Asymptomatic Crohn’s disease identified in a patient being treated with secukinumab: A case report

Abstract

IL-17 antagonism is among the most potent treatments for psoriasis. Generally safe, new onset and exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease may occur in association with IL-17 therapy. We describe a patient with long-standing history of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in whom asymptomatic Crohn’s disease was identified during treatment with secukinumab. The patient underwent an elective colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening which revealed inflammation and multiple ulcers in the terminal ileum suggestive of Crohn’s disease. While the patient did not have any gastrointestinal symptoms, he was diagnosed as having asymptomatic Crohn’s disease. Given the association of inflammatory bowel disease with secukinumab treatment, secukinumab was discontinued. Although in this patient, Crohn’s disease was identified during treatment with secukinumab, a direct causal relationship cannot be assumed. Medications that are effective for both psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease may be a good choice in patients with psoriasis who have comorbid Crohn’s disease or develop inflammatory bowel disease during treatment with another biologic.

Introduction

Dermatologists and patients with plaque psoriasis have enjoyed the dramatic improvement in outcomes, thanks to a number of biologic treatments. IL-17 antagonism is among the most potent treatments for psoriasis. Generally safe, new onset and exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can occur in psoriasis patients receiving IL-17 therapy. ¹ We describe a patient with long-standing history of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in whom asymptomatic Crohn’s disease (CD) was identified during treatment with secukinumab.

Case report

The subject is a 69-year-old male who was diagnosed with psoriasis and PsA over 45 years ago. Throughout this time period, patient’s psoriasis has been treated with a variety of medications, including methotrexate, etanercept and adalimumab, supplemented with intermittent dexamethasone as needed for arthritis pain; each worked well though appeared to become less effective with time. The patient was then treated with secukinumab for a year and a half, with excellent control of both the psoriasis and PsA. The psoriasis was essentially 100% clear, and the joint pain had resolved to the point that the intermittent dexamethasone was rarely needed. There was no apparent side effect of the secukinumab.

The patient underwent an elective colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening in February 2019, which revealed inflammation and multiple ulcers in the terminal ileum, suggestive of CD with a normal-appearing colon (Figure 1). Terminal ileum biopsies revealed chronic active ileitis, which is seen in CD; however, there were no granulomas, no crypt abscesses and no evidence of dysplasia or malignancy (Figure 2). While the patient did not have any gastrointestinal symptoms, he was diagnosed as having asymptomatic CD. Given the association of IBD with secukinumab, secukinumab was discontinued and the patient was started on ustekinumab. It was later switched to guselkumab because the psoriasis and joint pain had recurred. No follow-up colonoscopy was done.

Figure 1.

Endoscopy of the terminal ileum. (a) The black arrows show multiple ulcers with regular borders on edematous mucosa seen in the terminal ileum of the patient. (b) The blue arrows show edematous erythematous mucosa with nodularity in patient’s terminal ileum. (c) Endoscopy of healthy terminal ileum from another patient being shown for comparison.

Figure 2.

Histopthology of the ileal mucosa biopsy. (a) Histopathology of the ileal mucosa demonstrates there is preservation of the crypt architecture with the presence of mucin depletion and reactive epithelial changes. The lamina propria contains increased numbers of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells) as shown by the blue arrows. (b) On higher magnification, neutrophils are seen superficially with superficial cryptitis (neutrophils infiltrating the crypt epithelium) without crypt abscesses and active inflammation as shown by the black arrows.

Discussion

Psoriasis is a T-cell-mediated immune disease characterized by increased keratinocyte proliferation leading to the formation of well-demarcated erythematous plaques with scaling. ² CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) are parts of the spectrum of IBD. All three conditions result from immune dysregulation due to genetic predisposition and environmental assaults. The anatomical and functional integrity of the tissue environment barriers is compromised in the skin of psoriasis patients and intestinal lumen of IBD patients. ³ Psoriasis and IBD are linked epidemiologically as well as genetically. In a population-based nationwide study in Korea, psoriasis patients had a higher risk of IBD than did the general population. ⁴ A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies recognized seven susceptibility loci shared by psoriasis and CD in addition to the four already established common psoriasis and CD risk loci. ³ There is also an association between PsA and IBD.^5,6

In addition to the shared epidemiologic and genetic links, these conditions share some therapies. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors adalimumab and infliximab are effective for plaque psoriasis and IBD. ⁷ Ustekinumab, an anti-p40 IL-12/23 humanized monoclonal antibody, is effective for psoriasis and was approved in 2016 by Health Canada and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of moderate to severe active CD (not for UC).^8,9

IL-17 inhibition, highly effective for psoriasis, was expected to improve IBD. However, in controlled trials of patients with active CD, the placebo groups did better than the groups receiving anti-IL-17 (secukinumab) and anti-IL17 receptor (brodalumab) antibodies.^10,11 In a retrospective analysis of pooled data from 21 clinical trials, the exposure-adjusted incidence rate for UC and CD was 0.13 and 0.05 per 100 patient-years, respectively. ¹² One case report described a patient with rapid onset of fulminant IBD after a single infusion of secukinumab, although the authors acknowledged that the patient might have developed IBD even without secukinumab infusion, considering the patient’s positive family history. ¹³

Although in this patient CD was incidentally found during secukinumab therapy, a direct causal relationship cannot be assumed. The patient had previously been on adalimumab, which may have been keeping underlying IBD under control. The ulcers and inflammation may have been present long before treatment with secukinumab, as CD may be asymptomatic. Endoscopically or histologically detected inflammation occurs in a majority of IBD patients whose disease is clinically in remission. ¹⁴ Without experiencing any gastrointestinal symptoms, patients may not have any testing to detect the IBD.

The overall incidence of IBD in psoriasis patients treated with secukinumab appears rare and does not appear to increase over time. However, caution should be exercised in patients with IBD and possibly in patients with family history of IBD. Medications that are effective for both psoriasis and IBD may be a good choice in patients with psoriasis who have comorbid CD or who develop IBD during treatment with another biologic.