of children in the operating room after atrial septal defect repair as part of a clinical practice guideline. Anesth Analg. 1996;82(5):988–993.
25.
VricellaLADearaniJAGundrySRRazzoukAJBrauerSDBaileyLL. Ultra fast track in elective congenital cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(3):865–871.
26.
NeirottiRAJonesDHackbarthRPaxson FosseG. Early extubation in congenital heart surgery. Heart Lung Circ. 2002;11(3):157–161.
27.
SullivanBL. Con: early extubation in the operating room following cardiac surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;16(4):187–189.
28.
MeissnerUScharfJDotschJSchrothM. Very early extubation after open-heart surgery in children does not influence cardiac function. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008;29(2):317–320.
29.
LawrenceEJNguyenKMorrisSA. Economic and safety implications of introducing fast tracking in congenital heart surgery. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6(2):201–207.
30.
MittnachtAJThanjanMSrivastavaS. Extubation in the operating room after congenital heart surgery in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136(1):88–93.
31.
HarrisKCHolowachuckSPitfieldS. Should early extubation be the goal for children after congenital cardiac surgery?J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(6):2642–2648.
PreismanSLemberskyHYusimY. A randomized trial of outcomes of anesthetic management directed to very early extubation after cardiac surgery in children. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23(3):348–357.
34.
YamasakiYShimeNMiyazakiTYamagishiMHashimotoSTanakaY. Fast-track postoperative care for neonatal cardiac surgery: a single-institute experience. J Anesth. 2011;25(3):321–329.
35.
El-MorsyGZEl-DeebAEl-DesoukyTElsharkawyAAElgamanlMA. Can thoracic paravertebral block replace thoracic epidural block in pediatric cardiac surgery? A randomized blinded study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2012;15(4):259–263.
36.
TurkozABalciSTCan GunerM. Anesthesia management with single injection paravertebral block fro aorta coarctation in infant. Pediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(11):1078–1083.
37.
GruberEMLaussenPCCastaA. Stress response in infants undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized study of fentanyl bolus, fentanyl infusion, and fentanyl-midazolam infusion. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(4):882–890.
38.
HauserGJBen-AriJColvinMP. Interleukin-6 levels in serum and lung lavage fluid of children undergoing open heart surgery correlate with postoperative morbidity. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24(5):481–486.
39.
WolfAREyresRLLaussenPC. Effect of extradural analgesia on stress responses to abdominal surgery in infants. Br J Anaesth. 1993;70(6):654–660.
40.
MooreCMCrossMHDesboroughJPBurrinJMMacdonaldIAHallGM. Hormonal effects of thoracic extradural analgesia for cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75(4):387–393.
41.
HumphreysNBaysSMParryAJPawadeAHeydermanRSWolfAR. Spinal anesthesia with an indwelling catheter reduces the stress response in pediatric open heart surgery. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(6):1113–1120.
42.
PetersonKLDeCampliWMPikeNARobbinsRCReitzBA. A report of two hundred twenty cases of regional anesthesia in pediatric cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(5):1014–1019.
43.
LeyviGTaylorDGReithEStockACrookeGWasnickJD. Caudal anesthesia in pediatric cardiac surgery: does it affect outcome?J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;19(6):734–738.
GuayJChoiPTSureshSAlbertNKoppSPaceNL. Neuraxial anesthesia for the prevention of postoperative mortality and major morbidity: an overview of cochrane systematic reviews. Anesth Analg. 2014;119(3):716–725.
46.
VandermeulenEPVan AkenHVermylenJ. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994;79(6):1165–1177.
47.
HammerGBNgoKMacarioA. A retrospective examination of regional plus general anesthesia in children undergoing open heart surgery. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(5):1020–1024.
48.
AndropoulosDBAhmadHBHaqTThe association between brain injury, perioperative anesthetic exposure, and 12-month neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24(3):266–274.
49.
Reisner-SenelarL. The birth of intensive care medicine: Bjorn Ibsen’s records. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(7):1084–1086.
50.
RiahiMTomatisLASchlosserRJBertolozziEJohnstonDW. Cardiac compression due to closure of the median sternotomy in open heart surgery. Chest. 1975;67(1):113–114.
ChristensonJTMauriceJSimonetFVelebitVSchmuzigerM. Open chest and delayed sternal closure after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1996;10(5):305–311.
53.
FanningWJVaskoJSKilmanJW. Delayed sternal closure after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44(2):169–172.
JosaMKhuriSFBraunwaldNS. Delayed sternal closure. An improved method of dealing with complications after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986;91(4):598–603.
OttDACooleyDANormanJCSandifordFM. Delayed sternal closure: a useful technique to prevent tamponade or compression of the heart. Cardiovasc Dis. 1978;5(1):15–18.
58.
IyerRSJacobsJPde LevalMRStarkJElliottMJ. Outcomes after delayed sternal closure in pediatric heart operations: a 10-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg1997;63(2):489–491.
59.
BonifacioASSegallNBarbeitoATaekmanJSchroederRMarkJB. Handovers from the OR to the ICU. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2013;51(1):43–61.
60.
CatchpoleKRde LevalMRMcEwanA. Patient handover from surgery to intensive care: using Formula 1 pit-stop and aviation models to improve safety and quality. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007;17(5):470–478.
61.
KarakayaAMoermanATPeperstraeteHFrancoisKWoutersPFde HertSG. Implementation of a structured information transfer checklist improves postoperative data transfer after congenital cardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2013;30(12):764–769.
62.
SegallNBonifacioASSchroederRA. Can we make postoperative patient handovers safer? A systematic review of the literature. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(1):102–115.
63.
de LevalMRCartheyJWrightDJFarewellVTReasonJT. Human factors and cardiac surgery: a multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;119(4 pt 1):661–672.
64.
ChenJGWrightMCSmithPBJaggersJMistryKP. Adaptation of a postoperative handoff communication process for children with heart disease: a quantitative study. Am J Med Qual. 2011;26(5):380–386.
65.
JoyBFElliottEHardyCSullivanCBackerCLKaneJM. Standardized multidisciplinary protocol improves handover of cardiac surgery patients to the intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(3):304–308.
66.
ZavalkoffSRRazackSILavoieJDanceaAB. Handover after pediatric heartsurgery: a simple tool improves information exchange. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(3):309–313.
67.
StarmerAJSpectorNDSrivastavaR. Changes in medical errors after implementation of a handoff program. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1803–1812.
