Abstract
Introduction:
Among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) due to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), recurrence is associated with poor allograft outcomes. We compared graft and patient survival of aHUS KTRs with and without prophylactic/early use of eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds complement protein C5, at the time of transplantation.
Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the United States Renal Data System. Out of 123 624 ESKD patients transplanted between January 1, 2008, and June 1, 2016, we identified 348 (0.28%) patients who had “hemolytic uremic syndrome” as the primary cause of ESKD. We then linked these patients to datasets containing the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code for eculizumab infusion. Patients who received eculizumab prior to or within 30 days of transplant represented the exposure group. We calculated crude incidence rates and conducted exact logistic regression, adjusted for recipient age and sex, for the study outcomes of graft loss, death-censored graft loss, and mortality. We also estimated the average treatment effect (ATE) by propensity-score matching, to reduce the bias in the estimated treatment effect on graft loss.
Results:
Our final study cohort included 335 aHUS KTRs (23 received eculizumab, 312 did not), with a mean duration of follow-up of 5.8 ± 2.7 years. There were no significant differences in baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the eculizumab versus non-eculizumab group. Patients who received prophylactic/early eculizumab were less likely to experience graft loss compared with those who did not receive eculizumab (0% vs 20%, P = .02), with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.13 (P = .02). In the propensity-score-matched sample, the ATE (eculizumab vs non-eculizumab) was −0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.25 to −0.15, P < .001); thus, treatment was associated with an average of 20% reduction in graft loss. There was no significant difference in the risk of death between the 2 groups.
Conclusions:
Although there was no significant difference in the risk of death, prophylactic/early use of eculizumab was significantly associated with improved graft survival among aHUS KTRs. Given the high cost of eculizumab, randomized controlled trials are much needed to guide prophylactic strategies to prevent graft loss.
Introduction
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), a thrombotic microangiopathy due to complement dysregulation from genetic or autoimmune disinhibition of the alternate complement pathway, can cause end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The introduction of eculizumab, a C5-targeted complement inhibitor, has significantly improved overall disease prognosis and renal survival. 1 Recurrence of aHUS after kidney transplantation, as determined by complement genetic abnormalities, is associated with an increased risk of graft loss and death.2,3 However, data on the impact of prophylactic eculizumab on graft survival in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with ESKD due to aHUS have been obtained mainly from enrolled patients in aHUS registries.4,5 Using the United States Renal Data System (USRDS), a well-established national-level database, we compared graft and patient survival of aHUS KTRs with and without prophylactic/early eculizumab at the time of transplantation.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the USRDS, which incorporates baseline and follow-up demographic and clinical data on nearly all patients accessing the Medicare ESKD program in the United States. We identified 123 624 ESKD patients who were transplanted between January 1, 2008, and June 1, 2016, of whom 348 (0.28%) had “hemolytic uremic syndrome” (HUS) as the primary cause of ESKD (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services [CMS] Medical Evidence Form 2728 diagnosis codes: 28311, 2831A, D593). Although the diagnosis codes do not differentiate between typical and atypical HUS, the majority of these patients likely had the latter condition because it is much more likely to lead to ESKD compared with those with typical HUS (eg, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli [STEC]). 6 We then linked these aHUS KTRs to datasets containing Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code for eculizumab infusion (Code J1300, “Injection, eculizumab, 10 mg”). The earliest date of eculizumab use in the dataset was on April 20, 2011, which aligned with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of its treatment indication for aHUS in 2011.
The exposure group was defined as those patients who received eculizumab prior to or within 30 days of transplant, because initiation of therapy after 30 days is unlikely to represent a prophylactic indication. Therefore, our primary analyses excluded patients who were initiated on eculizumab after 30 days post-transplant (n = 8) and after development of graft loss (n = 5). Our final study cohort consisted of 335 aHUS KTRs (23 received prophylactic/early eculizumab, 312 did not receive any eculizumab). Discontinuance of therapy was defined as those patients whose last infusions were greater than 30 days before the last date of HCPCS dataset (December 30, 2016). We did not restrict age in our study cohort. The primary outcome was overall graft loss (including death with graft function), and the secondary outcomes were death-censored graft loss and mortality.
Patients and Sources
The files SAF.PATIENTS were used as the primary dataset and SAF.MEDEVID for additional information coded in the Medical Evidence Form 2728. The HCPCS data were obtained from Institutional REV claim files 2008-2012 and DET claim files 2013-2016 (Revenue Center Details Standard Analysis Files).
Statistical Analysis
Analyses were performed using Stata MP/16.1 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas). Univariate analyses were performed with chi-square testing for categorical variables, Studentt test for continuous variables, and nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney) for non-normal distributions. We calculated percentages and crude incidence rates of overall graft loss, death-censored graft loss, and mortality. The follow-up period for incidence rate calculation for graft loss was censored at death or end of study (August 1, 2018). We conducted exact logistic regression analyses which provide more reliable statistical inference with small samples than standard logistic regression. The primary predictor variable in the regression model was prophylactic/early eculizumab use, adjusted for recipient age and sex. Furthermore, we estimated the average treatment effect (ATE) by propensity-score matching. Specifically, we used a logistic regression model to estimate propensity scores, incorporating the following confounding variables: recipient age, sex, presence of acute rejection, use of calcineurin inhibitor, and donor type (living vs deceased). After nearest neighbor matching 1:1 by propensity score, we computed the ATE of the matched sample.
Results
Our cohort consisted of 335 aHUS KTRs (23 received eculizumab, 312 did not), with a mean duration of follow-up of 5.8 ± 2.7 years. The majority of these patients were female, white, and less than 30 years old (Supplemental Table). There were no significant differences in baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the eculizumab versus non-eculizumab group.
Twenty-three out of 335 (7%) aHUS KTRs received prophylactic/early eculizumab. The median number of infusions per patient was 42 (interquartile range [IQR] = 16, 66). Treatment was initiated at a median of -7 days (IQR = −138, 22) from transplant, with a median duration of therapy of 798 days (IQR = 379, 1103). The median payment amount per patient was US$706 518 (IQR = US$241 237, US$1 306 453).
Eculizumab was discontinued in 9 out of 23 patients (39%), after a median prophylactic duration of 329 days (IQR = 127, 791). The median number of infusions was 24 (IQR = 6, 37) prior to discontinuation of eculizumab. Mean duration of follow-up for these 9 patients was 5.6 ± 1.8 years.
As shown in Table 1, patients who received prophylactic/early eculizumab were less likely to experience graft loss compared with those who did not receive eculizumab (0% vs 20%, P = .02). Death-censored graft loss for the eculizumab versus non-eculizumab cohort was 0% versus 15%, respectively (P = .04). The adjusted odds ratios (eculizumab vs non-eculizumab) of graft loss and death-censored graft loss were 0.13 (P = .02) and 0.18 (P = .06), respectively. In the propensity-score-matched sample, the ATE (eculizumab vs non-eculizumab) was −0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.25 to −0.15, P < .001); thus, treatment was associated with an average of 20% reduction in graft loss. There was no significant difference in the risk of death between the 2 groups.
Risk of Graft Loss and Death, Eculizumab Versus No Eculizumab.
Note. CI = confidence interval.
Data are n (%).
Adjusted for recipient age and sex.
Discussion
We report the first examination of eculizumab therapy in the aHUS KTR population in the United States, using national-level data. Conducting both adjusted logistic regression and propensity-score models, we found that prophylactic/early eculizumab use was significantly associated with lower risk of graft loss, which is consistent with prior observational studies based on aHUS registry data.4,5 Indeed, none of the treated patients developed graft loss. Our findings also revealed potentially underutilization and heterogeneity in the use of eculizumab in the United States, that is, 7% versus 41% of kidney transplants from the French aHUS registry. 5 This could be related to differences in cohort characteristics based on identified genetic abnormalities 7 and risk for aHUS recurrence, variation in clinical practice, and cost barriers. With a median cost of US$706 518 per patient in our study, careful consideration of this therapy is warranted. 8 For instance, findings from a small case series suggested that living kidney donor transplantation in aHUS without prophylactic eculizumab was achievable using a protocol that emphasized lower target calcineurin inhibitor level, strict blood pressure control, and use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and statins. 9
None of the 9 patients who discontinued eculizumab experienced graft loss, after receiving a median of 24 infusions. Since standard maintenance regimens are every other week, our data suggest that discontinuation of eculizumab is feasible after 1 year. Although genetic profiles are important in assessing the risk of aHUS recurrence after treatment cessation, 10 information on eculizumab withdrawal after transplantation remains very scarce. 5 Thus, our findings help to close the knowledge gap in the duration of prophylaxis in aHUS KTRs.
Our study has certain limitations. First, the USRDS is largely an administrative database and does not provide detailed clinical information. Although the majority of the study cohort likely had aHUS as the primary cause of ESKD, it is possible that a smaller subset of these patients had typical HUS (STEC). Furthermore, the clinical phenotype and genotype of the study cohort that can inform the risk of recurrence after transplantation were unknown, the underlying etiology of graft loss was unknown, and data on therapeutic plasma exchange were not available. Second, the eculizumab group may have included patients who were treated for aHUS recurrence many months before transplantation (while on dialysis) as well as those who may have been treated for aHUS recurrence in the early post-transplant period. Third, given the possibility of confounding by indication to the extent that the decision to use eculizumab may be dependent on the patients’ baseline clinical characteristics, we conducted propensity-score modeling to reduce the bias in the estimated treatment effect. Fourth, we cannot make conclusions about causality given the retrospective nature of this study. Last, the sample size is relatively small, reflecting the rarity of aHUS. Nonetheless, our findings reflect real-world clinical practice and a broad representation of the racially and ethnically diverse ESKD population in the United States.
Conclusions
Although there was no significant difference in the risk of death, prophylactic/early use of eculizumab was significantly associated with improved graft survival among aHUS KTRs. Our study adds to the mounting compelling evidence of benefit with prophylactic/early use eculizumab in the peritransplant setting. Given the retrospective design of the study, however, our results should be considered hypothesis generating and serve to instruct potential prophylactic strategies to prevent graft loss in future randomized controlled trials.
Supplemental Material
sj-pdf-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581211003763 – Supplemental material for Prophylactic or Early Use of Eculizumab and Graft Survival in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in the United States: Research Letter
Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cjk-10.1177_20543581211003763 for Prophylactic or Early Use of Eculizumab and Graft Survival in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in the United States: Research Letter by Richard A. Plasse, Stephen W. Olson, Christina M. Yuan, Lawrence Y. Agodoa, Kevin C. Abbott and Robert Nee in Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
Footnotes
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
The protocol (353086-18) was approved by the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC) Department of Research Programs as exempt from IRB review, not involving human subjects.
Consent for Publication
Consent for publication was obtained from all authors.
Availability of Data and Materials
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this Research Letter are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of the Army/Navy/Air Force, the Department of Defense, National Institutes of Health, or the United States Government.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Supplemental Material
Supplemental material for this article is available online.