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Abstract

Background and aims

Ileo-colonoscopy is the procedure of choice for chronic nonbloody diarrhea (CNBD) of unknown origin. Histological evaluation at different colonic sites is mandatory to assess the presence of microscopic colitis. However, the value of routine ileal biopsy on normal-appearing mucosa as assessed by means of standard-resolution white-light ileoscopy is controversial given its reported low diagnostic yield. Hence, we have assessed for the first time the accuracy of retrograde ileoscopy using high-definition and dyeless chromoendoscopy (HD + DLC), thereby calculating the impact and cost of routine ileal biopsy in CNBD.

Methods

Patients with CNBD of unknown origin were prospectively enrolled for ileo-colonoscopy with HD + DLC at five referral centers. Multiple biopsies were systematically performed on each colorectal segment and in the terminal ileum for histopathological analysis.

Results

Between 2014 and 2017, 546 consecutive patients were recruited. Retrograde ileoscopy success rate was 97.6%. A total of 492 patients (mean age: 53 ± 18 years) fulfilled all the inclusion criteria: Following endoscopic and histopathological work-up, 7% had lymphoid nodular hyperplasia and 3% had isolated ileitis. Compared to the histopathology as the gold standard, retrograde ileoscopy with HD + DLC showed 93% sensitivity, 98% specificity and 99.8% negative predictive value. In patients with normal ileo-colonoscopy, ileum histology had no diagnostic gain and resulted in a cost of US $26.5 per patient.

Conclusions

Retrograde ileoscopy with HD + DLC predicts the presence of ileitis in CNBD with excellent performance. The histopathological evaluation of the terminal ileum is the gold standard for the diagnostic assessment of visible lesions but has no added diagnostic value in CNBD patients with negative ileo-colonoscopy inspection using modern endoscopic imaging techniques.

Keywords

Advanced endoscopic imaging chronic nonbloody diarrhea colonoscopy Crohn disease high-definition histopathology ileal biopsy ileoscopy virtual chromoendoscopy

Key summary

1. In the work-up for chronic nonbloody diarrhea (CNBD) of unknown origin, ileo-colonoscopy with histological evaluation at different colonic sites is mandatory.

– Histopathological evaluation of the terminal ileum is the gold standard for diagnostic assessment of visible lesions.

– By contrast, the value of routine ileal biopsy on normal-appearing mucosa is controversial.

2. The histopathological evaluation of the terminal ileum has no added diagnostic value in CNBD patients with negative ileo-colonoscopy inspection using modern endoscopic imaging techniques.

– Retrograde ileoscopy with high-definition and dyeless chromoendoscopy predicts the presence of ileitis in CNBD with excellent performance.

Introduction

Retrograde ileoscopy with biopsy is widely recognized as a key element for the diagnostic evaluation of chronic diarrhea, especially in patients suspected of having inflammatory illness.^1–3 The differential diagnosis for abnormal endoscopic and histological findings in the terminal ileum includes Crohn disease, drug-induced enteropathy, carcinoid, tuberculosis, yersiniosis, lymphoma and adenocarcinoma.^1,3–6 Histology may be of greatest value when an abnormal terminal ileum is identified endoscopically or via an imaging study.^3,6,7 However, the value of ileal biopsy on normal-appearing mucosa is controversial in the routine assessment of patients suffering from chronic diarrhea, with significant findings ranging from 0% to 4.2% of retrograde ileoscopy performed with standard-resolution white-light endoscopy.^1,5,7–10

More recently, high-definition (HD) endoscopy systems, integrated with optical or digital virtual chromoendoscopy, have become widely available in daily clinical practice.^10–12 These modern endoscopic imaging techniques improve the detection of subtle lesions by providing high-quality mucosal-surface and vascular-pattern imaging, thereby enabling more precise and on-demand targeted biopsy.¹³

Accordingly, the aim of this prospective, multicenter trial was first to assess the diagnostic accuracy of retrograde ileoscopy with HD and dyeless chromoendoscopy in patients with chronic nonbloody diarrhea (CNBD) of unknown origin using histopathology as the gold standard, and second to determine the diagnostic yield and cost of routine biopsies of the terminal ileum for histopathological assessment beyond normal-appearing mucosa in CNBD.

Methods

Patients

A prospective cohort study was performed across five tertiary referral centers in northern Italy (Como, Forlì, Monza, Padua and San Donato Milanese). Adults referred for colonoscopy were consecutively enrolled according to the following inclusion criteria:

CNBD of unknown origin, defined by more than three loose or liquid nonbloody stools per day, for a minimum of four consecutive weeks.¹

Absence of active disorders that correspond to one of the following: celiac disease, lactose/fructose intolerance, known inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

No severe uncontrolled coagulopathy, pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Patients with one of the following criteria were excluded from the study analysis:

Boston bowel preparation scale ≥ 2 in any segment.

History of large-bowel or small-bowel surgery.

Incomplete ileo-colonoscopy with biopsy or incomplete image documentation.

Endoscopic procedure

All colonoscopies were performed under conscious or deep sedation by experienced endoscopists, using HD and virtual chromoendoscopy systems including either optical (Narrow Band Imaging, NBI, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) or digital technologies (i-SCAN, Pentax, Tokyo, Japan; Storz Professional Image Enhancement Systems, SPIES, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) according to local availability. Endoscopic incidents and adverse events were prospectively recorded using the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) lexicon.¹⁴

As per protocol, a clear, detailed description of every segment was performed, including at least two images demonstrating a stable ileoscopy visualization for at least 30 seconds by means both of HD white-light endoscopy and virtual chromoendoscopy. Afterward, no fewer than two large biopsies (i.e. 9-mm diameter of opened jaws, e.g. Radial Jaw 4 Biopsy Forceps, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA, USA, or similar) of a grossly normal mucosa were randomly performed in the terminal ileum (usually 5–15 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve), right colon, transverse colon, left colon and rectum. Additional targeted samples were systematically collected from any visible endoscopic lesion. Biopsy specimens were immediately fixed in buffered formalin and stored in separate vials to map any endoscopic and microscopic finding in different ileocolonic segments.

Histopathological analysis

Ileocolorectal biopsy specimens underwent identical sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin staining followed by specific additional staining when needed (e.g. immunohistochemistry, trichrome). Histopathological analysis was performed by two dedicated subspecialty-trained gastrointestinal pathologists at each tertiary referral center involved in the present study. The histopathological diagnostic definition of microscopic colitis,¹⁵ IBD,¹⁶ eosinophilic¹⁷ or drug-induced enterocolitis¹⁸ followed the established standard of care outlined in the literature. The terms nonspecific colitis or ileitis were adopted for moderate-to-severe microscopic inflammatory tissue changes without a definitive diagnosis (i.e. increased lamina propria cellularity without cryptitis, apoptotic bodies or features of “incomplete microscopic colitis”).^3,15,16,18

Ethics

All patient records (inclusion/exclusion criteria, endoscopic and histopathological findings) were anonymized and prospectively collected in a structured database. Each center received formal approval from the local ethics committee before study initiation. The patients gave their informed written informed consent prior to ileo-colonoscopy for the present trial. This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki adopted in 1964 incorporating all later amendments.

Statistical analysis

The descriptive statistics were presented as means ± SD for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. We estimated diagnostic variables such as sensibility, specificity, likelihood ratios and relative confidence intervals (which were calculated using the 95% confidence level (CI)). Statistical analysis was carried out by R software.

Cost analysis

For the estimation of the terminal ileum histopathological assessment cost, we searched the database of one Italian referral center (Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan) and one United States (US) referral center (Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Cleveland, OH, Case Western Reserve University) asking about the following costs: (a) disposable container preloaded with buffered formalin; (b) standard slide preparation (specimen embedding, sectioning, hematoxylin and eosin staining); (c) standard slide pathology review; and (d) specimen sectioning for two additional staining and additional pathological review for special situations (e.g. difficult diagnostic definition of terminal ileum entities in patients with CNBD requiring specific immunohistochemistry). The cost of each terminal ileum histopathological assessment was then calculated by adding the fixed costs (a), (b) and (c) to the cost (d) multiplied by its variable frequency within the study population.

Results

A total of 546 patients with CNBD met the inclusion criteria and were consecutively enrolled between 2014 and 2017 at participating centers.

The ileal intubation rate was 97.6%. Based on the exclusion criteria, 492 patients (209 men; mean age: 53 ± 18 years) were ultimately included in the statistical analysis (Figure 1). No endoscopic incidents or adverse events related to ileo-colonoscopy with biopsy occurred.

Figure 1.

Study flowchart.

By combining the results achieved during the endoscopic and histopathological work-up, 79% of our study population had a fully negative diagnostic work-up, while 21% received a final diagnosis consistent with the history of CNBD (Supplementary Figure 1). The most prevalent entity was microscopic colitis, with 43 new cases detected (8.7%), 28 collagenous and 15 lymphocytic colitis. Among them, the endoscopic inspection with HD plus virtual chromoendoscopy showed the presence of moderate (erosions, cat scratches) to mild (hyperemia, edema) colorectal inflammatory lesions in seven out of 43 cases (16%). In the remaining 36/43 patients, histopathology based on multiple random colon and rectum biopsies led to the definite diagnosis of microscopic colitis following a fully negative ileo-colonoscopy with HD plus virtual chromoendoscopy.

Retrograde ileoscopy findings and accuracy

Retrograde ileoscopy with HD and virtual chromoendoscopy revealed the features of lymphoid nodular hyperplasia in 34 patients (7%). Histopathological analysis based on terminal ileum biopsy samples confirmed the endoscopic appearance of lymphoid nodular hyperplasia in all the cases (sensitivity/specificity 100%).

Apart from lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, retrograde ileoscopy identified inflammatory lesions in 22 patients (4%) (Figure 2); 15 of whom (3%) had a negative endoscopic inspection throughout their colon and rectum (i.e. isolated ileitis; Supplementary Figure 1).

Figure 2.

(a and b) High-definition plus i-SCAN mode 1 and i-SCAN mode 3 imaging of a normal-appearing terminal ileum as confirmed by histopathology on multiple random biopsy samples. (c and d) High-definition plus i-SCAN mode 1 and i-SCAN mode 2 imaging of small superficial ulcers diagnosed as Crohn disease ileitis by histopathology on targeted biopsies. (e and f) High-definition plus i-SCAN mode 1 and i-SCAN mode 2 imaging of mild hyperemia and edema of the terminal ileum in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ileitis according to histopathology on targeted biopsies and clinical history.

Histopathology confirmed the presence of relevant inflammatory lesions in the terminal ileum samples of 14 patients with endoscopic ileitis and in one patient affected by severe Crohn disease located in the right colon showing severe cellular infiltrate beyond a normal-appearing terminal ileum (Table 1, Supplementary Figure 2). Based on the histopathological gold standard, the accuracy of retrograde ileoscopy with HD plus virtual chromoendoscopy imaging was 98.2%. The corresponding performance measures of retrograde ileoscopy are shown in Table 2. Notably, the histopathological assessment based on multiple random biopsies of the terminal ileum had no clinical impact on the CNBD patients with a fully negative HD plus virtual chromoendoscopy ileo-colonoscopy inspection (i.e. sensitivity/specificity 100%).

Table 1.

Detection of ileitis by means of ileo-colonoscopy with high-definition plus virtual chromoendoscopy and histopathological assessment.

	Histopathology +	Histopathology –	Total
Ileoscopy +	14	8	22
Ileoscopy –	1	469	470
Total	15	477	492

Table 2.

Statistical measures of the performance of retrograde ileoscopy with high-definition plus virtual chromoendoscopy using histopathology as the gold standard.

Test	Value
Sensitivity	0.933 (0.660–0.996)
Specificity	0.983 (0.966–0.992)
Positive predictive value	0.636 (0.408–0.820)
Negative predictive value	0.998 (0.986–1)
Positive likelihood ratio	55.6 (27.6–112.1)
Negative likelihood ratio	0.068 (0.010–0.450)

The use of digital (i-SCAN or Flexible Spectral-Imaging Color Enhancement (FICE)) and optical (NBI or SPIES) chromoendoscopy was equally distributed in our study cohorts (46.1% and 53.9%, respectively). However, the rate of patients with confirmed terminal ileitis was much greater in the digital chromoendoscopy group (12/15). Both optical and digital chromoendoscopy HD ileoscopy showed excellent accuracy levels (99.2%, 95% CI = 97.3% – 99.9%; 96.9%, 95% CI = 93.8% – 98.8%, respectively) and a perfect negative predictive value (100%, 95% CI = 98% – 100%, for both) using histopathology as the gold standard. The best sensitivity level was found using digital chromoendoscopy techniques (sensitivity: 100%, 95% CI = 74% – 100%; specificity: 97%, 95% CI = 93% – 99%), while the best specificity was with optical chromoendoscopy (sensitivity: 67%, 95% CI 90% – 99%; specificity: 100%, 95% CI = 99% – 100%). Whether this figure reflects different features of optical and digital chromoendoscopy rather than center- or operator-driven factors cannot be definitively ascertained according to the observational design of this study and to the smaller prevalence of ileitis in the optical chromoendoscopy groups.

Costs related to the terminal ileum histopathological assessment

The estimated costs for standard slide preparation (including specimen embedding, sectioning, hematoxylin and eosin staining and pathology review) were €15.25 and $21.55, respectively, at the Italian and US high-volume referral centers. Specific situations requiring additional sectioning of terminal ileum specimens for additional staining with immunohistochemistry and additional pathology review occurred every 10 CNBD patients (Table 3). All in all, the Italian and US costs directly related to the additional histopathological assessment of the terminal ileum in each patient performing colonoscopy with multiple colorectal biopsies were €18.20 and $26.50, respectively.

Table 3.

Cost analysis of additional histopathological assessment of the terminal ileum for every Italian and United States (US) patient undergoing colonoscopy with multiple colorectal biopsies for chronic nonbloody diarrhea.

Additional procedure	Workflow	Italian cost in Euros (€)	US cost in dollars ($)
Endoscopic sampling	Terminal ileum biopsies (two to four bites) placed in a separate disposable container preloaded with buffered formalin	0.25	0.25
Standard slide preparation	Specimen embedding, sectioning, hematoxylin and eosin staining	10.00	12.00
Pathology review	Reading, analysis and report drafting	5.00	9.30
Special situations^a	Specimens sectioned for two additional immunohistochemistry staining and pathology review	30.00	50.00
Total cost		18.25	26.55

Special situations occurred every 10 patients on average.

Discussion

CNBD of unknown origin is one of the major indications for gastrointestinal endoscopy and accounts for approximately 4%–7% of all the colonoscopies performed in Western countries.^19–21 Multiple endoscopic biopsies and histopathological assessment represent an essential step to ascertain the diagnostic definition of macroscopic lesions and exclude the underlying presence of microscopic colitis.^9,22 The diagnostic yield of colonoscopy with biopsies in CNBD patients ranges from 7% to 32%, with microscopic colitis and IBD being most common.^{1–5,8–10,16–18} The present multicenter study, conducted in a real-life setting, identified a relevant number of patients suffering from microscopic colitis (9%), IBD (6%), adenocarcinoma (1%) and other inflammatory conditions corresponding to the clinical history of CNBD (Supplementary Figure 1).

Our study has confirmed that retrograde ileoscopy can be safely accomplished in up to 98% of colonoscopies, resulting in the detection of visible ileitis in 4% of patients suffering from CNBD. Interestingly, a definite diagnosis of inflammatory illness with isolated involvement of the terminal ileum was achieved in 3% of all the CNBD patients, who would have otherwise been dismissed with the wrong putative diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (Supplementary Figure 1). However, retrograde ileoscopy is not yet accepted among the standard quality indicators for colonoscopy,^23–25 and it is often regarded as a matter for referral to IBD endoscopy units. Several retrospective studies in real-life clinical settings have clearly shown that retrograde ileoscopy is performed in only 45% to 87%^3,8,26–28 of patients with chronic diarrhea. By contrast, prospective studies aimed at performing ileal intubation in all cases have shown higher success rates (90%–95.5%),^3,17 thereby suggesting ample room for improvement in everyday clinical practice.

The value of random biopsies routinely performed on the terminal ileum of patients with CNBD and negative ileo-colonoscopy dates back to the era of low-resolution endoscopic imaging, when subtle mucosal lesions could have been overlooked. Within this setting, the histopathological assessment of normal-appearing mucosa of the terminal ileum was found positive for relevant small-bowel pathologies, including isolated Crohn disease and lymphoma, in up to 4% of patients with chronic diarrhea of unknown origin.^5,7–9,29 In 2010, the Standards-of-Practice Committee of the ASGE stated that the yield of biopsy of an endoscopically normal-appearing terminal ileum is likely to be low and highlighted the lack of evidence to determine whether this practice should be routinely performed on patients with chronic unexplained diarrhea.¹ More recently, anecdotal cases of microscopic ileitis have also been described in diverted-enteric-segment and collagenous colitis.³⁰ However, the clinical relevance of microscopic ileitis is still unknown in non-IBD patients.

Hence, we assessed for the first time the accuracy of retrograde ileoscopy with HD and virtual chromoendoscopy using histopathology as the gold standard. Our results have clearly showed that ileoscopy with advanced imaging can predict the presence of microscopic ileitis in CNBD patients with excellent accuracy. Consistently, routine endoscopic biopsy of the terminal ileum had no diagnostic yield in CNBD patients with fully negative ileo-colonoscopy using HD imaging and virtual chromoendoscopy, and it should be avoided except for specific indications, thereby resulting in $26.50 saved per patient (Table 3).

By contrast, histopathology based on multiple random biopsies of the colon and rectum is crucial for the diagnosis of microscopic colitis regardless of the presence of visible inflammatory lesions. Consistent with the literature,^19,22,31 most patients diagnosed with microscopic colitis (84%) in the present study had a fully negative ileo-colonoscopy, even despite the use of HD and virtual chromoendoscopic imaging.

The application of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria for patient enrollment together with the prospective nature of this multicenter cohort study represent an optimal methodological background to support our results. However, some points regarding this study should be addressed. First, two dedicated subspecialty-trained gastrointestinal pathologists were systematically involved in all histopathological analyses at each tertiary referral center but no external revision by blinded pathologists was performed for research purposes. Second, no case of adenocarcinoma or lymphoma of the terminal ileum was detected, resulting in no opportunity to assess the performance of HD plus virtual chromoendoscopy in oncologic disorders. However, these conditions are quite uncommon in patients with CNBD,³² and are usually associated with clear endoscopic abnormalities given their erosive nature. Third, as far as the study protocol was concerned, our results could not assess the additional impact of virtual chromoendoscopy beyond HD white-light imaging. In other settings, the routine use of advanced endoscopic imaging was found to increase the detection and the operators’ confidence in characterizing and delineating subtle inflammatory lesions, such as isolated erosions, hyperemia and/or edema.^10–13 Finally, no long-term follow-up was designed to evaluate whether those patients with a negative endoscopic and histological work-up achieved symptom remission or eventually had any diagnosis of other disorders consistent with CNBD. In these cases, we hypothesized the functional origin of the diarrhea with the putative diagnosis of IBS or colonic diverticular disease.

In conclusion, this large, prospective, multicenter study has clearly shown that retrograde ileoscopy with HD imaging and virtual chromoendoscopy can predict the presence of ileitis in patients with CNBD with excellent accuracy. Following negative ileo-colonoscopy inspection, routine histopathological assessment of the terminal ileum has substantial costs and no clinical impact on the diagnostic work-up of CNBD, except for specific indications such as immune-compromised patients, suspicion of intestinal tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus infection or graft-vs-host disease. By contrast, histopathology based on multiple biopsies is crucial for the diagnostic definition of microscopic colitis and of any visible inflammatory lesion detected during ileo-colonoscopy for CNBD.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for Terminal ileum ileoscopy and histology in patients undergoing high-definition colonoscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for chronic nonbloody diarrhea: A prospective, multicenter study

Supplemental Material for Terminal ileum ileoscopy and histology in patients undergoing high-definition colonoscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for chronic nonbloody diarrhea: A prospective, multicenter study by Edoardo Borsotti, Brigida Barberio, Renata D’Incà, Gianluca Bonitta, Flaminia Cavallaro, Luca Pastorelli, Emanuele Rondonotti, Leonardo Samperi, Helmut Neumann, Chiara Viganò, Maurizio Vecchi and Gian Eugenio Tontini in United European Gastroenterology Journal

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to Marco Maggioni (MD, Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy) and to Carlo De Salvo (PhD, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA) for their contribution to the cost analyses included in the present study.

Author contributions include the following: E.B.: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting and critical revision of the manuscript. B.B., R.D.I., F.C., L.P., E.R., L.S., C.V. and M.V.: acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. G.B.: analysis and interpretation of data and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. H.N.: study concept and design and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. G.E.T.: study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript and study supervision.

Declaration of conflicting interests

None declared.

Funding

G.E.T. has received a grant from the Italian Society of Gastroenterology (Premio SIGE 2014) supporting his involvement in this research project.

Ethics approval

All patient records (inclusion/exclusion criteria, endoscopic and histopathological findings) were anonymized and prospectively collected in a structured database. Each center received formal approval from the local ethics committee before study initiation. This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki adopted in 1964 and incorporating all later amendments.

Informed consent

All patients gave their informed written informed consent prior to ileo-colonoscopy for the present trial.

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Supplementary Material

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Terminal ileum ileoscopy and histology in patients undergoing high-definition colonoscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for chronic nonbloody diarrhea: A prospective,multicenter study

Abstract

Background and aims

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Key summary

Introduction

Methods

Patients

Endoscopic procedure

Histopathological analysis

Ethics

Statistical analysis

Cost analysis

Results

Retrograde ileoscopy findings and accuracy

Costs related to the terminal ileum histopathological assessment

Discussion

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for Terminal ileum ileoscopy and histology in patients undergoing high-definition colonoscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for chronic nonbloody diarrhea: A prospective, multicenter study

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

Ethics approval

Informed consent

References

Supplementary Material