Outcome of mechanical thrombectomy in the very elderly for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: the real world experience

Abstract

Background

Although initial studies of neuroendovascular intervention did not review benefit over intravenous thrombolytics (iv r-tPA), recent studies have suggested otherwise. Elderly patients (age ≥80 years) are typically excluded from clinical trials.

Purpose

To examine the utility of mechanical thrombectomy based on patient outcomes.

Material and Methods

All stroke-alert activations at our health system from January 2011 to June 2014 were examined. All patients aged ≥80 years who had undergone mechanical thrombectomy were identified. Clinical characteristics included physiologic imaging findings, use of intravenous thrombolytics, baseline and postoperative National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scores (TICI), and discharge destination.

Results

Mean NIHSS on presentation was 18.2 (range, 6–31), and 13.3 (range, 3–30) post thrombectomy. Three (16.6%) patients received iv r-tPA, two (11.1%) had symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Eight (44.4%) died, eight (44.4%) were discharged to nursing homes, and two (11.7%) were discharged to inpatient rehab and subsequently home. Favorable outcome was achieved in five (27.7%) patients. Fourteen (77.7%) patients had physiologic imaging prior to intervention. Three (75%) of four patients who did not have physiologic imaging prior to thrombectomy died. Thirteen (66.6%) patients had TICI 3 recanalization.

Conclusion

Our study showed that although there remains a role of mechanical thrombectomy in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in very elderly patients, it is associated with significant higher morbidity and mortality compared to younger patients, but should remain a very viable treatment option when quality of life is the most important consideration.

Introduction

As the treatment of acute ischemic stroke evolves, mechanical thrombectomies are being utilized for patients that have failed intravenous thrombolytics, or are not candidates due to unknown time of symptom onset. Although initial studies of neuroendovascular intervention did not review benefit over intravenous thrombolytics (iv r-tPA) (1,2), recent studies have suggested otherwise (3–5). This is likely due to improved study design, better patient selection, and the use of third generation stent retrievers, resulting in improved revascularization (6).

Very elderly patients (age ≥80 years) are largely excluded from clinical trials. The literature addressing this important patient population only comprised a recent analysis of anterior circulation ischemia from the RECOST study (7), and a retrospective cohort study for patients from the national database (8). In general, older patients also tend to have more severe strokes (9), less penumbra (from internal data), or relatively faster conversion to ischemic core due to decreased cerebrovascular reserve (10). Our study targets this neglected cohort of patients – the very elderly – and examines the utility of mechanical thrombectomy based on patient outcomes.

Material and Methods

Study design

This study was approved by Providence Hospital and Medical Center Institutional Review Board, and data were obtained by retrospective chart review. All stroke-alert activations at our health system from January 2011 to June 2014 were examined. All patients aged ≥80 years who had undergone mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke were identified. A detailed protocol on triage and selection of patients for neuroendovascular intervention was published previously (11). In summary, our selection criteria for patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy includes significant deficit (NIHSS ≥8 or severe focused deficit such as complete loss of function in one extremity or aphasia), less than 8 h from symptom onset if known (unknown time of onset allowed in wake up stroke) and demonstration of significant penumbra on physiologic imaging (computed tomography (CT) perfusion or magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion). Administration of iv r-tPA is not a contraindication for thrombectomy. Age is not a contraindication to our selection of patients as compared to major stroke studies outlined in Table 1. Stent-retrievers are first line devices utilized to perform mechanical thrombectomies at our institution.

Table 1.

Representative stroke trials and the age of patients represented.

Clinical trials	Age of patients (years)
IMS-III	18–82
SYNTHESIS EXPANSION	18–80
SWIFT	22–85
PENUMBRA PIVOTAL TRIAL	63.5+/–13.5
MERCI	67+/–15.5
NINDS Part I	<77
NINDS Part 2	<81
MR CLEAN	23–96 (IQR, 54.5–76)
ESCAPE	No upper age limit (IQR, 60–81)
EXTEND-IA	No upper age limit (oldest patient enrolled 81)

Variables and outcome of interest

Clinical characteristics included physiologic imaging findings, use of intravenous thrombolytics, baseline and postoperative National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scores (TICI), and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Outcomes were considered favorable if the mRS was ≤2 at 3 months. In addition, discharge destination was also considered.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using commercially available software (SPSS V.18, IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). All categorical data were analyzed with a chi-square test. Quantitative data with normal distributions were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Two sample t-tests were used to analyze continuous variables with a normal distribution. A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

During the study period, there were 2792 stroke alerts activated across the health system, 223 patients were age 80 years or older. In total, 171 patients of all ages received iv r-tPA administration. Ninety-eight patients underwent mechanical thrombectomy, and 18 elderly patients aged over 80 years met inclusion criteria and underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Mean presenting NIHSS was 18.2 (range, 6–31; SD, 6.6), and improved to 13.3 (range, 3–30; SD, 9.2) post-mechanical thrombectomy. Of these patients, 14 had physiologic imaging (CT perfusion) prior to intervention. The remaining four patients did not have physiologic imaging prior to thrombectomy and, of these, three died. Thirteen (66.6%) patients had TICI 3 recanalization. Three (16.6%) patients received iv r-tPA prior to thrombectomy, and two had symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. There were no symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages in patients who did not receive i.v. r-tPA. Eight patients (44.4%) died, eight patients (44.4%) were discharged to nursing homes, and two patients (11.7%) were discharged to inpatient rehab and subsequently home. A favorable outcome (mRS ≤2) was achieved in five (27.7%) patients. Table 2 correlates patient demographics with either good or poor outcome.

Table 2.

Baseline demographics with descriptive and univariate statistics for 18 study patients dichotomized by outcome.

	Good outcome (n = 5)	Bad outcome (n = 13)	P value/t score
CT perfusion performed	4/5	9/13	0.8247
Vessel occluded	LMCA = 2, RMCA = 1, RICA = 2	LMCA = 4, RMCA = 7, LICA = 1, Basilar = 1	0.1362
Gender	Male = 3, Female = 2	Male = 1, Female = 12	0.0168
iv-tPA given No iv-tPA	0/3 5/15	3/3 10/15	0.2393
Preoperative NIHSS (mean (St. Dev))	16.4 (9.5)	18.8 (5.5)	t: −0.68 critical value: 2.12
TICI score (mean (St.Dev))	2.6 (0.89)	2.38 (0.97)	t: 0.43 critical value: 2.08

Each variable was tested independently for its association with good or poor outcomes (Table 2). Female gender was the only variable associated with poor outcome (P = 0.016). Interestingly, presenting NIHSS (t = −0.68, critical value = 2.12), use of preoperative CT perfusion (P = 0.82), administration of i.v. r-tPA (P = 0.23), site of vessel occlusion (P = 0.13), and postoperative TICI revascularization score (t = 0.42, critical value = 2.08) were not significantly associated with outcome, either good or poor.

Discussion

Mechanical thrombectomy has been increasingly utilized for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Despite ongoing debates and conflicting evidence regarding its efficacy, mechanical thrombectomies increased six-fold from 2004 to 2009 (12). A review generated from the Center for Disease Control in 2009, stated that elderly patients (age ≥65 years) represent 66% of all acute stroke hospitalizations in the United States. Over half of these occurred in the very elderly (age ≥85 years) (13). Besides acute ischemic stroke, other areas of endovascular treatment such as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients aged >80 years have also been recently studied (14).

Clinicians are increasingly faced with having to make the decision on whether to offer mechanical thrombectomy to those with large vessel occlusion whom either failed intravenous thrombolytics or are not a candidate due to various factors, and their hesitancy can be seen as only 0.2% of these patients received mechanical thrombectomy nationwide which is only one-third of the combined data when including their younger counterparts (13). Currently, no definitive recommendations are available that address who should or should not undergo this treatment. Support for intervention is based on recommendations derived from subgroups of larger studies, or based on anecdotal clinical experience (15). This study is the first of its kind to address this clinical gap.

In part, the debate pertaining to the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy arose from randomized control trials such as the IMS-III and SYNTHESIS EXPANSION, which did not show a clinical benefit of mechanical thrombectomy over intravenous thrombolytics. However, the reliability of this evidence has been questioned with the published data from such trials as MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, and EXTEND-IA (1,2,4,5,16). Discrepancies between studies could be attributed to older generation thrombectomy devices, improving surgeon skill set, and an ill-defined patient selection process.

As expected, very elderly patients were found to have higher in-hospital and perioperative morbidity and mortality, with an independent association of poorer outcome in females as compared to males. Despite careful and strict patient selection criteria, very elderly patients still continue to have significantly poorer outcomes independent of penumbra on CT perfusion and despite improved TICI revascularization score post-thrombectomy. Interestingly, age is only responsible for 1.3% variation in functional outcome according to one study (17) if the patient survives the initial stroke. In fact, quite frequently, those patients with non-dominant hemisphere stroke gave their own consent to mechanical thrombectomy as they do not want to live with a significant disability.

There is no easy answer for this challenging clinical problem. The results of this study indicate that in patients aged over 80 years, death or functional impairment was found in over 70% of post-thrombectomy patients at 3 months. On the other hand, the 27.7% good outcome in this patient population should play a significant role in the decision-making when the alternative of not providing mechanical thrombectomy may result in almost universal bad outcome. We hope these data help to guide clinical decision-making and potentiates a realistic discussion between interventionalists and families about mechanical thrombectomy as a treatment option.

In conclusion, mechanical thrombectomy should remain a very viable option to patients when the quality of life is their most important consideration, particularly the very elderly.