Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors and survival outcomes of biliary complications (BCs) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) based on our single-center experience. From 2007 to 2010, 112 adult patients were assessed. Forty-nine patients (43.8%) experienced at least one episode of BCs, including biliary stricture and bile leak, occurring in 37.5% and 16.1% of the patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that hepatic artery thrombosis (relative risk (RR), 5.692; 95% CI, 2.132 to 15.201; p < 0.001), a hepatic duct diameter of less than 3 mm (RR, 2.523; 95% CI, 1.295 to 4.914; p = 0.005), ductoplasty (RR, 2.175; 95% CI, 1.134 to 4.174; p = 0.018), and cytomegalovirus infection (RR, 4.452; 95% CI, 1.868 to 10.613; p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for the development of BCs. However, these factors and BCs showed no prominent impact on the overall survival (OS) and graft survival (GS). In addition, the patients who developed vascular complications demonstrated poor outcomes in terms of OS (five-year, 56.3% vs. 78.1%; p = 0.017), GS (five-year, 56.3% vs. 77.1%; p = 0.023), and BC-free survival (five-year, 25.0% vs. 63.5%; p = 0.007) compared with patients without vascular complications. In conclusion, BCs remain a common problem after LDLT, especially for patients using duct-to-duct anastomosis. Hepatic artery thrombosis, a short duct diameter, ductoplasty, and cytomegalovirus infection lead to an increased incidence of BCs. The occurrence of BCs manifested no significant influence on the long-term survival outcomes. However, our findings await verification through large-scale randomized studies regarding the risk factors for the development of BCs and their impact on the prognosis.

Keywords

Living donor liver transplantation biliary complications bile leak biliary stricture risk factors survival outcomes vascular complications duct-to-duct anastomosis

Introduction

Liver transplantation has been established for decades; however, despite advanced surgical techniques, its application is limited owing to a shortage of available organs.¹ The deficiency of donor livers has led to the development of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), which exploits the regenerative abilities of the liver.^2,3 However, because of several shortcomings, such as a loss of partial liver function from the hepatic resection in donors and a high incidence of biliary complications (BCs), further evaluation of the outcomes of LDLT is still necessary.^4,5

It is widely known that biliary stricture (BS) and bile leak (BL) are the most frequent types of BCs. A recent study from the United States indicated that BC was the most common type of complication after LDLT with a rate of 53.7%, of which anastomotic stricture accounted for 41.5%.⁶ Another study from Russia found that 40/147 patients (27.2%) developed BCs, including 29 cases of BL (72.5%) and 11 (27.5%) cases of BS.⁷ Likewise, the reported morbidity rate of BC is quite diverse from different centers. The current consideration on the incidence of BCs is primarily associated with the blood supply to the hepatic duct, length of the duct, tension at the anastomosis, reconstruction methods, and technical issues.^8,9 However, despite the abundant advances in various aspects, the incidence of BCs has not been remarkably reduced.

Herein, we conducted the present study to establish integrated risk factors for the development of BCs. In addition, we reviewed all of the clinical characteristics and postoperative complications and analyzed their impact on the cumulative overall survival (OS), graft survival (GS), and BC-free survival (BCFS) after adult-to-adult right-lobe LDLT.

Materials and methods

Study patients

From January 2007 to December 2010, 116 adult patients underwent LDLT at the Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital (Shanghai, China). Four patients were excluded from the analysis because of possible extrahepatic metastasis before the operation. Finally, 112 patients with various hepatic diseases were formally enrolled in the present study, including 52 patients with malignant hepatic tumors and 60 patients with benign end-stage liver diseases. Of the malignant hepatic tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma accounted for 49 cases, and cholangiocarcinoma accounted for three cases. Of the benign end-stage liver diseases, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver cirrhosis accounted for 34 cases, fulminant liver failure accounted for 21 cases, primary biliary cirrhosis accounted for four cases, alcoholic liver cirrhosis accounted for two cases, and Wilson’s disease accounted for one case. The patients were diagnosed by comprehensively observing the following factors: clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and postoperative pathology. The patients were divided into two groups according to the transplant stage to assess our learning curve. The first half of patients who underwent LDLT from January 2007 to October 2007 was assigned to the early cases, and the latter half of patients who underwent LDLT from November 2007 to December 2010 was enrolled into the later cases.

Preoperative assessment

The following steps were carried out before the surgical operation. (1) All of the data, including the age, height, weight, past medical history, and relationship between the donor and recipient were collected, and the donor underwent a preliminary ethical and psychological evaluation by specialists. (2) Further laboratory studies and routine imaging studies were completed if needed. (3) The anatomy of the vessels of the liver and the biliary tract was confirmed, and the dimensions of the liver were calculated by liver spiral computed tomography angiography (SCTA) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). (4) Discussions of the examination findings of the donors and recipients were carried out within the department. For patients with special conditions, the relevant departments were consulted. If the discussions were successful, the examination findings, the results of the discussion, a confirmation of the relationship, and other documents were submitted to the ethics committee of the hospital for a decision.

Surgical procedures

For the donors, intraoperative real-time cholangiography was accomplished to confirm the biliary anatomy. The graft resection was performed using cut-ultrasound aspiration. The middle hepatic vein was included when the graft was inadequate for the recipient to provide sufficient functional liver, for which nine cases were carried out. After isolation from the abdominal cavity, the graft was perfused with 4℃ Celsior solution. The recipient operation was started when the hepatic hilar structure of the donor was exposed. The reconstruction of the branches (segment V and VIII) was performed with 6-0 Prolene when the tributary had a diameter greater than 5 mm, and the other short veins were occluded with the use of clips or were ligatured. Duct-to-duct anastomosis was the only type of biliary reconstruction except for one patient with sclerosing cholangitis who received hepaticojejunostomy. Doppler ultrasonography was carried out during the operation to test the blood flow. Right-lobe LDLT was the only type of surgery performed.

Data collection and follow-up

The prospectively collected LDLT database was used in the description of the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data. A comprehensive evaluation of the clinical manifestations, serological examinations, and imaging studies was carried out for the confirmation of BCs. For the patients with clinical manifestations, the imaging studies were immediately followed for a definite confirmation, and the patients with asymptomatic or non-specific symptoms with biochemical abnormalities, including serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase, were placed into a high index of suspicion, and imaging studies were carried out immediately to make a definite diagnosis. Routine surveillance of fluid drainage was performed to detect BL, and the samples were collected for a definite confirmation when abnormal accumulation was detected. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was defined as active CMV infection (disease), including de novo infection and reactivation of latent CMV. Routine serologic antibody testing (immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG) was the first step to estimate CMV infection. The definite diagnosis was made after the confirmation of CMV DNA and/or pp65 antigenemia and after treatment with intravenous ganciclovir injection; both clinical and subclinical infections were involved. Within one week after the operation, routine ultrasonography was performed daily. Routine blood parameters, liver function, and the blood concentration of immunosuppressants were monitored within two weeks after the operation. A liver-enhanced CT scan was performed within one month after discharge. Serological examinations were performed once a week within one month after discharge, once every two weeks during the second month, and once a month after the second month. Serological examinations, chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasound, and upper abdomen contrast-enhanced CT were performed in the clinic at each visit once every six months from the second year and annually from the third year. The patients who did not visit the clinic were followed up through telephone inquiry. The endpoints of this study were OS, GS, and BCFS. OS was calculated according to the time of LDLT to the death or loss of contact. BCFS was defined as the period between LDLT to the date of a high index of suspicion in patients who eventually developed BCs. The follow-up investigation was performed in a range of 1 to 94 months, and 60 months was the minimum follow-up period for the survivals.

Statistical analysis

SPSS for Windows version 19.0 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The number of cases and percentages were presented as categorical variables. The median (minimum–maximum) was used in the description of central tendency and dispersion. The survival curves were produced using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis was used in identifying prognostic factors, and the statistically significant variables were used in the multivariate analysis to confirm independent factors. The risk factors were evaluated by relative risk (RR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI). A p value <0.05 represented statistical significance.

Results

Patient characteristics

As shown in Table 1, 93 male (83.0%) and 19 female (17.0%) recipients had a median age of 46 (18 to 65) years, and 96 male (85.7%) and 16 female (14.3%) donors had a median age of 27 (19 to 48) years. Most of the recipients (104/122, 92.9%) were found to have HBV-associated hepatic diseases on account of an epidemiological feature of mainland China, where HBV infection is prevalent, and it led to a preponderance of male recipients (93/122, 83.0%).^10,11 Gender matching was identical in 36 cases (76.6%) in the BC group and 51 cases (78.5%) in the non-BC group. No significant differences were observed in weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) between the two groups. Regarding the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, most of the patients in the BC group scored between 10 and 19, whereas the majority of patients in the non-BC group had a score greater than or equal to 20. Although there was no statistical significance, early cases revealed a slightly higher incidence of BC. In short, no significant between-group difference was found in the baseline characteristics of the recipients.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the recipients.

Variables	Recipients
Variables	BC group (n = 47)	Non-BC group (n = 65)	p value
Age	46 (28–63)	46 (18–65)	0.825
Female	8 (17.0)	11 (16.9)	0.989
Gender matching			0.815
Equal	36 (76.6)	51 (78.5)
Unequal	11 (23.4)	14 (21.5)
Weight	63 (46.00–91.00)	65 (47.00–80.00)	0.658
BMI	22.22 (15.92–30.06)	21.36 (17.18–27.92)	0.775
BSA	1.7 (1.40–2.07)	1.7 (1.42–1.92)	0.496
Blood type			0.162
O	46.8	29.2
A	23.4	23.1
B	25.5	35.4
AB	4.3	12.3
ABO compatibility			0.092
Identical	45 (95.7)	56 (86.2)
Compatible	2 (4.3)	9 (13.8)
Child–Pugh class			0.482
A	6 (12.8)	9 (13.8)
B	12 (25.5)	23 (35.4)
C	29 (61.7)	33 (50.8)
MELD score (%)			0.699
<10	7 (14.9)	10 (15.4)
10–19	21 (44.7)	24 (36.9)
≥20	19 (40.4)	31 (47.7)
Primary disease			0.403
Hepatic malignant tumor	24 (51.1)	28 (43.1)
Benign end-stage liver diseases	23 (48.9)	37 (56.9)
Transplant stage			0.085
Early cases (n = 56)	28 (59.6)	28 (43.1)
Late cases (n = 56)	19 (40.4)	37 (56.9)

BC: biliary complications; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; MELD: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease.

Table 2 describes the donor-related data. The median age and proportion of female donors were 27 (19 to 48) years and 14.3%, respectively. The median weight and BMI of the donors were 64.5 kg (45 to 90 kg) and 21.47 kg/m² (17.8 to 27.2 kg/m²), respectively. Weight-related variables (weight, BMI, and BSA) showed no association with BCs. The distribution of blood types revealed a similar tendency of the recipients; O was the most common type, and AB was the rarest type. The graft weight and graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) were in the ranges of 385 g to 965 g and 0.62 to 1.66, respectively. All of the donor-related variables showed no significant difference between the two groups.

Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of the donors.

Variables	Donors
Variables	BC group (n = 47)	Non-BC group (n = 65)	p value
Age	25 (20–42)	28 (19–48)	0.632
Female (%)	5 (10.6)	11 (16.9)	0.348
Weight	65 (45.00–90.00)	65 (45.50–80.00)	0.651
BMI	21 (18.03–27.20)	21.5 (17.80–25.00)	0.356
BSA	1.74 (1.39–2.11)	1.72 (1.36–2.03)	0.416
Blood type (%)			0.254
O	24 (51.1)	27 (41.5)
A	10 (21.3)	14 (21.6)
B	12 (25.5)	16 (24.6)
AB	1 (2.1)	8 (12.3)
Graft weight	655.00 (485.00–875.00)	659.79 (385.00–965.00)	0.878
GRWR	0.99 (0.83–1.51)	1.05 (0.62–1.66)	0.454

BC: biliary complication; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; GRWR: graft-to-recipient weight ratio.

Incidence of postoperative complications and their impact on OS and GS

Table 3 shows the incidence of the entire cohort’s postoperative complications. The most common type of complication was BCs, which occurred in 49 patients (43.8%), including 42 (37.5%) cases of BS and 18 (16.1%) cases of BL. The second most frequent type of complication was infection, including lung infection (20.5%), abdomen infection (8.0%), and urinary infection (0.9%). Vascular complications (VCs) occurred in 16 patients (14.3%) and included hepatic artery stricture (HAS), hepatic vein rupture (HVR), portal vein thrombosis (PVT), hepatic vein thrombosis (HVT), and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT).

Table 3.

Incidence of complications.

Variables	Patients
Variables	n	%
Biliary complications	49	43.8
BS	42	37.5
BL	18	16.1
BK	7	6.3
Biliary stone	1	0.9
Postoperative infections	31	27.7
Lung infection	23	20.5
Abdominal infection	9	8
Urinary infection	1	0.9
Vascular complications	16	14.3
HVT	9	8
PVT	9	8
HAT	7	6.3
HAS	1	0.9
HVR	1	0.9
Postoperative digestive tract hemorrhage	11	9.8
Intra-abdominal bleeding	7	6.3
Acute rejection	6	5.4
Abscess	5	4.5
SFSS	3	2.7
Hernia	3	2.7
Psychosocial complications	2	1.8

BS: biliary stricture; BL: bile leak; BK: bile duct kinking; CMV: cytomegalovirus; HVT: hepatic vein thrombosis; PVT: portal vein thrombosis; HAT: hepatic artery thrombosis; HAS: hepatic artery stricture; HVR: hepatic vein rupture; SFSS: small-for-size syndrome.

Univariate analysis of all the postoperative complications was performed to identify the influential factors. Six variables were found to significantly affect the survival outcomes, and those were used in the multivariate analysis. The results revealed that small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) (RR, 14.040; 95% CI, 3.090 to 63.788; p = 0.001), abdomen infection (RR, 3.112; 95% CI, 1.068 to 9.070; p = 0.038), digestive tract hemorrhage (RR, 3.772; 95% CI, 1.463 to 9.723; p = 0.006) and abscess (RR, 3.930; 95% CI, 1.059 to 14.580; p = 0.041) were the independent risk factors for the cumulative OS.

In addition, the patients were stratified according to the presence of VCs. Our data revealed that the presence of VCs negatively affected both the OS and GS (Figure 1(a)). The one-year and five-year OS rates of the patients with and without VCs were 68.8% vs. 86.5% and 56.3% vs. 78.1%, respectively. A relatively high RR of 3.887 was found with a 95% CI of 1.281 to 11.800 (p = 0.017). An analog was detected in the GS (RR, 3.550; 95% CI, 1.194 to 10.560; p = 0.023) (Figure 1(b)). When further stratified into the hepatic artery complications, portal vein complications, and hepatic vein complications, none of these subgroups revealed significance separately.

Figure 1.

Impact of vascular complications on the overall, graft, and biliary complications-free survival. VC: vascular complications; CI: confidence interval.

Risk factors for the development of BCs

Thirty-seven clinical variables that could have affected the BCFS were subjected to univariate analysis, including gender, weight, age, blood type, BMI, and BSA of both the recipient and donor, Child-Pugh score, MELD score, concurrent tumor, ABO compatibility, gender matching, artery anatomy type, intraoperative time consumption, cold ischemic time, hepatic artery diameter, ductoplasty, right hepatic vein flow rate, portal vein diameter, right portal vein flow rate, intraoperative blood loss, fresh frozen plasma, hepatic duct diameter of the donors, HVT, PVT, HAT, HAS, HVR, small-for-size syndrome (SFSS), graft weight, GRWR, CMV infection, lung infection, abdomen infection, urinary infection, herpes virus, hernia, and psychosocial complications. Among these variables, HAT, PVT, short hepatic duct diameter (<3 mm) of donors, ductoplasty, and CMV infection were found to significantly affect the BCFS in univariate analysis; thus, they were used in the multivariate analysis (Table 4). The results demonstrated that the following four variables were the independent predictors for the BCFS: HAT (RR, 5.692; p < 0.001), hepatic duct diameter less than 3 mm (RR, 2.523; p = 0.005), ductoplasty (RR, 2.175; p = 0.018), and CMV infection (RR, 4.452; p = 0.001) (Table 5). Among the patients with CMV infection, 10 patients developed BCs, including two cases of BL and nine cases of BS, and one patient developed both BL and BS. Moreover, a subgroup of the patients without HAT was additionally evaluated to further identify influential factors. The data revealed similar results to the above identified independent risk factors, including a hepatic duct diameter less than 3 mm (RR, 3.579; 95% CI, 1.165 to 10.990, p = 0.026), CMV infection (RR, 73.901; 95% CI, 3.711 to 1471.705, p = 0.005), and abdomen infection (RR, 6.321; 95% CI, 1.441 to 27.721, p = 0.014). Furthermore, the impact of the VCs on the BCFS was assessed (Figure 1(c)). The one-year and five-year BCFS of the two groups indicated a significant dissimilitude (one-year, 43.8% vs. 68.8%; five-year, 25.0% vs. 63.5%; p = 0.007) with RR (95% CI) of 4.294 (1.495 to 12.330). When stratified into the hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein complications, all of these subgroups indicated significance with p values of 0.004, 0.002, and 0.021, respectively.

Table 4.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of complications that significantly affected overall survival.

Variables	Overall survival (%)
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	One-year	Five-year	p value	RR (95% CI)	p value
SFSS			<0.001	14.040 (3.090–63.788)	0.001
Present	0	0
Absent	86.2	77.1
Lung infection			0.001
Present	56.5	52.2
Absent	91.0	80.9
Abdomen infection			0.010	3.112 (1.068–9.070)	0.038
Present	55.6	44.4
Absent	86.4	77.7
Intra-abdominal bleeding			0.020
Present	42.9	42.9
Absent	85.7	75.5
Digestive tract hemorrhage			<0.001	3.772 (1.463–9.723)	0.006
Present	45.5	27.3
Absent	87.2	78.7
Abscess			0.003	3.930 (1.059–14.580)	0.041
Present	60.0	20.0
Absent	85.0	77.6

OS: overall survival; GS: graft survival; SFSS: small-for-size syndrome; RR: relative risk; CI: confidence interval.

Table 5.

Independent risk factors for the incidence of biliary complications.

Variables	BCFS (%)
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	One-year	Five-year	p value	RR (95% CI)	p value
HAT			<0.001	5.692 (2.132–15.201)	<0.001
Present	28.6	0
Absent	67.6	60.0
PVT			0.002
Present	77.8	22.2
Absent	84.5	61.2
Hepatic duct diameter			<0.001	2.523 (1.295–4.914)	0.005
<3 mm	46.9	34.7
≥3 mm	76.8	75.0
Ductoplasty			<0.001	2.175 (1.134–4.174)	0.018
Present	42.9	13.3
Absent	72.6	69.0
CMV infection			<0.001	4.452 (1.868–10.613)	0.001
Present	9.1	9.1
Absent	71.3	63.4

HAT: hepatic artery thrombosis; PVT: portal vein thrombosis; CMV: cytomegalovirus; RR: relative risk; CI: confidence interval.

Impact of BCs on the OS and GS

There was no significant difference between the patients with and without BCs; the one-year and five-year OS of the patients with and without BCs were 91.8% vs. 77.8% and 79.6% vs. 71.4%, respectively (Figure 2(a)). The GS also revealed no difference between the BC and non-BC groups (Figure 1b, p = 0.412). When the BC group was stratified into three subgroups (BL, BS, and BK) to confirm whether there is a difference between survival outcomes of the three major BCs, the five-year OS of the BL, BS, and BK groups were 72.2%, 81.0%, and 85.7%, respectively, demonstrating no significant differences (Figure 2(c), p = 0.616). The log-rank test for trend analysis also showed no significance. The GS outcomes manifested similar results to the OS with five-year GS of 66.7%, 81.0%, and 85.7%, respectively (Figure 2(d), p = 0.374).

Figure 2.

Impact of biliary complications on the overall and graft survival of the patients. BC: biliary complications; CI: confidence interval.

Discussion

To date, tremendous efforts have been made to determine the risk factors for the development of BCs, such as the biliary anatomy of donors and surgical techniques.^12,13 Our report adds another series of risk factors for BCs and confirms that the occurrence of BCs is related to a moderate order of severity with endoscopic treatment. In the present study, the incidence of BCs was affected by the presence of HAT, hepatic duct diameter, ductoplasty, and CMV infection. In terms of distinct complications, the patients were separately evaluated according to the incidence of BCs and VCs. The BC group achieved comparatively acceptable prognosis, despite the poor outcomes in the VC group that were also correlated with the decrease in BCFS.

Our results intensively support that surgical techniques are involved in the incidence of BCs in terms of experience and anastomotic methods. Similar to other surgical operations, a learning curve effect is obvious in LDLT.^14,15 A resent publication by Kim et al.¹⁶ demonstrated that LDLT performed by young surgeons was found to be a risk factor for the development of BL, suggesting that a senior surgeon has to monitor biliary reconstruction until the young surgeon successfully conducts at least 20 of the procedures. As described in our previous study, the incidence of BCs decreased as our center accumulated surgical experience.¹⁷ Even the experienced surgeon who accomplished more than 20 cases showed a slight difference as the surgeon obtained more experience. Thus, we suggest that at least one specialized biliary reconstruction surgeon is necessary for each transplant center. Furthermore, another important surgical technique to decrease the incidence of BCs is maintaining the blood supply to the bile ducts in donor surgery, a procedure that already has been proven to be a key step in terms of preventing the development of BCs.¹⁸ On the other hand, a retrospective study of 74 adult patients who underwent LDLT from South Korea indicated that hepaticojejunostomy was correlated with a lower incidence of BCs (11.1%) than biliary stent-associated duct-to-duct anastomosis (48.5%) and duct-to-duct anastomosis alone (33.3%), and they concluded that hepaticojejunostomy is associated with improved long-term survival outcomes.¹⁹ By contrast, a study from Asan hospital reported that, although duct-to-duct anastomosis is associated with more frequent BCs after LDLT, it was significantly better in achieving favorable overall outcomes.²⁰ Beyond doubt, duct-to-duct anastomosis has several advantages, including a shorter duration of operation and ease of the endoscopic assessment in the case of complication.^21,22 Nonetheless, a previous meta-analysis of 16 trials from our center demonstrated no definite evidence of a preponderance of either of the two major types of biliary reconstruction.²³ In the present study, all of the patients underwent duct-to-duct anastomosis, except for one patient with sclerosing cholangitis who received hepaticojejunostomy, indicating that duct-to-duct anastomosis might produce a relatively high incidence of BCs (43.8%).

VCs, including thrombosis and stenosis of the hepatic artery, hepatic vein, and portal vein, are one of the major concerns after LDLT in terms of severity and frequency.²⁴ The incidence of VCs is quite diverse across different centers; it ranges from 5.6% to 21.6%.^25–27 Gad et al.²⁷ indicated that the presence of VCs severely influenced the OS, of which the patients with VCs merely achieved a 36.1% of survival (13/36), whereas the patients without VCs obtained a significantly better OS rate (79/131, 60.3%; p = 0.010). Another study specializing in PVT reported that PVT is a comparative predictor of unfavorable prognosis after LDLT, for which the five-year survival rates were 60.6% for patients with severe PVT, 69.3% for patients with mild PVT, and 80.4% for patients without PVT.²⁸ Although they performed eversion thrombectomy with a modified technique, which they insisted was feasible in most cases of PVT, their survival outcomes showed a slight difference (p = 0.059). In the present study, when divided into the composite VC group, the presence of VCs significantly affected the OS, GS, and BCFS, indicating that the development of VCs is a major risk factor in the overall prognosis after LDLT. However, no such independent prognostic factor was identified when analyzed separately; only HAT demonstrated an independent association with the development of BCs, leading us to suggest that all these factors (PVT, HVT, HVR, and HAS) might independently affect the survival outcomes in large-scaled studies.

Infections are a common cause of mortality in LDLT, of which the incidence ranges from 13.3% to 80%, and 39 of our patients (34.8%) were involved.²⁹ The most frequent type of infection was lung infection with an incidence rate of 20.5%, followed by CMV infection (9.8%) and abdomen infection (8.0%). Among them, only abdomen infection significantly affected the OS and GS, and CMV infection influenced the incidence of BCs. In addition, abdomen infection was further identified to be independently associated with the incidence of BCs when subgroup analysis of patients without HAT was performed. Another important issue is infection by CMV, which is a genus of viruses in the family Herpesviridae that conceals itself within the body over a long period of time and promotes the constitutive expression of genes under its control, thereby causing ulceration and mucosal hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract.³⁰ CMV infection has been considered as a possible cause or trigger for the development of BCs after transplantation.^31–33 A recent prospective single-center study of 210 biliary atresia infants by Zani et al.³⁴ demonstrated that CMV infection promotes biliary atresia, and the patients with CMV infection revealed infant native liver survival (p < 0.001) and increased OS (p = 0.002), further indicating that this group of patients showed a reduced response to Kasai portoenterostomy. Wadhawan et al.³⁵ indicated that CMV reactivation and disease were strongly correlated with acute cellular rejection after LDLT, but CMV reactivation and disease showed no impact on OS. In short, CMV infection might be an etiological factor for the development of BCs without affecting OS.

This report has several underlying limitations. First, the limited number of patients enrolled in our study who underwent LDLT at our center may be a weakness of the present retrospective investigation. Second, the present study mainly focused on the incidence of BCs; the detailed treatments were not systematically described. Third, most of the patients in our study were associated with HBV, while primary sclerosing cholangitis and hepatitis C virus infection are the most common etiological factors for patients with end-stage liver diseases in Japan and Western countries. Therefore, our results call for confirmation in Japanese or Western populations.

In conclusion, HAT, a hepatic duct diameter<3 mm, ductoplasty, and CMV infection are the independent risk factors for the development of BCs. Unlike SFSS, abdomen infection, digestive tract hemorrhage, and abscess, the presence of BCs showed no impact on the OS and GS. In addition, VCs revealed a significant association with poor OS, GS, and BCFS, but they showed no significant impact when analyzed separately. Multi-institutional large-scale studies including two major biliary reconstruction methods are required to more comprehensively conclude the risk factors for the development and prognostic impact of BCs.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

This report was a retrospective study that was designed and overseen by a guiding committee that included academic investigators and employees of the Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital. This report was conducted in accordance with the principles of Ren Ji Hospital guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital Ethics Committee. All of the authors participated in the study design and had access to the data, which were analyzed by one author (Seogsong Jeong). The manuscript was written by the first author (Seogsong Jeong) and was drafted and revised by all of the authors. Jianjun Zhang, Lei Xia, Ying Tong, Yi Luo, Xin Wang, and Qiang Xia were the specialized surgeons who performed the surgical operations on the patients involved in this study, and they edited the surgical procedures in the manuscript.

Declaration of conflicting interests

None declared.

Funding

This work was supported by the Key Joint Research Program of Shanghai Health Bureau (grant number 2013ZYJB0001) and Technological Innovation and Action Project of the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (grant number 15411950401).

References

Zarrinpar

Busuttil

. Liver transplantation: Past, present and future. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 434–440.

Smith

. Segmental liver transplantation from a living donor. J Pediatr Surg 1969; 4: 126–132.

Collin de l’Hortet

Takeishi

Guzman-Lepe

et al.

Liver-regenerative transplantation: Regrow and reset. Am J Transplant 2016; 16: 1688–1696.

Meng

Yang

Yan

. Donor safety in adult-adult living donor liver transplantation: A single-center experience of 356 cases. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22: 1623–1629.

Lauterio

Di Sandro

Giacomoni

et al.

The role of adult living donor liver transplantation and recent advances. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9: 431–445.

Abu-Gazala

Olthoff

Goldberg

et al.

En bloc hilar dissection of the right hepatic artery in continuity with the bile duct: A technique to reduce biliary complications after adult living-donor liver transplantation. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20: 765–771.

Bayramov

Mamedov

Kayaahlp

et al.

Biliary complications after transplantation of hepatic right lobe from living donors. Klin Khir 2015, pp. 32–34. (in Russian).

Jeon

Lee

et al.

The right posterior bile duct anatomy of the donor is important in biliary complications of the recipients after living-donor liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2013; 257: 702–707.

Kim

Marquez

Jung

et al.

Long-term follow-up of biliary complications after adult right-lobe living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2015; 29: 465–474.

10.

Kew

. Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2010; 58: 273–277.

11.

Baig

. Gender disparity in infections of hepatitis B virus. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2009; 19: 598–600.

12.

Chok

. Biliary complications in right lobe living donor liver transplantation. Hepatol Int 2016; 10: 553–558.

13.

Wang

Huang

Chen

. Biliary complications after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2011; 17: 1127–1136.

14.

Ikegami

Harimoto

Shimokawa

et al.

The learning curves in living donor hemi-liver graft procurement using small upper midline incision. Clin Transplant 2016; 30: 1532–1537.

15.

Kim

Cho

Park

et al.

Learning curve for living-donor liver transplantation in a fledgling cancer center. Transplant Int 2009; 22: 1164–1171.

16.

Kim

Cho

Kwon

et al.

Bile duct reconstruction by a young surgeon in living donor liver transplantation using right liver graft. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93: e84–e84.

17.

Wan

Xia

. Operative outcomes of adult living donor liver transplantation and deceased donor liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 2014; 20: 425–436.

18.

Chok

. Prevention and management of biliary anastomotic stricture in right-lobe living-donor liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29: 1756–1763.

19.

Suh

Cho

et al.

The right small-for-size graft results in better outcomes than the left small-for-size graft in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. World J Surg 2008; 32: 1722–1730.

20.

Hwang

Lee

Sung

et al.

Long-term incidence, risk factors, and management of biliary complications after adult living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 831–838.

21.

Nakamura

Tanaka

Kiuchi

et al.

Anatomical variations and surgical strategies in right lobe living donor liver transplantation: Lessons from 120 cases. Transplantation 2002; 73: 1896–1903.

22.

Olthoff

Merion

Ghobrial

et al.

Outcomes of 385 adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant recipients: A report from the A2ALL Consortium. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 314–323, discussion 323-325.

23.

Zhang

Xia

et al.

Biliary reconstruction and complications in adult living donor liver transplantation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplant Proc 2014; 46: 208–215.

24.

Kamel

Hatata

Taha

et al.

Major vascular complications in living-donor liver transplant recipients: Single center team experience. Exp Clin Transplant 2015; 13(Suppl 1): 64–70.

25.

Wei

Chen

et al.

Risk factors and criteria predicting early graft loss after adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. J Surg Res 2014; 187: 673–682.

26.

Shin

Moon

Kim

et al.

Importance of donor-recipient age gradient to the prediction of graft outcome after living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013; 45: 3005–3012.

27.

Gad

Alsebaey

Lotfy

et al.

Complications and mortality after adult to adult living donor liver transplantation: A retrospective cohort study. Ann Med Surg 2015; 4: 162–171.

28.

Song

Kwon

Kim

et al.

Single-center experience of living donor liver transplantation in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Clin Transplant 2016; 30: 1146–1151.

29.

Fagiuoli

Colli

Bruno

et al.

Management of infections pre- and post-liver transplantation: Report of an AISF consensus conference. J Hepatol 2014; 60: 1075–1089.

30.

Vincent

Ziehr

Moorman

. Human cytomegalovirus strategies to maintain and promote mRNA translation. Viruses 2016; 8: 97–97.

31.

Gotthardt

Senft

Sauer

et al.

Occult cytomegalovirus cholangitis as a potential cause of cholestatic complications after orthotopic liver transplantation? A study of cytomegalovirus DNA in bile. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 1142–1150.

32.

Kowdley

Fawaz

Kaplan

. Extrahepatic biliary stricture associated with cytomegalovirus in a liver transplant recipient. Transpl Int 1996; 9: 161–163.

33.

Halme

Hockerstedt

Lautenschlager

. Cytomegalovirus infection and development of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 75: 1853–1858.

34.

Zani

Quaglia

Hadzić

et al.

Cytomegalovirus-associated biliary atresia: An aetiological and prognostic subgroup. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50: 1739–1745.

35.

Wadhawan

Gupta

Goyal

et al.

Cytomegalovirus infection: Its incidence and management in cytomegalovirus-seropositive living related liver transplant recipients: A single-center experience. Liver Transpl 2012; 18: 1448–1455.

Risk factors and survival outcomes of biliary complications after adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study patients

Preoperative assessment

Surgical procedures

Data collection and follow-up

Statistical analysis

Results

Patient characteristics

Incidence of postoperative complications and their impact on OS and GS

Risk factors for the development of BCs

Impact of BCs on the OS and GS

Discussion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

References