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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) are autoimmune diseases, the coexistence of which is uncommon in patients. Owing to the rarity of this condition, the distinction between MS and SLE is a diagnostic challenge for neurologists. We present a case report in which MS and SLE were present in the same patient. There are few case reports in the world on the association between MS and SLE. The following case report is the first of its kind in which both MS and SLE are present in a patient from a country with low prevalence of MS such as Ecuador.

Keywords

Multiple sclerosis systemic lupus erythematosus Ecuador

Background

Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) are autoimmune diseases.¹ MS is caused by immune cell infiltration across the blood-brain barrier, which promotes inflammation, demyelination, gliosis and neuroaxonal degeneration of the white matter in the central nervous system (CNS).^2,3 SLE is a B-cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the generation of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens and a type III hypersensitivity leading to chronic systemic inflammation and tissue damage of various organs and systems.^1,4 Genetic and environmental factors could have a role in the development of these diseases but the etiology is still unknown.¹ The presence of both diseases in the same patient is rare, which suggests a relative incompatibility between these diseases.⁵

The prevalence of MS in the world is not homogeneous. It is higher in North American and European countries (> 100 per 100,000 inhabitants) than in South American countries such as Ecuador, in which the prevalence of MS is 1.2 per 100,000 inhabitants.⁶ The prevalence of SLE varies considerably worldwide. In North America, Europe and Asia the prevalence is 52, 28–71 and 30–60 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Thus far, however, there have been no epidemiological studies on the prevalence of SLE in Ecuador.

The diagnosis of MS in a patient with SLE can be a challenge as the association between MS and SLE is rare, and at present, only 17 case reports have been written in the world. Fanouriakis et al.² have reported the largest number of case reports with nine patients and in Latin America only one case report has been written.⁷ For this reason, this case report will be the second in Latin America and the first in Ecuador.

Case report

We present a 35-year-old woman with no relevant previous diseases or family history of autoimmune disorders. At the age of 32, the patient was diagnosed with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) according to McDonald 2010 diagnosis criteria.⁸ This diagnosis was established after paresis and numbness in her right foot and urinary retention was present at age 27, optic neuritis (ON) at age 29 and finally right hemiparesis at age 31. At the time of her diagnosis with RRMS, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands (OCBs) were present. Notably, serum immunological tests, including serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests were negative. Also, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and vitamin B₁₂ levels were normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple focal T2-weighted periventricular, juxtacortical and cerebellar hyperintensities. A spinal cord MRI showed one thoracic gadolinium-enhanced lesion (Figure 1). The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 2. The differential diagnosis of this case was conducted through the search for clinical and paraclinical red flags, which in this case were not present.

Figure 1.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery image reveals plaques of demyelination in the white matter (a); one left juxtacortical lesion is seen (b). Spinal cord MRI. An enhancement lesion is seen in the right lateral white matter of the spinal cord ((c) and (d)). All lesions are indicated by arrows.

The patient had been treated with intravenous methylprednisolone for MS relapses resulting in complete recovery. At age 32, the patient started treatment with subcutaneous interferon (INF)-beta-1a, which she received for three years and no evidence of disease activity was seen. At age 35, the patient chose to stop treatment with IFN as she desired to become pregnant. Six months later, the patient was diagnosed with dengue and recovered completely within a week. However, one week after her recovery from dengue, she complained of asthenia, myalgia, arthralgia, hematuria, and fever. Generalized adenopathies were found in the physical exam and laboratory investigations showed anemia (hemoglobin 9.9 g/l), leukopenia (3.5 × 10⁹/l), lymphopenia (0.68 × 10⁹/l), positive direct Coombs and high LDH (666 U/ml) levels. Other laboratory findings, including renal function tests and thyroid hormones, were normal. However, proteinuria (300 mg/24 h) and C3 and C4 low complement levels were identified. Virologic tests were normal or negative, ANA titers were > 7.5 U/ml (<1.2 U/ml) and anti-dsDNA titers were 1/320 (<1/10). Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies were negative. Echocardiogram showed a mild, pericardial effusion. Based on the existence of hemolytic anemia, lymphopenia, leukopenia, serositis, positive ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies, the diagnosis of SLE was established according to the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of SLE. The patient started treatment with hydroxychloroquine and prednisone, which were prescribed by a rheumatologist, and a new brain MRI did not show new T2 or enhancing lesions. After three months, an SLE reactivation was diagnosed after an increase of proteinuria (2.9 gr/24 h) and complement consumption was observed. Following this diagnosis, a kidney biopsy was performed that showed proliferative glomerulonephritis with class III sclerotic lesions. As a result of the findings, a multidisciplinary evaluation by neurologists, nephrologists and rheumatologists was carried out. The consensus reached was that (a) the patient had active SLE, (b) the MS was inactive from the beginning of treatment with IFN despite treatment suspension for a period of nine months, (c) rituximab was the treatment to be administered and (d) there would be monthly follow-ups of the SLE for three months, after which there would be a trimonthly follow-up and in the case of MS, after six months of rituximab administration, a cerebral MRI would be performed. After the above-mentioned six months, no further neurologic relapse symptoms were noted and brain MRI did not show any additional lesions compared with images taken from the patient at age 32 and SLE was quiescent.

Discussion

In this case report, it is important to determine if the neurologic manifestations and the brain and spinal cord lesions in MRI were due to SLE, or a result of RRMS with post-development of typical systemic manifestations of SLE due to the fact that neurological manifestations in SLE can be present years before the systemic manifestations.⁹ In SLE, aPL play a crucial role; the mechanism by which these antibodies can produce a disease similar to MS in patients with SLE includes the molecular mimetic with myelin, vasculopathy and autoimmune vasculitis.⁷ However, in our patient, aPL was negative at the beginning of the disease and during the systemic manifestation of SLE.

ON can be present in MS and SLE. In MS, ON is characterized by an acute or subacute course, with unilateral or bilateral impairment of vision and retro-orbital or ocular pain that is usually exacerbated by eye movement; a total or partial recovery follows these clinical characteristics. ON in SLE is rare; however, the characteristic of ON is an acute visual impairment that is followed by progressive visual loss lasting weeks after the initial visual impairment.¹⁰

Myelitis in MS is asymmetrical, progresses in hours or days and sphincter impairment is usually present. Myelitis in SLE is usually the first neurologic manifestation in around 21% of cases. Extensive longitudinal spinal cord damage is seen in 71% of patients and spinal cord swelling is seen in 91.7% of cases when myelitis affects gray matter. In SLE, there is a clear association between myelitis and lupus anticoagulants, both of which were negative in our patient.¹¹

Brain MRIs in patients with SLE show focal and punctiform lesions in white matter as well as brain cortical atrophy and small-vessel disease. On the other hand, in MS, the brain lesions on MRI are ovoid and periventricular and the corpus callosum is frequently affected; it is also common to see brainstem, subcortical and spinal cord lesions.⁷ In our patient, the MRI lesions were similar to MS and they satisfied the Barkhof-Tintoré criteria,¹² and the lack of systemic signs and the absence of ANA and anti-dsDNA for six years after onset of the first symptoms virtually excluded SLE during that period. The characteristic differences between MS and neuro-SLE are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Characteristics differences between multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematous^7,9–12

Variable	MS	Neuro-SLE
Optic neuritis	Present and usually unilateral	Rare
Spinal cord lesions	Short segment Less than half of spinal cord diameter Nodular/homogeneous enhancement Over time may become less evident	Longitudinal extensive Predilection for central cord
Brain	DIS Periventricular: Perivenular, perpendicular to ventricle Thalamus/hypothalamus uncommon Brainstem: Dorsal but also pial surface/intra-axial trigeminus Cortical lesions are common	Presence of cortical infarcts or lacunae, microhemorrhages, calcifications Predominance of lesions in the corticosubcortical junction, sometimes crossing vascular territories White-matter lesions sparing the U-fibers Punctiform parenchymal lesions. Involvement of the basal ganglia Brain atrophy may develop
Oligoclonal bands (CSF)	Present in >90%	Present in 15% to 50%
CSF	Usually normal	Usually abnormal
ANA	Negative or low (1:80 to 1:160)	Positive or low (>1:160)
Anticardiolipin antibodies	Usually negative Positive: atypical cases	Usually positive
Extraneurologic manifestations	Absent	Present
Brain biopsy	Inflammatory demyelination	Ischemic-vasculitis-necrosis and demyelination

MS: multiple sclerosis; SLE: systemic lupus erythematous; DIS: dissemination in space; ANA: antinuclear antibodies; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid.

In our case, the diagnosis of MS was based on the McDonald 2010 diagnosis criteria, which do not consider the presence of OCBs for the diagnosis of RRMS.⁸ Our patient met criteria for dissemination in time and space (DIS) despite having positive OCBs, which, at that time, was not taken into consideration in the diagnosis. However, in recent years, OCBs have begun to play a fundamental role in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and MS.¹³ In this regard, a meta-analysis has shown that the presence of OCBs in patients with CIS predicts the conversion to clinically defined MS (CDMS) and this meta-analysis showed that the presence of OCBs in patients with MS was an indicator of disability progression measured by EDSS.¹⁴ A prospective study in 415 patients with CIS showed that the presence of OCBs was associated with the conversion to CDMS, and the presence of OCBs increased the risk of a second relapse.¹⁵ Arrambide et al. demonstrated that the presence of OCBs together with DIS could be an additional criterion for the diagnosis of MS in patients with CIS, which allowed the OCBs to be considered in the new McDonald 2017 diagnostic criteria.^13,16 For this reason, we recommend testing for OCBs in patients with CIS since the presence of OCBs allows an earlier MS diagnosis and could be a useful predictor of disability.

MS and SLE are rarely reported to coexist in a single patient, and at present 17 cases have been reported. In patients with MS and SLE, myelitis (14/17) and ON (5/17) were the more frequent clinical manifestations of MS, which were present in our case. Arthritis (15/17) and dermic manifestations (9/17) were the most frequent systemic manifestations. This is in contrast to our report, in which renal and hematological symptoms were present. ANA and anti-dsDNA were positive in 13/17 patients (Table 2).^{2,5,7,9,17,18} Fanouriakis et al.² have shown that RRMS was commonly associated with SLE in 8/9 patients, and 4/9 patients had MS before SLE, which is similar to our case.

Table 2.

Clinical characteristics of SLE-MS patients.

	Patient	Age at diagnosis of SLE/MS	SLE manifestations	MS manifestations	Therapy for SLE	Therapy for MS
Fanouriakis et al.² Greece 2014	1	40/56	Photosensitivity, arthritis, leukopenia, ANA (+) SLICC/ACR 4	Spinal (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine + azathioprine	Natalizumab
	2	44/21	Photosensitivity, malar rash, arthritis, mouth ulcers, anticardiolipin and antiphospholipid antibodies (+)	Spinal (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine + azathioprine	Interferon β
	3	36/40	Photosensitivity, arthritis, pericarditis, mouth ulcers, ANA (+), SLICC/ACR 5	Spinal (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine + azathioprine + methotrexate	Interferon β and rituximab
	4	34/39	Photosensitivity, malar rash, arthritis, hair loss. Antiphospholipid antibodies (+), beta-2 glycoprotein antibodies (+)	Spinal (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine	Interferon β
	5	55/57	Photosensitivity, arthritis, oral ulcers, ANA (+), SLICC/ACR 4.	Sensory-Motor (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine + corticosteroids	Corticosteroids
	6	56/60	Photosensitivity, rash malar, arthritis, ANA (+).	Spinal	Hydroxychloroquine	Corticosteroids, azathioprine, glatiramer acetate
	7	36/34	Photosensitivity, malar rash, chronic urticaria, arthritis, ANA (+), complement consumption, SLICC/ACR 4	Spinal (PPMS)	Hydroxychloroquine + azathioprine	Interferon β
	8	42/36	Photosensitivity, arthritis, leukopenia, ANA (+), SLICC/ACR 4	Optic neuritis (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine	Glatiramer acetate
	9	35/30	Photosensitivity, rash malar, arthritis, ANA (+). Complement consumption. SLICC/ACR 4	Spinal (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine	Interferon β
Kinnunen et al.⁹Scandinavia1993	10	42/30	Pleuritis, hematuria, leukopenia, arthritis, ANA (+)	Sensory-motorOptic neuritis (RRMS)	Corticosteroids	NA
	11	8/30	Pleuritis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis, photosensitivity, lymphopenia, ANA (+), anti-dsDNA (+)	Peripheral facial paralysis, monoparesis MII, paraparesis, hyperreflexia, optic neuritis, seizures (RRMS)	NA	NA
	12	57/29	Arthritis, ANA (+), anti-dsDNA (+), complement consumption	Recurrent optic neuritis, sphincter involvement, paresis, fatigue, ataxia (RRMS)	NA	NA
Hietaharju et al.¹⁷Scandinavia2001	13	30/18	Arthralgias, oral ulcers, fever. ANA (+) and anti-dsDNA (+)	Spinal (PPMS)	Hydroxychloroquine	Any
Hietaharju et al.¹⁷Scandinavia2001	14	26/21	Arthritis, thrombocytopenia, ANA (+) and anti-dsDNA (+)	Sensory-motor (PPMS)	NA	NA
Kyrozis et al.⁵Greece2007	15	32/14	Arthritis, erythema malar, ANA (+) and anti-dsDNA (+)	Sensory-motor (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine + corticosteroids and ASA	Patient refused to receive treatment.
Medina et al.⁷Colombia2010	16	18/16	Polyarthralgia, hair loss, ANA +	Optic neuritis (RRMS)	Corticosteroids	NA
Bonaci-Nikolic et al.¹⁸Serbia2009	17	30/41	Arthritis, facial edema, myalgia, fever, anemia, leukopenia, high LDH, ANA (+), anti-dsDNA (+).	Vertigo, leg numbnessMyelitis (RRMS)	Prednisone	Interferon β
Sánchez et al. EcuadorPresent study	18	33/30	Fever, adenopathy, hematuria, proteinuria, pancytopenia, serositis, Coombs positive, high LDH, consumption complement, ANA +	Spinal (RRMS)	Hydroxychloroquine + corticosteroids	Corticosteroids IV + interferon βCurrently on rituximab

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; IV: intravenous; MS: multiple sclerosis; RRMS: relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis; PPMS: primary progressive multiple sclerosis; ANA: antinuclear antibodies; SLICC/ACR: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology; NA: not applicable; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; anti-dsDNA: anti-double-stranded DNA.

Our patient received subcutaneous INF beta-1a three times a week; this treatment was chosen because INF beta-1a has demonstrated efficacy through phase III clinical trials,¹⁹ and it was the only medication available in Ecuador for the treatment of RRMS. Regarding the IFNs, in patients with SLE, type I INFs have been shown to promote the activation of the immune system and alter regulatory mechanisms, contributing to inflammation and tissue damage.²⁰ Drug-induced SLE is defined as a lupus-like syndrome related to continuous drug exposure that resolves after discontinuation of the offending drug.²¹ However, few case reports have shown the development of SLE in patients with MS treated with INF.^22–24 This contrasts with what happened in our patient, since the symptoms of SLE were present when the medication was withdrawn and worsened despite receiving treatment with hydroxychloroquine. We believe that previous infection with the dengue virus could have triggered the expression of type I INF and the subsequent development of SLE as demonstrated in studies in which SLE developed in individuals who were exposed to live virus vaccines.^20,22,23 Additionally, IFN beta has been shown to induce the death of podocytes and prevents their differentiation from their precursors, making this treatment a contraindication for patients with lupus nephritis.²⁰

At present, there are very few therapies available for the concomitant treatment of SLE and MS. Management of SLE often depends on disease severity and disease manifestations (CNS involvement and diffuse proliferative renal disease). Hydroxychloroquine together with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics are recommended in SLE with mild activity; prednisone together with methotrexate, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) are recommended in SLE with moderate activity; and, in patients with severe activity but without renal damage or CNS involvement, cyclophosphamide, leflunamide or the combination of prednisone with MMF or rituximab are recommended.²⁵ In class III SLE glomerulonephritis, as in the case of our patient, an induction therapy based on methylprednisolone is required together with cyclophosphamide or MMF followed by maintenance therapy based on MMF, azathioprine or cyclophosphamide in low doses. ²⁶

Rituximab is recommended in SLE with severe neurological, hematological, or renal damage that does not respond to first-line treatments. A study has shown that rituximab can be an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic option for refractory lupus nephritis.^26–28 In MS, the immunosuppressants MMF, azathioprine, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide have been studied; however, their efficacy is not yet well established. A retrospective study has shown that 55% of patients had no evidence of disease activity when followed up with cyclophosphamide as induction therapy.²⁹ Another retrospective study showed that MMF reduced annualized relapse rate and EDSS remained stable between initiation and one year after the beginning of MMF.³⁰ A multicenter, randomized, non-inferiority trial has shown that efficacy with azathioprine was not inferior to that of IFN beta for patients with RRMS.³¹ However, it is necessary that the efficacy of these drugs be demonstrated in phase III clinical trials and, if possible, be compared with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone gel was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for relapsing MS in 1978 and a treatment option for SLE in 1952.^32,33 ACTH has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects due to activation of central and peripheral melanocortin receptors.³⁴ In MS, a systematic review demonstrated that ACTH or corticosteroids were effective over the short term in improving symptoms, thus favoring recovery.³⁵ With regard to SLE patients with moderate or severe active SLE, an open-label study showed that ACTH gel may provide significant disease activity reduction.³³ Another retrospective study has shown that ACTH appears to be safe and well tolerated after six months of SLE treatment with significant reduction of disease activity.³⁶

Our patient received treatment with rituximab, the efficacy of which in MS has been shown in observational and phase II studies. Hauser et al. have shown that compared with placebo, rituximab reduced inflammatory brain lesions and clinical relapses for 48 weeks.³⁷ Spelman et al. have shown that rituximab was superior to first-generation DMTs with respect to relapse control and tolerability.²² An observational study showed that the rate of clinical relapses or neuroradiologic disease activity was significantly lower for rituximab when compared with injectable DMTs and dimethyl fumarate, with a tendency for a lower rate of relapses; this seems to also be the case when compared with natalizumab and fingolimod.³⁸ Our patient had stable RRMS and she received IFN before switching to rituximab. On this point, an open-label phase II multicenter study showed that in patients with stable RRMS, a treatment switch from INF or glatiramer acetate to rituximab was associated with reduction of disease activity measured by MRI and levels of CSF neurofilament light chain.³⁹ Also, rituximab seems to have improved effectiveness and tolerability compared with fingolimod in stable RRMS patients who switch from natalizumab because of JC virus antibody positivity.⁴⁰ Finally, an observational study has shown that rituximab was safe and effective in patients with RRMS who failed to respond to first- and second-line therapies and also a useful option for patients with concomitant autoimmune disorders such as in our case report.⁴¹

In conclusion, the distinction between MS and SLE is a diagnostic challenge for the neurologist, and the presence of both diseases should be considered in patients with clinical neurologic manifestations of MS who present with typical systemic manifestations of SLE.

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. A case report and literature review

Abstract

Keywords

Background

Case report

Discussion

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest

Funding

References