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Abstract

Background

The hypothesis is that decision-making for transfusion varies considerably among gastroenterologists. The aim is to identify preferences and predictors of transfusion decision-making in chronic anemia.

Study design and methods

Between February and April of 2015, a computerized adaptive choice-based conjoint survey was administered to gastroenterologists in the Netherlands. The survey included seven patient attributes: hemoglobin levels, hemoglobin stability, age, iron indices, the presence of anemia-related symptoms, cardiovascular comorbidities, and the number of transfusions in the past half year. Predictors of transfusion preferences were assessed by multivariable regression.

Results

113 gastroenterologists completed the survey (response rate = 29%; mean age = 47 years; 24% women). Absolute hemoglobin level was the most important incentive of transfusion, accounting for 42% of decision-making, followed by age (15%), hemoglobin stability (12%), anemia-related symptoms (10%), and cardiovascular comorbidities (10%). A hemoglobin level >9.6 g/dL is an inflection point, where gastroenterologists would not prescribe transfusions. Age of the patient is more important in the decision-making process to younger gastroenterologists (OR −2.9, 95% CI −5.3 to −0.5).

Conclusion

Absolute hemoglobin level is the most important factor to transfusion decision-making. This is contradictory to transfusion guidelines for chronic anemia which address the importance of symptoms.

Keywords

Chronic anemia transfusion practices gastrointestinal bleeding decision-making adaptive choice-based conjoint analysis

Introduction

Iron deficiency anemia is a common problem in gastroenterology practices and is associated with lethargy, weakness, dyspnea, and a decreased quality of life.^1,2 Therefore, treatment of iron deficiency anemia is important to improve the related symptoms. Apart from treating the underlying cause, iron supplementation and/or red blood cell (RBC) transfusions can be given to restore hemoglobin (Hb) level. However, both undertreatment and overtreatment of anemia are associated with impaired clinical outcomes.³ Therefore, a targeted transfusion regimen with clear defined rules in each patient is the best route to an increased quality of life and clinical outcome.⁴

RBC transfusion strategies have become more restricted over the past decade.⁵ American, European, and Australian transfusion guidelines for patients with chronic anemia advise transfusion in case of clinical symptoms and below defined Hb level thresholds.^6–8 There is no literature published on transfusion practices in gastroenterology, but it is known that there is a wide variation in transfusion practices in perioperative care and critical care patients.⁹

It is unknown which clinical factors determine the decision-making process, when and who to transfuse or whether there are differences between gastroenterologists. This decision-making process is complex and although there are guidelines, the interpretation of these guidelines in clinical practice might differ between healthcare professionals. As a corollary we hypothesize that transfusion preferences vary, but that certain gastroenterologists’ characteristics predict behaviors such as gender, years of experience, type of hospital, or subspecialization. More insight in the understanding of and reasons for variation in transfusion practices could lead to targeted strategies to increase awareness among gastroenterologists to adequately prescribe RBC transfusions.

The aim of this study is to identify factors that trigger the use of transfusions in chronic anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding and characterize the heterogeneity among gastroenterologists regarding transfusion decision-making through a nationwide survey using the adaptive choice-based conjoint (ACBC) analysis technique.

Materials and methods

Study setting

We administered a survey to every gastroenterologist affiliated with the Dutch Association of Gastroenterologists. Over 98% of active gastroenterologists in the Netherlands are member of the Dutch Association of Gastroenterologists. In total, 395 gastroenterologists were invited to participate in this anonymous survey. The survey was sent to invitees by e-mail between February and April 2015, with a reminder up to two times to initial non-responders.

Overview of ACBC analysis

Conjoint analysis is a quantitative method originally developed in applied sciences which can be used to evaluate clinical decision-making in healthcare.^10–17 Full control of potentially confounding factors can be achieved by having each participant evaluate the same clinical factors with according levels. As such, conjoint analysis is considered as a good method to effectively analyze decision-making in clinical medicine.¹⁸ Compared with other methods to investigate decision making, such as self-report or absolute ranking of factors, ACBC is more effective in approximating the real world.^19,20 Because the decision to transfuse depends on complex combinations of clinical factors that may be interdependent and are weighed by the individual gastroenterologists, ACBC is a good method to investigate this decision-making process.

The administered survey consists of two parts: the ACBC analysis and a set of stand-alone questions regarding provider demographics and practice characteristics. The seven evaluated clinical factors in the ACBC analysis are: Hb level, Hb stability, age, iron indices, the presence of anemia-related symptoms, cardiovascular comorbidities, and the number of transfusions in the past half year. Triggers of transfusion were studied in a scenario of chronic anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasias. This scenario was not changed as we do not want to study the underlying disease as a clinical factor, because this is not a trigger according to the guidelines.^6–8,21,22

The case vignettes were designed on the basis of a fractional factorial design that ensures the absence of collinearity. For each case vignette, the gastroenterologist was asked to indicate whether he or she would give a blood transfusion (yes or no) according to the seven predefined clinical patient characteristics that are relevant for the decision (Table 1). Respondents must choose a preferred level for each clinical characteristic to a degree that allows identification of a threshold that triggers activity (e.g., Hb level, fatigue, comorbidities, etc.). Then sets of two hypothetical patient profiles were presented and gastroenterologists were asked to select the patient that he/she would transfuse (Figure 1). Based on the choices made, the comparisons become increasingly complex as the exercise continues. The ACBC method ranks the respondent’s prioritization of clinical factors that influence the decision to transfuse.

Table 1.

Clinical factors and levels tested in conjoint analysis clinical vignettes.

Clinical factor	Levels
Hemoglobin level (g/dL)	9.6–11.3
	8.0–9.5
	6.4–7.9
	<6.4
Hemoglobin stability	No change in hemoglobin level over the past month
	1.6 g/dL drop over the past month
	0.8 g/dL drop over the past week
	1.6 g/dL drop over the past week
Age (years)	<25
	25–50
	50–70
	>70
Iron indices	No iron deficiency
	Iron deficiency (e.g. serum ferritin <100 µg/L, TSAT <16%)
Anemia-related symptoms^a	No
	Yes
Cardiovascular comorbidities^b	No
	Yes
Number of RBC transfusions in the past half year	0–2
Number of RBC transfusions in the past half year	3–5
	5–10
	>10

TSAT, transferrin saturation.

Anemia-related symptoms: fatigue and dyspnea.

Coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular accident, or myocardial infarction.

Figure 1.

Example of a case vignette.

Survey design

To ensure that the survey adequately queried clinical factors related to RBC transfusion decision-making, we used the British, Dutch and American transfusion guidelines that were current at the time of the survey.^6,7,21 Moreover, we piloted the validity of clinical characteristics in a small (n = 8) group of gastroenterologists. The pilot group also advised to include number of transfusions in the past half year as a variable. This process further refined the case vignettes and the levels of clinical factors.

Sample size and statistical analysis

The specific sample size for conjoint analysis (n) should satisfy the equation (nta)/c ≥ 500, where t is the number of tasks, a is the number of alternatives per task, and c is the maximum number of levels for a given attribute.¹⁰ In this survey, providers completed t = 6 tasks with an average a = 3 alternatives and c ≤ 4 levels, based on these parameters a sample size of 110 can be considered sufficient.

The main outcomes are utilities. The utilities indicate how much the difference between the levels of one attribute affects the decision to transfuse. Across the levels of one attribute the utilities add up to 0, which leads to a middle weight around 0. Negative utilities for a certain level do not trigger gastroenterologists to prescribe a transfusion compared to positive utilities, where gastroenterologists do want to prescribe a transfusion. Hierarchical Bayes analysis is used to calculate individual importance for each of the seven clinical factors. The relative importance shows the contribution in percentage of each individual factor relative to the other factors and together they make up 100% of the decision-making. This results in a rank order of the seven clinical factors from most to least important together. We performed descriptive analyses to calculate means and proportions for the gastroenterologist characteristics.

We aimed to predict decision-making behavior (the dependent variable) using clinical factors and their levels as independent variables. We conducted multivariable linear regression analysis to determine if gastroenterologist or practice type characteristics (sex, age, years as a specialist, subspecialization, and type of hospital) predicted individual importance for each of the seven tested clinical factors. Factors were included if the p-value was <0.2 in univariate analysis. Continues independent variables were transformed in binary variables by using the mean /median. For each of these gastroenterologists’ characteristics the association with the individual importance scores of the seven clinical patient factors was calculated by the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The part-worth utility analyses and individual attribute importance values are automatically calculated by the Sawtooth Software (North Orem, UT, USA). The regression analysis was performed with SPSS Statistics software version 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Characteristics of responders

A total of 113/395 (29%) gastroenterologists completed the survey. Seventy-six percent of the responders were male (Table 2). Mean age was 47 years (SD 9) with a mean duration of 13 years (SD 10) of being a specialist. Most gastroenterologists (n = 54, 49%) worked in a teaching hospital. The most prevalent subspecializations were advanced endoscopy (n = 27, 24%) and inflammatory bowel disease (n = 23, 21%).

Table 2.

Gastroenterologists characteristics (n = 113).

Characteristic	Number (%)
Sex: male	86 (76)
Age (years)	47, SD 9
Mean duration specialist (years)	13, SD 10
Type of hospital
University hospital	25 (22)
Teaching hospital	53 (47)
Non-teaching hospital	35 (31)
Subspecialization (n = 111)
Advanced endoscopy	27 (24)
Inflammatory bowel disease	23 (21)
Oncology	17 (15)
Hepatology	9 (8)
None	25 (23)
Other	10 (9)

Rank order of clinical factors

Of the seven attributes assessed, absolute Hb level is the most important incentive for transfusion, accounting for 42% of decision-making, followed by age (15%), Hb stability (12%), anemia-related symptoms (10%), cardiovascular comorbidities (10%), the number of transfusions in the past half year (6%), and iron indices (5%) (see Supplementary figure 1 online).

Inflection points of clinical factors

The inflection point is the point where the utility of a specific level increases or decreases significantly compared to the other levels of the clinical factor. For Hb level the inflection point is 9.6 g/dL, above which physicians do not prescribe transfusions (Supplementary figure 2). Inflection points of the other clinical factors were also calculated (Supplementary figure 3). Hb stability is only an important clinical factor in the decision-making process when the extremes are true, which were no Hb change or a 1.6 g/dL drop over the past week. The average part-worth utilities for the different levels (stable, 1.6 g/dL drop over the past month, 0.8 g/dL drop over the past week, 1.6 g/dL drop over the past week) are respectively −37 (SD 18), 1 (SD 20), 0 (SD 15), and 36 (SD 35). The inflection point for age of the patient is 25 years, e.g. below this age gastroenterologists are not triggered to prescribe transfusions.

Preferences for transfusion dependent on gastroenterologist characteristics

In multivariable linear regression, age of the gastroenterologists was a predictor for the importance in decision-making process of the patient’s characteristic age (OR −2.9, 95% CI −5.3 to −0.5). Younger gastroenterologists (<47 years) value the patient’s age 2.9 times more than older gastroenterologists in their decision-making process to transfuse. Sex, type of hospital, and subspecialization were not predictors in multivariable regression analysis for the importance of any of the seven clinical factors in the decision-making process.

Discussion

This study provides insight in the decision-making process concerning RBC transfusion in everyday gastrointestinal practice. Of all clinical factors, absolute Hb level is the most important incentive of RBC transfusion in patients with chronic anemia. The inflection point in decision making is an Hb level of 9.6 g/dL, above which gastroenterologists are averse in prescribing RBC transfusions. Symptoms, age of the patient and iron indices are less important in the decision making process. Transfusion preferences are dependent on the gastroenterologists’ age.

This variation between gastroenterologists in transfusion strategies is similar to data from other studies investigating transfusion strategies in other fields of medicine.^9,10 However, the relative minor impact of patient’s age and symptoms on the decision-making process in our study, is not in line with American, European and Australian RBC transfusion guidelines.^6–8,21,22 The guidelines advise to integrate Hb levels with data on symptoms, age and iron indices, while our respondents were mainly guided by absolute Hb levels (Table 3). Possible explanations for non-adherence are a lack of awareness of the new guidelines, low exposure rate of deciding to prescribe a RBC transfusion by the specialist gastroenterologists themselves or difficulty with the interpretation of the recommendations (e.g. what is considered as cardiovascular comorbidity).^6,21 This hypothesis of lack of awareness and low exposure rate by the specialist is supported by our finding that younger gastroenterologists value the clinical factors recommended in the guidelines (e.g. age) more than the older gastroenterologists.

Table 3.

Guidelines recommending transfusion strategies in (chronic) anemia.^a

Guidelines	Year	Impact factor journal	Grilli score^b	Topic	Recommendations
American Association of Blood Banks⁶	2012	17.8	4	RBC transfusion	- restrictive transfusion strategy (7–8 g/dL) in hospitalized, stable patients - transfusion decision may be influenced by symptoms and Hb concentration
American Society of Anesthesiologists task force²²	1996	5.9	4	Blood component therapy	- RBC transfusion is rarely indicated when Hb ≥ 10 g/dL and is almost always indicated when Hb ≤ 6 g/dL - when Hb 6–10 g/dL decision should be based on the risk of complications of inadequate oxygenation
British Committee for Standards in Haematology⁷	2001	5.0	1	RBC transfusion	- based on patients’ symptoms (using functional assessment scales) - there is no universal trigger (e.g. Hb) for RBC transfusion
Australian and New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion⁸	2001	-	2	RBC transfusion	- the decision to transfuse RBC should be based on clinical assessment incl. symptoms, reaction previous transfusion and Hb level - RBC when Hb is > 10 g/dL is inappropriate
Dutch Blood Transfusion Guideline²¹	2011	7.9	4	Blood transfusions	- strict indications for RBC are symptomatic anemia or Hb < 4.8 g/dL - decision for prophylactic RBC should be based on Hb-level in combination with age and cardiopulmonary comorbidity
National Comprehensive Cancer Network¹	2012	4.2	3	Cancer- and chemotherapy- induced anemia	- no transfusion in asymptomatic patients without significant comorbidities - transfusion is indicated in the presence of symptoms - in asymptomatic patients with severe comorbidities the Hb goal is 7–9 g/dL

RBC, red blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin; incl., including.

Guidelines addressing perioperative care, critically ill patients or children are excluded.

Grilli score: quality assessment tool for guidelines addressing three topics: description of the involved professionals, description of the sources of information, and explicit grading of evidence. Score range: 0–4.

The present study comes with limitations. First, we determined the clinical factors and the corresponding levels used in this ACBC analysis technique by using the guidelines and pilot testing for comprehensibility. However, there may be unidentified factors that influence the decision-making process. For example, our survey did not offer parenteral iron supplementation as an option to treat anemia. In daily clinical practice RBC transfusion can be preceded by parenteral iron. This may increase the likelihood of measurement error, which could have led to a higher inflection point of Hb for RBC transfusion than in real life. Second, there is a risk of response bias due to the relatively low response rate (29%). We do not know the specific reasons for non-response, but to assess if there are systematic differences we compared respectively characteristics of responders and members of the Dutch Association of Gastroenterologists. Sex (76% vs. 71% men), experience (13 vs. 13 years as a consultant), and type of hospital (academic 21 vs. 22%, teaching hospital 49 vs.39%) are comparable between the two groups, which lowers the chance of a large non-response bias in this study. Moreover, the response rate in our study is comparable to other surveys.²³

As this study is designed to get insight in the decision-making process, we can only speculate about the underlying causes for the discrepancy with guidelines. Further research should be performed to investigate the causes of non-adherence. This is study however is the first step in understanding the decision-making. This is important to instigate the debate about the correct use of RBC transfusion, which eventually should lead to strategies to improve guideline awareness and adherence. Ultimately, this might decrease the undertreatment and overtreatment of chronic anemia with an improvement of clinical outcomes and quality of life.

To conclude, absolute Hb level trumps all other factors as the most important trigger to RBC transfusion decision-making. Current transfusion guidelines address the importance of other factors like the presence of symptoms.^1,6,7,8,21 This discrepancy might reflect a lack of awareness of these guidelines by gastroenterologists.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

None declared.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Supplementary Material

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Chronic anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding: when do gastroenterologists transfuse?

Abstract

Background

Study design and methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study setting

Overview of ACBC analysis

Survey design

Sample size and statistical analysis

Results

Characteristics of responders

Rank order of clinical factors

Inflection points of clinical factors

Preferences for transfusion dependent on gastroenterologist characteristics

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

References

Supplementary Material