Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background: Healthy behaviors, including maintaining an ideal body weight, eating a healthy diet, being physically active, limiting alcohol intake, and not smoking, can help prevent hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of recommending these behaviors to patients by primary care providers (PCPs) and to assess what PCP characteristics, if any, were associated with making the recommendations. Methods: DocStyles 2012, a Web-based panel survey, was used to assess PCPs’ demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, practice setting, and prevalence of making selected recommendations to prevent hypertension. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds of making all 6 recommendations, by demographic, professional, or personal health behavior characteristics. Results: Overall, 1253 PCPs responded to the survey (537 family physicians, 464 internists, and 252 nurse practitioners). To prevent hypertension, 89.4% recommended a healthy diet, 89.9% recommended lower salt intake, 90.3% recommended maintaining a healthy weight, 69.4% recommended limiting alcohol intake, 95.1% recommended being physically active, and 90.4% recommended smoking cessation for their patients who smoked. More than half (56.1%) of PCPs recommended all 6 healthy behaviors. PCPs’ demographic characteristics and practice setting were not associated with recommending all 6. PCPs who reported participating in regular physical activity (odds ratio [OR] 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-2.67) and eating healthy diet (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.11-2.56) were more likely to offer all 6 healthy behavior recommendations than those without these behaviors. Conclusion: Most PCPs recommended healthy behaviors to their adult patients to prevent hypertension. PCPs’ own healthy behaviors were associated with their recommendations. Preventing hypertension is a multifactorial effort, and in the clinical environment, PCPs have frequent opportunities to model and promote healthy lifestyles to their patients.

Keywords

primary care providers hypertension (high blood pressure)prevention healthy behaviors

Background

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, and hypertension is a primary contributing factor.^1-3 Risk factors for hypertension are well known and include modifiable behaviors (eg, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, overweight and obesity, excess alcohol consumption, smoking) and nonmodifiable factors (eg, family history of hypertension, age, gender, race/ethnicity).⁴ Current guidelines for the primary prevention of hypertension target modifiable risk behaviors.⁵ The most common places clinical care services are provided are primary care provider (PCP) offices.⁶ In the United States, PCP visits account for more than half of all ambulatory care visits. For example, 62% of the 1.1 billion ambulatory visits were made to primary care sites in 2008.⁷ This frequent interaction of patients and PCPs creates ongoing opportunities to promote the prevention of hypertension to a large population. Advice from PCPs has been shown to influence behaviors^8,9 and to motivate patients to adopt healthy behaviors.^10-12 We sought to assess the prevalence of PCPs’ recommendations to prevent hypertension and the factors that influence them to make such recommendations.

Methods

DocStyles is a Web-based panel survey conducted by Porter Novelli. The survey participants were family and general physicians, internists, and nurse practitioners. In 2012, DocStyles was conducted from June to July, and participants were eligible if they had been in clinical practice for a minimum of 3 years; worked at an individual, group, or hospital practice in the United States; and saw at least 10 patients per week. Physicians and nurse practitioners were selected from separate volunteer panels. Physicians were randomly selected from the Epocrates Honors Panel (n ≥ 275 000) and matched to the American Medical Association master file proportions for age, sex, and region. Nurse practitioners were randomly selected from the Epocrates’ Allied Health Panel (n ≥ 78 000). Quotas were set to reach 1000 PCPs and 250 nurse practitioners. Physicians and nurse practitioners from both panels were invited to participate by e-mail. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could exit the survey at any time. Those who completed the survey received an honorarium of $20 to $85, which varied depending on the skip patterns and length of the survey. The overall response rates were calculated using a formula that included total sample contacted, surveys completed, incomplete surveys, respondents not meeting screening criteria, nonresponse, and respondents removed from the eligible sample because quotas were filled.

The survey asked about PCPs’ demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and medical practice (specialty, setting, years in practice, teaching hospital privileges, financial situation of the majority of their patients). Questions about health-related behaviors included fruit or vegetable consumption (days per week consuming ≥5 cups of fruits or vegetables), current smoking (days per week smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes), and physical activity (days per week doing ≥30 minutes of physical activity). Respondents also reported height and weight, which were used to calculate body mass index (units of kg/m²).

Primary care providers’ hypertension prevention recommendations were assessed with the question, “What types of advice do you give adult patients about preventing high blood pressure?” Available responses were “Eat a healthy diet,” “Cut down on salt,” “Attain or maintain a healthy weight,” “Get enough sleep each night,” “Limit the use of alcohol,” “Be physically active,” “Smoking cessation,” “Take nutritional supplements,” “Try relaxation methods,” “Get intellectual stimulation,” and “None of these.”

Statistical Analyses

Recommendations in agreement with current guidelines for hypertension prevention⁵ were selected for analysis: eat healthy diet, reduce salt intake, attain or maintain a healthy weight, limit alcohol use, be physically active, and smoking cessation. We measured the prevalence of PCPs’ reported hypertension prevention recommendations independently and collectively (ie, all 6 healthy behavior recommendations).

The differences in PCP characteristics by specialty (family physician, internist, and nurse practitioner) were assessed with chi-square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance tests for continuous variables. The association of PCPs’ demographic characteristics and their recommendations for hypertension prevention were assessed with chi-square tests. The odds of providing all 6 healthy behavior recommendations, adjusting for demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and specialty, were assessed by logistic regression models. Other variables (eg, physical activity, fruit or vegetable intake, years in practice, practice setting) were added into the models if the P was less than .2 in univariate analysis. All analyses were conducted using SAS software (version 9.3, SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC).

Results

A total of 1253 PCPs completed the survey (537 family physicians, 464 internists, and 252 nurse practitioners). The response rate was 52.2% (physicians = 49.9%, nurse practitioners = 65.4%). We found significant differences by PCP specialty for demographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity), adequate fruit and vegetable consumption, and practice characteristics (years in practice and practice setting) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics, Health Behaviors, and Practice Characteristics of Respondents to the DocStyles 2012 Survey, by Primary Care Physician Specialty.

PCP Characteristic	Overall (N = 1253)	Family Physicians (n = 537)	Internist (n = 464)	Nurse Practitioner (n = 252)	P ^a
Mean age, y (SE)	47.0 (0.27)	46.7 (0.40)	46.5 (0.46)	48.5 (0.60)	.022
Gender, %
Male	59.5	70.0	72.6	12.7	<.001
Female	40.5	30.0	27.4	87.3
Race/ethnicity, %
Non-Hispanic white	72.9	76.7	58.2	92.1	<.001
Non-Hispanic black	3.4	3.4	4.3	2.0
Non-Hispanic other	19.4	14.5	33.4	4.0
Hispanic	4.3	5.4	4.1	2.0
Body mass index (kg/m²), %					.090
Normal (<25.0)	46.9	43.9	51.3	45.2
Overweight (25.0-29.9)	40.5	42.0	38.8	40.1
Obese (≥30.0)	12.6	14.1	9.9	14.7
≥5 cups fruits or vegetables (days/week), %
0	10.1	11.0	10.1	7.9	.029
1-4	48.8	51.0	49.8	42.1
5-7	41.2	38.0	40.1	50.0
Smoking (days/week), %
0	95.5	96.1	94.4	96.4	.322
≥1	4.5	3.9	5.6	3.6
≥30 minutes physical activity (days/week), %
0	8.4	7.6	8.8	9.1	.575
1-4	62.7	63.0	64.5	59.1
5-7	28.9	29.4	26.7	31.8
Mean years in practice (SE)	15.5 (0.24)	15.8 (0.37)	16.0 (0.39)	13.6 (0.4)	<.001
Main practice setting, %
Individual practice	17.6	19.6	15.7	16.7	<.001
Group practice	73.3	78.2	64.0	79.8
Hospital or clinic	9.2	2.2	20.3	3.6
Has privileges at teaching hospital, %	42.1	40.6	52.6	25.8	<.001
Financial situation of majority of patients, %^b
Poor to lower middle class	19.6	20.1	17.2	22.6	.076
Middle class	39.1	42.1	37.1	36.4
Upper middle class to affluent	41.3	37.8	45.7	40.9

Abbreviations: PCP, primary care provider; SE, standard error.

Chi-square test or F test for differences in distributions by practice type.

By PCP report.

A high percentage of PCPs recommended most hypertension prevention measures (Table 2). Overall, 89.4% recommended eating a healthy diet, 89.9% recommended reducing salt intake, 90.3% recommended attaining or maintaining a healthy weight, 95.1% recommended physical activity, and 90.4% recommended smoking cessation to their patients who smoked. However, only 69.4% recommended limiting alcohol intake. In general, the prevalence of recommending these behaviors was higher among PCPs who were older, classified as a nurse practitioner, who reported adequate fruit or vegetable intake, and who did not smoke.

Table 2.

Prevalence of Making Select Hypertension Prevention Recommendations Among Respondents to the DocStyles 2012 Survey, by Primary Care Provider (PCP) Characteristics.

PCP Characteristic	Healthy Diet, %	Reduce Salt Intake, %	Attain Healthy Weight, %	Limit Alcohol Use, %	Be Physically Active, %	Smoking Cessation for Patients Who Smoke, %
Total	89.4	89.9	90.3	69.4	95.1	90.4
Mean age, y
<45	88.7	89.1	87.2^a	65.7^a	93.4^a	89.8
≥45	89.9	90.5	92.9	72.6	96.5	91.0
Gender
Male	88.7	89.8	88.6^a	71.1	94.5	88.7^a
Female	90.4	90.0	92.7	67.0	95.9	92.9
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	89.5	88.2^a	91.6	68.8	96.0^a	90.2
Non-Hispanic black	95.4	100.0	90.7	69.8	100.0	97.7
Non-Hispanic other	88.1	93.4	86.4	70.0	91.4	89.3
Hispanic	88.7	94.3	84.9	77.4	92.5	94.3
Specialty
Family physicians	90.5^a	88.6	90.9^a	71.9	95.9^a	93.1^a
Internist	86.2	92.0	87.5	67.7	92.9	85.1
Nurse practitioner	92.9	88.5	94.1	67.5	97.2	94.4
Body mass index, kg/m²
Normal (<25.0)	89.3	90.0	90.1	68.0	94.9	91.2
Overweight (25.0-29.9)	89.4	90.3	90.1	71.8	95.3	89.2
Obese (≥30.0)	89.9	88.0	91.1	67.1	94.9	91.8
≥5 cups fruits or vegetables, days/week
0	84.1	83.3^a	88.1^a	57.2^a	95.2	86.5
1-4	89.7	90.5	88.5	68.7	94.8	90.8
5-7	90.3	90.7	92.8	73.3	95.4	90.9
Smoking, days/week
0	90.0^a	90.6^a	91.1^a	69.6	95.7^a	90.9^a
≥1	76.8	73.2	71.4	66,1	80.4	80.4
≥30 minutes physical activity, days/week
0	85.7	89.5	84.8^a	61.9	96.2	85.7
1-4	89.8	90.2	89.7	66.4	95.2	91.0
5-7	89.5	89.2	93.1	78.2	94.5	90.6
Years in practice
<5	91.0	86.6	95.5	73.1	95.5^a	92.5
5-10	89.4	89.2	88.6	66.1	92.7	90.0
11-20	89.6	91.3	89.0	71.1	95.1	90.7
>20	88.7	89.3	92.8	69.9	97.4	90.2
Main practice setting
Individual practice	90.5	90.9	90.9	71.8	94.6	92.7
Group practice	89.5	89.9	90.5	69.3	95.5	90.2
Hospital or clinic	86.1	87.8	87.0	66.1	92.2	87.8
Privileges at teaching hospital
Yes	89.4	89.4	89.9	70.6	95.1	90.7
No	89.4	90.2	90.5	68.6	95.0	90.2
Financial situation of majority of patients^b
Poor to lower middle class	88.2	90.6	91.8	67.3	94.7	90.6
Middle class	90.2	88.2	89.0	68.0	94.7	90.0
Upper middle class to affluent	89.2	91.1	90.8	71.8	95.6	90.7

Abbreviation: PCP, primary care provider.

P < .05 using chi-square test comparing differences in recommending the activity.

By PCP report.

Overall, 56.1% of PCPs reported that they made all 6 hypertension prevention recommendations. After adjustment, there were no significant differences in making all 6 recommendations by PCP age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status, specialty, or practice setting. However, making all 6 recommendations was more likely among PCPs who reported consuming the recommended amount of fruits or vegetables and among those who engaged in the recommended amount of physical activity compared with those who did not (Table 3).

Table 3.

Prevalence and Odd Ratios of Making All 6 Healthy Behavior^a Recommendations, Among Respondents to the DocStyles 2012 Survey, by Primary Care Provider Characteristics.

PCP Characteristic	Prevalence, %	P	OR (95% CI)^b	P
Age, y
<45	53.6	.0926	1.00
≥45	58.3		1.23 (0.97-1.56)	.084
Gender
Male	56.1	.999	1.12 (0.86-1.46)	.398
Female	56.1		1.00
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	55.3	.590	0.85 (0.48-1.52)	.583
Non-Hispanic black	65.1		1.64 (0.70-3.83)	.257
Non-Hispanic other	57.6		1.12 (0.60-2.08)	.724
Hispanics	56.6		1.00
Specialty
Family physician	59.0	.054	0.99 (0.70-1.39)	.935
Internist	51.7		0.70 (0.49-1.02)	.060
Nurse practitioner	57.9		1.00
Body mass index, kg/m²
Normal (<25.0)	54.8	.664
Overweight (25-29.9)	57.2
Obese (≥30.0)	57.6
≥5 cups fruits or vegetables, days/week
0	43.7	.006	1.00
1-4	55.8		1.59 (1.06-2.38)	.024
5-7	59.5		1.68 (1.11-2.56)	.015
Smoking, days/week
0	56.6	.077	1.68 (0.97-2.92)	.064
≥1	46.5		1.00
≥30 minutes physical activity, days/week
0	48.6	<.001	1.00
1-4	53.4		1.13 (0.74-1.73)	.571
5-7	64.9		1.68 (1.05-2.67)	.030
Years in practice medicine
<5	61.2	.590
5-10	55.6
11-20	57.5
>20	53.8
Main practice setting
Individual practice	59.6	.341
Group practice	55.9
Hospital or clinic	51.3
Privileges at teaching hospital
Yes	55.8	.847
No	56.3
Financial situation of majority of patients^c
Poor to lower middle class	55.1	.288
Middle class	53.9
Upper middle class to affluent	58.7

Abbreviations: PCP, primary care provider; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Eating a healthy diet, reducing salt intake, maintaining healthy weight, limiting alcohol use, being physically active, smoking cessation.

Variables not included in the model (eg, body mass index, years in practice medicine, main practice setting, privileges at teaching hospital, financial situation of majority of patients) because their P value >.2 in univariate analysis.

By PCP report.

Discussion

The principal findings of current study is that most PCPs, according to their self-reported statement, provided evidenced-based hypertension prevention recommendations to their adult patients that align with current guidelines: eating a healthy diet, reducing dietary salt intake, attaining or maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, and quitting smoking (for their patients who smoke).⁵ However, only 69.4% of PCPs recommended limiting alcohol intake to prevent hypertension. Overall, 56.1% of PCPs said they recommended all 6 healthy behaviors to reduce the risk of hypertension for their adult patients. Furthermore, we found that PCPs who consumed the recommended amount of fruits or vegetables and participated in the recommended amount of physical activity were significantly more likely to recommend all 6 healthy behaviors.

Hypertension prevention recommendations recognize a number of modifiable risk factors, including an unhealthy diet, excess sodium intake, obesity, excess alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and smoking.⁵ National health data have shown considerable room for improvement in these lifestyle behaviors and conditions. For example, only 32.5% of US adults were consuming the recommended amount of fruits or vegetables in 2000-2009,¹³ less than 10% consumed <2300 mg sodium per day in 2003-2008,¹⁴ only 32.5% of adults were with classified as normal weight in 2005-2010,¹⁵ binge drinking prevalence was 17.1% in 2010,¹⁶ 20.6% of adults met both aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity guidelines in 2011,¹⁷ and about 19.0% were current smokers in 2011.¹⁸

Primary care providers can influence patients’ decisions to participate in healthy lifestyle behaviors. A randomized controlled trial showed that patients who received counseling on physical activity from general practitioners or family physicians increased their level of physical activity significantly compared with those who did not receive counseling.^10,11 A complementary study found that patients who received advice from their provider to quit smoking or exercise more were more likely to report that they attempted these actions.⁹ The study also showed that health care provider’s advice on physical activity was the most effective way to improve patients’ physical activity. The health care providers can maximize the success of increasing patients’ physical activity level by repetition of the message.¹⁹

We found that PCPs’ healthy behaviors, such as getting the recommended amount of physical activity and consuming the recommended amount of fruits or vegetables, were associated with recommending behaviors to prevent high blood pressure, regardless of PCP demographic and clinical practice characteristics. This report is consistent with an earlier report that PCPs’ healthy behaviors are related to their recommendations for healthy lifestyle behavior management among patients with hypertension.²⁰ Other studies have also found that health care providers with healthier lifestyle behaviors were more likely to counsel patients to stop smoking, exercise, manage their weight, and reduce their alcohol intake.^21-23

Our results should be interpreted in the context of potential selection and reporting biases. First, this report was to assess the intent of the health care provider, rather than to assess the actual advice provided to patients. What the health care providers said they did could be different from what they really did. The social desirability of saying “Yes” (i.e., that they did make these recommendations) would overestimate the percentage reported compared with what actually happened in clinical practice. Second, the survey only asked about recommendations in general. Thus, it is not clear how often PCPs made the recommendations, or with what degree of enthusiasm, or if the advice varied by comorbid conditions. To assess whether and how the PCPs made the recommendations, we would need to use a combination of medical chart review and clinician reports. Third, the survey was not a nationally representative sample of physicians or nurse practitioners, and thus the results may not be generalizable. Finally, as a Web-based survey, the survey requires internet access and a basic familiarity with internet-based surveys. While limitations do exist when using this survey platform, DocStyles is a large, national survey conducted annually among a diverse group of PCPs, and allows for the collection of current information on health care provider attitudes and behaviors.

In this study, most PCPs stated that they provided evidenced-based hypertension prevention recommendations to their patients, and just more than half stated that they provide all 6 healthy behavior recommendations for hypertension prevention to their adult patients. Ideally, each of the recommendations would be provided to patients regularly, especially those at the highest risk,⁵ but PCPs are constantly faced with clinical time constraints and patients who have multiple comorbid conditions or urgent care needs.²⁴ Alternate channels for hypertension prevention recommendations are available. For example, team-based care, or the use of multidisciplinary professionals, inside and outside the clinical setting, has been used to promote health and manage health conditions. This structure is ideally suited for prevention messages, especially those for common serious conditions such as hypertension.²⁵

In 2011, the US Department of Health and Human Services launched the Million Hearts initiative. By bringing communities, health systems, nonprofit organizations, federal agencies, and private sector partners together, Million Hearts focuses on implementing evidence-based strategies in the clinical and community environments to collectively prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes over a 5-year period (2012-2017).²⁶ Preventing and controlling hypertension is essential to achieving this objective, and requires a diverse range of activities, from changing the context and supports for a healthy lifestyle to individual interventions in the clinical setting. In each of these settings, evidence-based interventions should be used when available. Resources such as the Guide for Community Preventive Services (http://www.thecommunityguide.org) and the US Preventive Services Task Force (http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org) recommendations are available for practitioners in diverse settings.

In the clinical setting, PCPs are a trusted source of health information who interact with the general population. We found that PCPs were more likely to recommend healthy lifestyle behaviors if they themselves participated in healthy behaviors. Hypertension prevention is multifactorial and will require coordinated care and programs in the clinical setting coupled with effective community-based supports for healthy behaviors.

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Author Biographies

Jing Fang has been with CDC for 9+ years as an epidemiologist in the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. Before that, she was associate professor at Department of Epidemiology and Population Health at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Carma Ayala is a commissioned corps officer with the United States Public Health Service assigned, as senior research scientist for 15+ years, to CDC, NCCDPHP, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. She previously served as associate research director with Texas Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology in Houston Texas and associate research professor at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health.

Fleetwood Loustalot, PhD, FNP is the lead for the Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Services Team in the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prior to his time with the CDC, Dr. Loustalot was in clinical practice, serving in diverse educational, training and clinical roles. Dr. Loustalot is a commissioned officer in the US Public Health Service and holds the rank of commander.

References

Mozaffarian

Roger

. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:e28-e292.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults—United States, 2003-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:703-709.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of hypertension and controlled hypertension—United States, 2005 and 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:94-97.

American Heart Association. Understand your risk for high blood pressure. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/UnderstandYourRiskforHighBloodPressure/Understand-Your-Risk-for-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_002052_Article.jsp. Accessed January 9, 2015.

Chobanian

Bakris

Black

. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572.

Shi

. The impact of primary care: a focused review. Scientifica. 2012;2012:432892.

Hing

Uddin

. Visits to primary care delivery sites: United States, 2008 (NCHS Data Brief No. 47). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2010.

Viera

Cohen

Mitchell

Sloane

. High blood pressure knowledge among primary care patients with known hypertension: A North Carolina Family Medicine Research Network (NC-FM-RN) study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2008;21:300-308.

Kreuter

Chheda

Bull

. How does physician advice influence patient behavior? Evidence for a priming effect. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:426-433.

10.

Elley

Kerse

Arroll

Robinson

. Effectiveness of counselling patients on physical activity in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:793.

11.

Grandes

Sanchez

Sanchez-Pinilla

; PEPAF Group. Effectiveness of physical activity advice and prescription by physicians in routine primary care: a cluster randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:694-701.

12.

Han

. Actions to control hypertension among adults in Oklahoma. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8:A10.

13.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State-specific trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults—United States, 2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:1125-1130.

14.

Cogswell

Zhang

Carriquiry

. Sodium and potassium intakes among US adults: NHANES 2003-2008. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:647-657.

15.

Yang

Cogswell

Flanders

. Trends in cardiovascular health metrics and associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among US adults. JAMA. 2012;307:1273-1283.

16.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults—United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:14-19.

17.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult participation in aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activities—United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:326-330.

18.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:889-894.

19.

Brooks

Ferro

. The physician’s role in prescribing physical activity for the prevention and treatment of essential hypertension. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;1(4). doi:10.1258/cvd.2012.012012.

20.

Hung

Keenan

Fang

. Physicians’ health habits are associated with lifestyle counseling for hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:201-208.

21.

Cornuz

Ghali

Di Carlantonio

Pecoud

Paccaud

. Physicians’ attitudes towards prevention: importance of intervention-specific barriers and physicians’ health habits. Fam Pract. 2000;17:535-540.

22.

Mosca

Linfante

Benjamin

. National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation. 2005;111:499-510.

23.

Hyman

Pavlik

. Self-reported hypertension treatment practices among primary care physicians: blood pressure thresholds, drug choices, and the role of guidelines and evidence-based medicine. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2281-2286.

24.

Tai-Seale

McGuire

Zhang

. Time allocation in primary care office visits. Health Serv Res. 2007;42:1871-1894.

25.

Mitchell

Wynia

Golden

. Core principles & values of effective team-based health care (Discussion Paper). Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2012. http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Perspectives-Files/2012/Discussion-Papers/VSRT-Team-Based-Care-Principles-Values.pdf. Accessed January 9, 2015.

26.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC grand rounds: the Million Hearts initiative. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:1017-1021.

Primary Care Providers’ Recommendations for Hypertension Prevention,DocStyles Survey,2012

Abstract

Keywords

Background

Methods

Statistical Analyses

Results

Discussion

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

Author Biographies

References