The safety of same-day CT colonography following incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomy

Abstract

Background

Concerns about the risk of bowel perforation for same-day computed tomography colonography (CTC) following an incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomy may lead to unnecessarily postponing the CTC.

Objective

The objective of this article is to describe the complications including colon perforations associated with same-day CTC in a cohort who had polypectomies but an incomplete colonoscopy.

Design

We conducted a retrospective study.

Setting

Our study took place in a single, tertiary referral center.

Patients

We studied consecutive patients who had CTC the same day as an incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomy.

Interventions

Interventions included optical colonoscopy (OC), endoscopic polypectomies, and same-day CTC.

Main outcome measurements: Our main outcome measurements included perforation rate with long-term follow-up.

Results

A total of 3% of patients undergoing colonoscopy from January 2008 to December 2012 had same-day CTC following incomplete OC, and 72 polypectomies were performed in 34 (or 17%) of these patients. Incomplete colonoscopies were due to colon tortuosity and looping (25), severe angulations (five), colon mass (two), colon stenosis (one), bradycardia (one). Fifty-three percent of the OCs were screening for colon neoplasia, 29% diagnostic and 18% were surveillance of colon polyps. Most polyps were ≤ 5 mm, and found in the left colon. There were no reported complications or perforations associated with same-day CTCs during short- and long-term follow-up.

Limitations

Limitations of our analysis included retrospective single-center design, small number of patients for the occurrence, referral to same-day CTC was not standardized, inability to establish safety of CTC for specific scenarios such as after complex polypectomies, strictures, or advanced IBD.

Conclusions

Radiologists’ apprehension to perform a CTC the same day as an incomplete colonoscopy following polypectomies because of perceived risk of perforation may be unfounded. More data are needed to determine the safety of same-day CTC in patients with high-risk findings during colonoscopy such as a stricture, severe IBD, and after complex polypectomies.

Keywords

Medical subject headings (MeSH): colonography computed tomographic colonoscopy endoscopy digestive system colonic polyps

Introduction

Colonoscopy is a preferred screening method for colorectal cancer (CRC) but may be incomplete in up to 10% of cases.¹ Reasons include colon redundancy, angulation of loops, severe diverticulosis, benign or malignant strictures, body habitus, patient tolerance, and adhesions. Adjunct modalities to complete visualization of the colon lumen after an incomplete colonoscopy include double contrast barium enema (DCBE) and more recently computed tomography colonography (CTC).^2,3

The rate of colon perforation for colonoscopy is 0.03 to 1% for diagnostic and 0.2% for therapeutic procedures with 0.0009% mortality, and 0.02 to 0.24% for DCBE with 0.07% mortality.^4–18 A recent meta-analysis by Bellini et al. of the rate of CTC perforation in 103,399 patients indicates a perforation rate of 0.04% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0–0.10; I²= 29.1%) or one in 2500 studies.¹⁹

Some centers wait days to perform a DCBE following an incomplete colonoscopy with biopsy because of concerns about causing a perforation as a result of the pneumatic pressure and resultant tension on the colon wall from the injection of barium, even though data to support this concern are not robust.^20–22

CTC is being used more frequently as an adjunct for colon polyp detection following an incomplete colonoscopy, and test performance appears to be adequate. Some CTC protocols include rapid-dose fecal and fluid tagging, which requires oral ingestion and/or rectal enemas. Generally, patient acceptance of the same-day CTCs following an incomplete colonoscopy has been good, in part possibly due to not needing to repeat bowel cleansing. Centers may be unable to perform same-day CTCs following an incomplete colonoscopy because of inability to schedule it or have the CTC interpreted the same day.^23–27 The perforation rate of CTC after an incomplete colonoscopy is similar to screening CTC.^6,28 However, as happened with DCBE, waiting up to two weeks to perform the CTC following an incomplete colonoscopy has been suggested owing to concerns about potential complications including colon perforations.^15,29 There are no data regarding the outcomes of same-day CTC following an incomplete colonoscopy with biopsies/polypectomies.

Our institution has the ability to perform same-day CTCs following incomplete colonoscopy, and having a polypectomy or biopsy has not been considered an exclusion criterion. The aim of this study was to determine any complications, including bowel perforations, after performing same-day CTC following an incomplete colonoscopy in a group of patients who underwent polypectomies during their procedure.

Methods

A retrospective, single-center chart review from January 2008 until December 2012 was performed for all colonoscopies, and those reported as incomplete were identified. All colonoscopies were performed by board-certified gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons with or without fellows in training after informed consent. Fujinon high-definition colonoscopes (Fujifilm Corporation, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan) were used. Except for aspirin all anticoagulation was stopped according to referring physician instructions. All procedures were performed under monitored anesthesia care using propofol sedation. About half the procedures were performed using room air and the others using CO₂ for colon insufflation. The majority of the patients had split or single-dose polyethylene glycol-based bowel preparations.³⁰ The study was approved by the Cleveland Clinic Institutional Review Board as a minimal risk protocol not requiring patient consent.

At our institution most incomplete colonoscopies defined as inability to reach cecum or an entero-colonic surgical anastomosis are immediately sent to CTC, which is usually performed within two hours. CTCs are not performed in patients with poor bowel preparation. Incomplete colonoscopies that underwent same-day CTC were reviewed, and patients who had a polypectomy comprised the study cohort. The reason for incomplete colonoscopy was recorded. Polyp size, location, histology, and polypectomy techniques were recorded for each individual. Patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and previous history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal obstructive/occlusion lesions, carcinoma, and presence of diverticulosis or hernias were captured. To make certain that no delayed perforations or complications occurred, follow-up clinic visits were reviewed in the electronic medical record (EMR) to determine if there was a record of admission following the incomplete colonoscopy or CTC, or of colon perforation. These data were available for all patients in the cohort up to the writing of this manuscript. Descriptive statistics were calculated using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, USA), and statistical software JMP 8 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Continuous data were analyzed by means, standard deviation and range and statistical significance was established by Student t-test. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher’s exact probability test and statistical significance was set for p < 0.05.

This was an investigator-initiated protocol with no external funding.

CTC protocol

No additional bowel cleansing or oral contrast was administered before CTC.

A scout scan was performed to rule out the presence of free air as a complication of the optical colonoscopy and to confirm adequate bowel distention after CO₂ insufflation. After informed consent, a soft-tip catheter was inserted into the rectum and the colon was insufflated using CO₂ via a pump at constant pressure to a minimal volume of 4 l, and additional volume was administered in 2-l increments at the radiologist’s discretion. Multi-detector row CT scan was then performed with the patient in supine and prone positions in a single-breath hold for each position. Images were reconstructed in the axial phase with section thickness of 1 mm, and sent to an advanced three-dimensional (3D) workstation for interpretation. Intravenous (IV) contrast was not administered. Image interpretation was performed using both two-dimensional (2D) multi-planar images and 3D renderings including prone and supine fly-throughs by a single radiologist (AP).^31–34

Results

A total of 198 patients out of 6260 colonoscopies (3.1%) performed during the study period had a same-day CTC after an incomplete colonoscopy, and 34 of the 198 patients (17%) who had a same-day CTC had one or more polypectomies. Reasons for incomplete colonoscopy were colon tortuosity and colonoscope looping (25 cases), severe angulation (five cases), colon mass (two cases), colon stenosis (one case), and bradycardia (one case).

There were 13 males (mean age 67, SD 10.7; mean BMI 29.7, SD 4.9), and 21 females (mean age 64.3, SD 13.4, (p = 0.05 vs males); mean BMI 27.2, SD 6.9, (p = 0.05 vs males)). Fifty-three percent (18/34) were screening, 29% (10/34) were diagnostic and 18% (6/34) were surveillance colonoscopies.

Seventy-two polyps were removed. The majority of the polyps (54; 75%) were ≤5 mm in diameter, 13 (18%) were between 6 mm and 9 mm, and five (7%) were between 10 mm and 20 mm. Forty-six polypectomies were performed using a cold forceps (64%), 13 hot forceps (18%), seven hot snares (9%), five cold snares (7%), and a 6 mm polyp did not have a recorded method of polypectomy but a polyp was removed based on pathology report (Tables 1 –3).

Table 1.

Number of polypectomies performed per patients

Number of polypectomies (n = 72)	Number of patients (n = 34)
1	14
2	11
3	6
4	1
6	1
8	1

Table 3.

Type of polypectomy performed by location (data were not recorded in one patient)

	Hot snare	Hot forceps	Cold snare	Cold forceps
Rectum	0	4	2	14
Sigmoid colon	3	3	1	11
Descending colon	2	4	0	5
Splenic flexure	0	0	0	3
Transverse colon	1	1	2	9
Hepatic flexure	1	0	0	1
Ascending colon	0	1	0	3
TOTAL	7	13	5	46

Twenty-one polyps (29.2%) were removed from the rectum, 18 from the sigmoid (25%), 11 from the descending colon (15.2%), three from the splenic flexure (4.2%), 13 from the transverse colon (18%), one from the hepatic flexure (2.8%) and four from the ascending colon (5.4%) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Number of polyps by location and estimated size

	≤5 mm	6–9 mm	10–20 mm
Rectum	16	5	0
Sigmoid colon	14	2	2
Descending colon	8	1	2
Splenic flexure	3	0	0
Transverse colon	9	4	0
Hepatic flexure	1	0	1
Ascending colon	3	1	0
TOTAL	54	13	5

Twenty-one patients had colon diverticulosis on CTC. There were three suspected masses seen by colonoscopy, and CTC was recommended to evaluate for presence of synchronous neoplasia or other lesions. These patients then underwent another colonoscopy or surgery. No mass lesion was noted on CTC in one of these patients, confirmed by repeat colonoscopy. A distal transverse colon sessile lipoma was seen during repeat colonoscopy in the second patient, and the last patient had an ulcerated strictured mass in the sigmoid colon that was seen by CTC, which at time of surgical resection showed diverticulitis, and peri-diverticular fibrosis.

The EMR was reviewed and all patients in the cohort had follow-up visits at our institution for unrelated reasons. There was no mention of complications from the colonoscopy or same-day CTC, or admissions for colon perforations through August 2014.

No other colon pathology has been reported in the EMR in this cohort through August 2014.

Discussion

Initial studies involving same-day DCBE following a colonoscopy suggested increased diagnostic accuracy and efficiency when performed the same day, possibly because of the colon cleansing, but the risk of perforations became a concern with the ability to perform colon biopsies and polypectomies.^35–37 Barium enema pressures of around 40 mmHg are necessary to perform an adequate double contrast study.^20,22,38 Human studies have shown that the luminal pressure needed to perforate the colon is higher than that: lowest in the cecum, and highest in the rectum. The risk increases with biopsies that involve the muscularis propria, which is unusual for routine biopsies.^39–41 The perforation risk returned to the rate of controls three to six days after the deep biopsies, which led to the general recommendation to wait at least that long before performing a DCBE.³⁷ Interestingly, Culp and Carlson showed asymptomatic extravasation of barium following polypectomies (fulguration and/or biopsy) in four of 883 patients, but resection of the suspected perforated sites showed no actual perforation, which suggests that DCBE may over-diagnose micro-perforations that may be clinically irrelevant.⁴² Despite this evidence many centers imposed a wait of at least a few days to a week before performing a DCBE following a colonoscopy, and this approach appears to have migrated to CTC also.

In this single-center analysis of patients undergoing same-day CTC following incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomies, all patients had routine long-term clinic visits at our institution that were unrelated to the colonoscopy or CTC, and no complications pertaining to these procedures were mentioned. It is possible that some patients were treated for complications from CTCs at another facility, but this was not mentioned in the EMR as would have been expected.

The majority of our patients were 50 or older, and many had two or more polypectomies, some as large as 20 mm. Perforations associated with DCBE usually involve the rectum and are frequently attributed to the rectal balloon, but CTC studies have noted that the recto-sigmoid junction is also a common area for perforations.^6–8 In this study 39 polyps ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm were removed in the recto-sigmoid area without subsequent risk of perforation during CTC. The number of polypectomies >10 mm was small in this study, so it is possible that CTCs could be associated with a higher perforation risk in a larger cohort with larger polypectomies. Three patients had suspected malignancies that ended up being benign, and one of these patients had a diverticular stricture. The numbers are too small to suggest that same-day CTC is safe in these particular scenarios. A recent meta-analysis showed a general CTC perforation rate of 0.04% but only a small number of those patients required surgery (0.008% or 1:12,500) and there was no related mortality.¹⁹ Interestingly, when they excluded patients who had biopsies (14%), hernias, active ulcerative colitis or issues related to colon insufflation, the CTC-related perforation rate dropped to 0.02% (21/103,399). This contrasts with our study, in which same-day CTC after failed colonoscopy with biopsies and snare polypectomies was not associated with colon perforation.

There are benefits to having a same-day CTC after incomplete colonoscopies. There are fewer burdens for a patient to miss a day from work, and no need to repeat a bowel preparation, and in those with a negative CTC another screening or surveillance procedure can be performed at appropriate intervals.^33,43 A CTC with positive findings would require another endoscopic or even surgical evaluation.^44–48

There are several study limitations. This is a non-randomized, single-center study, and a patient selection bias cannot be ruled out, as there were no criteria for referral to same-day CTC. While at our institution most patients undergo same-day CTC following an incomplete colonoscopy, we are unable to determine the actual number of patients who may have been sent to CTC who did not have the procedure owing to poor bowel preparation, inability to schedule the CTC (such as lack of insurance coverage), had restrictions to CTC, or other unidentified barriers. It is also possible that same-day CTC patients were healthier and thus more likely to be referred for the procedure. This is supported by the fact that the majority of the patients in this study did not have high-risk criteria for CTC perforation, including severe IBD, sigmoid colon cancer, luminal obstruction (except for one patient with a diverticular stricture), elderly age or resection of polyps >20 mm in diameter, but we believe that the study cohort is representative of what most endoscopy units will see in usual practice.^6,7 About half the procedures were performed using room air insufflation rather than CO₂, so it appears that this was also not a risk factor for CTC-associated complications as confirmed by a recent meta-analysis.¹⁹

Mucosal biopsies and routine polypectomies do not involve the muscularis propria and are thus unlikely to result in perforation. In this study the majority of the polypectomies were performed using a biopsy forceps, but even snare polypectomies of polyps up to 20 mm were not associated with same-day CTC complications. Polyp size was reported by the endoscopist and could have been over-estimated as measurement was not standardized. Different results could be expected for larger polypectomies, especially following endoscopic mucosal resection or submucosal dissection techniques. We currently wait at least a week to perform CTCs in patients who have had complex polypectomies.

A much larger study or a meta-analysis would be needed to show the true incidence of CTC complications, especially perforations, associated with endoscopic biopsies and polypectomies but could require a significant amount of resources and time, may not reach the end-point, and thus may not be practical.⁴⁹

This study shows that although radiologists may be apprehensive to perform a CTC the same day as an incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomy, the decision should be tailored to the patient.

This study does not identify risk factors for complications of same-day CTC after an incomplete colonoscopy with tissue sampling but based on published CTC and DCBE outcomes, and until more data are available, we avoid same-day CTC in the presence of a stricture especially when suspected to be malignant; active IBD, especially severe; or after resection of a complex polyp. More studies are needed to understand patient characteristics and risk factors for CTC-related complications, especially colon perforations.

Footnotes

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflict of interest

None declared.

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge Cassandra Yoder, medical student from Florida Atlantic University, for her assistance with the chart review and data gathering during her summer internship.

References

Shah

Paszat

Saskin

. Factors associated with incomplete colonoscopy: A population-based study. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2297–2303.

Walsh

JME

Terdiman

. Colorectal cancer screening: Clinical applications. JAMA 2003; 289: 1297–1302.

Rex

Johnson

Anderson

. Colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 739–750.

Anderson

Pasha

Leighton

. Endoscopic perforation of the colon: Lessons from a 10-year study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 3418–3422.

Gatto

Frucht

Sundararajan

. Risk of perforation after colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: A population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 230–236.

Sosna

Blachar

Amitai

. Colonic perforation at CT colonography: Assessment of risk in a multicenter large cohort. Radiology 2006; 239: 457–463.

Berrington de Gonzalez

Kim

Yee

. CT colonography: Perforation rates and potential radiation risks. Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am 2010; 20: 279–291.

Burling

Halligan

Slater

. Potentially adverse events at CT colonography in symptomatic patients: National survey of the United Kingdom. Radiology 2006; 239: 464–471.

Nelson

Abcarian

Prasad

. Iatrogenic perforation of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1982; 25: 305–308.

10.

Han

Tishler

. Perforation of the colon above the peritoneal reﬂection during the barium enema examination. Radiology 1982; 144: 253–255.

11.

Williams

Harned

. Recognition and prevention of barium enema complications. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 1991; 20: 123–151.

12.

Fry

Shemesh

Kodner

. Perforation of the rectum and sigmoid colon during barium-enema examination. Management and prevention. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 759–764.

13.

Hakim

Sarr

Bender

. Management of barium enema-induced colorectal perforation. Am Surg 1992; 58: 673–676.

14.

Wang

. Colorectal perforation with barium enema in the elderly: Case analysis with the POSSUM scoring system. J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 201–205.

15.

Sosna

Sella

Bar-Ziv

. Perforation of the colon and rectum—a newly recognized complication of CT colonography. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2006; 27: 161–165.

16.

Waye

Lewis

Yessayan

. Colonoscopy: A prospective report of complications. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 15: 347–351.

17.

Anderson

Pasha

Leighton

. Endoscopic perforation of the colon: Lessons from a 10-year study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 3418–3422.

18.

Khan

Moran

. Iatrogenic perforation at colonic imaging. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13: 481–493.

19.

Bellini

Rengo

DeCecco

. Perforation rate in CT colonography: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2014; 24: 1487–1496.

20.

Harned

Consigny

Cooper

. Barium enema examination following biopsy of the rectum or colon. Radiology 1982; 145: 11–16.

21.

Hamit

. Perforation of the colon after barium enema and air contrast studies; report of a case. Am Surg 1955; 21: 1226–1234.

22.

Gehl

Cho

Turner

. Colorectal perforation by barium enema after biopsy. South Med J 1982; 75: 1301–1301.

23.

Chang

Rekhi

Jr Anderson

. Fluid tagging for CT colonography: Effectiveness of a 2-hour iodinated oral preparation after incomplete optical colonoscopy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2011; 35: 91–95.

24.

Neri

Giusti

Battolla

. Colorectal cancer: Role of CT colonography in preoperative evaluation after incomplete colonoscopy. Radiology 2002; 223: 615–619.

25.

Iafrate

Hassan

Zullo

. CT colonography with reduced bowel preparation after incomplete colonoscopy in the elderly. Eur Radiol 2008; 18: 1385–1395.

26.

Eddy

Stevenson

Mathieson

. Bowel preparation suitable for same-day computed tomography colonography and colonoscopy. Can Assoc Radiol J 2011; 62: 256–259.

27.

Salamone

Buda

Arcadi

. Role of virtual colonoscopy following incomplete optical colonoscopy: Our experience. G Chir 2011; 32: 388–393.

28.

Atalla

Rozen

Niewiadomski

. Risk factors for colonic perforation after screening computed tomographic colonography: A multicenter analysis and review of the literature. J Med Screen 2010; 17: 99–102.

29.

Stevenson

Normal anatomy and techniques of examination of the colon: Barium, CT and MRI. In: Freeny

Stevenson

(eds). Margulis and Burhenne’s alimentary tract radiology, St Louis, MO: Mosby, 1994, pp. 692–724.

30.

Lurix

Hernandez

Thoma

. Adenoma detection rate is not influenced by full-day blocks, time, or modified queue position. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 827–834.

31.

Friedel

Iqbal

Stavropoulos

. Evolving role of computed tomographic colonography in colon cancer screening and diagnosis. South Med J 2012; 105: 551–557.

32.

Cotton

Durkalski

Pineau

. Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy): A multicenter comparison with standard colonoscopy for detection of colorectal neoplasia. JAMA 2004; 291: 1713–1719.

33.

Pickhardt

Choi

Hwang

. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2191–2200.

34.

Kim

Pickhardt

Bowel preparation for CT colonography. In: Pickhardt

Kim

(eds). CT colonography: Principles and practice of virtual colonoscopy, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2010, pp. 115–131.

35.

Nivatvongs

Goldberg

. Results of 100 consecutive polypectomies with the fiberoptic colonoscope. A new mode of treatment. Am J Surg 1974; 128: 347–350.

36.

Lappas

Maglinte

DDT

. Current perspectives in colon radiography: The postendoscopy and postbiopsy barium enema. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 1985; 4: 369–387.

37.

deFeiter

Soeters

Dejong

CHC

. Rectal perforations after barium enema: A review. Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 49: 261–271.

38.

Fry

Shemesh

Kodner

. Perforation of the rectum and sigmoid colon during barium-enema examination. Management and prevention. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 759–764.

39.

Burt

CAV

. Pneumatic rupture of the intestinal canal with experimental data showing the mechanism of perforation and the pressure required. Arch Surg 1931; 22: 875–902.

40.

Maglinte

DDT

Strong

Strate

. Barium enema after colorectal biopsies: Experimental data. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982; 139: 693–697.

41.

Walker

. Case report: Perforation of the colon after barium meal examination. Clin Radiol 1989; 40: 530–530.

42.

Culp

Carlson

. Is there a safe interval between diagnostic invasive procedure and the barium enema study of the colorectum? Gastrointest Radiol 1984; 9: 69–72.

43.

Johnson

Chen

Toledano

. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1207–1217.

44.

Winawer

Zauber

. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1977–1981.

45.

Robertson

Greenberg

Beach

. Colorectal cancer in patients under close colonoscopic surveillance. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 34–41.

46.

Pabby

Schoen

Weissfeld

. Analysis of colorectal cancer occurrence during surveillance colonoscopy in the dietary Polyp Prevention Trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 385–391.

47.

Citarda

Tomaselli

Capocaccia

. Efficacy in standard clinical practice of colonoscopic polypectomy in reducing colorectal cancer incidence. Gut 2001; 48: 812–815.

48.

Leung

Pinsky

Laiyemo

. Ongoing colorectal cancer risk despite surveillance colonoscopy: The Polyp Prevention Trial Continued Follow-up Study. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 111–117.

49.

Vargo

Zuccaro

Dumot

. Gastroenterologist-administered propofol vs. meperidine and midazolam for ERCP and EUS: A randomized controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 8–16.