Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Condyloma acuminata, also known as anogenital warts, represent a cutaneous infection caused by sexual transmission of the human papilloma virus. We present a case of overwhelming condyloma acuminata that was treated successfully without surgery using only topical imiquimod 3.75% cream. The patient, a 66-year-old female, was referred to Dermatology for large protruding verrucous plaques that covered the entire surface of her external vulva, perineum and perianal area. These lesions developed after being treated for genital warts with cantharidin. Four other cases treated with imiquimod were identified in the literature but either required surgery, higher doses or longer duration of treatment or involved pediatric populations. In patients who are not amenable to surgery, topical imiquimod may be a novel standalone or an adjunctive therapy for giant condyloma acuminata.

Keywords

Genital warts imiquimod condyloma acuminata human papilloma virus verruca vulgaris vulva anogenital warts giant condyloma acuminata Buschke–Lowenstein tumor condylomatosis anal perianal

Introduction

Condyloma acuminata, also known as anogenital warts, represent a cutaneous infection caused by sexual transmission of the human papilloma virus (HPV).¹ In 2008, 39.9 million women in the United States were infected with HPV.^2,3 Certain subtypes, such as 6 and 11, are associated with warts, while other subtypes like 16 or 18 are prone to malignant transformation.^4–6 Genital warts can eventually resolve without treatment in an immunocompetent host.⁴ However, with persistent and recurrent infection, surgical procedures are often required.^4,7,8 We present a case of overwhelming condyloma acuminata that was treated successfully using only topical imiquimod.

Case report

The patient, a 66-year-old female from El Salvador, was referred to Dermatology in December 2016 for large protruding verrucous plaques that covered the entire surface of her external vulva, perineum and perianal area. She also reported severe pain localized to the lesions which was refractory to both topical lidocaine and oxycodone. Relevant medical history is described in Table 1.

Table 1.

Summary of ancillary medical history.

Past medical history	Insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy Hypertension Dyslipidemia Hypothyroidism Stroke Pulmonary embolus
Past surgical history	Hysterectomy with coincident mesh placement Left rotator cuff surgery
Family history	Non-contributory
Allergy	Codeine
Medications	Apixaban Calcium Vitamin D Gabapentin Insulin aspart Hydrochlorothiazide Irbesartan Levothyroxine Metformin Ranitidine Simvastatin Sitagliptin
Substance use	Lifetime non-smoker Does not consume alcohol
Sexual history	Sexually active Monogamous with husband

She initially presented to primary care in November 2016 with small hard bumps on the vulva. Cryotherapy was applied initially and then cantharidin 0.7% solution at a subsequent office visit which the patient did not wash off. Afterwards, she presented to the emergency department with a severe bullous reaction and was advised to use topical polymyxin B/bacitracin. In the following weeks, while her skin was re-epithelizing, she developed large verrucous plaques and was referred to a Dermatologist.

On pelvic examination, there were large verrucous plaques involving bilateral labia majora and vulvae (Figure 1). The lesions were tender to palpation and covered the entire anterior apex and clitoris, extending 15 cm down each labium to the perineum and approaching the anal verge. The labia majora and minora were completely covered in warty tissue. The urethra and distal vagina did not have any involvement. Abdominal exam was benign and inguinal lymph nodes were not palpable.

Figure 1.

Large verrucous plaques encompassing vulva, bilateral labia, and perineum.

A skin biopsy was done by the Dermatologist in January 2017 which showed benign wart tissue. She was then referred to the Vulvar Dermatology Clinic who instructed her to apply imiquimod 3.75% cream three times weekly and to hold if irritated. The patient, however, applied the cream daily for 1.5 months despite experiencing redness and skin breakdown, requiring topical lidocaine and oxycodone for pain relief.

She was also referred to Urology for urgent debulking; however, Urology felt that the patient was not appropriate for surgical excision as the warts were too overwhelming and would require skin grafting and support from plastic surgery. She was referred to Gynecology by the Urologist for a possible vulvectomy. For a summary timeline events, please see Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Timeline of events from first presentation of genital warts to full resolution.

After seeing Gynecology in March 2017, she was advised to discontinue imiquimod. A colposcopy at the time revealed only vulvar irritation. When seen in follow-up in early April 2017, the patient reported significant improvement in the size of lesions. The patient’s ongoing pain also decreased, requiring only acetaminophen for analgesia. On examination, there was no evidence of residual wart tissue with only post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation around the vulva and perineum (Figure 3). A repeat colposcopy in April 2017 showed no recurrent lesions with resolution of sloughing and burning.

Figure 3.

Follow-up after 6 weeks of imiquimod treatment - no remaining lesions with intact genitalia.

Repeat biopsies were done by Gynecology in May 2017 to rule out vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). The right labium and a new small erythematous nodule near the urethra were excised, both of which were found to be negative for intraepithelial lesion.

Discussion

Cantharidin, a vesicant produced by the blister beetle, is often used to treat warts.^9,10 It is however reported as contraindicated in genital regions.^10,11 This contraindication may be related to the propensity for increased blistering in mucosal surfaces.¹² In our case, the adverse reaction to cantharidin was so severe that narcotics were needed. Because of the potential for severe reactions, cantharidin requires significant caution when being administered. Physicians using cantharidin should ensure that patients have a clear understanding to remove cantharidin within 2–6 h or immediately if any adverse reactions occur.¹¹ In this case, a language barrier may have prevented proper understanding of post-treatment instructions.

Condyloma acuminata may progress to a form called giant condyloma acuminata, also known as a Buschke–Lowenstein tumor. Clinically, this variant is a slow-growing cauliflower-like growth that is locally invasive.¹³ Although it is usually benign, up to one-third of the cases progress to malignancy.^13,14 Because of the risk of malignancy, surgery is the first-line treatment for giant condyloma acuminate.^13–15 On the other hand, topical agents such as imiquimod are highly effective in treating typical genital warts. A recent meta-analysis of studies comparing complete clearance of genital warts by imiquimod 3.75% cream to placebo (N = 601) found that there was a relative risk ratio of 2.88 favoring imiquimod 3.75%.³ However, there is little information on whether imiquimod is effective against giant condyloma acuminata. We looked for other cases of giant condyloma acuminata that were treated with imiquimod. A search of PubMed in December 2017 turned up seven articles in which three cases were treated with a combination of imiquimod and surgical excision and one case was treated solely with imiquimod (Table 2).^16–19

Table 2.

Cases of giant condyloma acuminata treated with topical imiquimod.

Article	Age (years) and gender	Clinical features	Areas of involvement	Treatments and outcome
Dinleyici et al.¹⁶	2 and F	1.5-year duration	Perianal lesions circumferentially around the anus in a width of 3–5 cm	Topical cryotherapy—lesions worsened Imiquimod 5% cream three times per week for 12 weeks—complete clearance
Suarez-Ibarrola et al.¹⁷	3 and M	HIV positive Started 2 years ago	Scrotum, base of the penis, prepuce, perineal area and anal sphincter	Initially, imiquimod 5% ointment three times per week without any visible improvement Complete electrosurgical resection after seven interventions Afterward, IFN-α2b at a dosage of 2 million units per week for 4 weeks
Erkek et al.¹⁸	50 and M	8-year history	Around the shaft of the penis and extending from the corona to the left inguinal region. At the base of the penis and the left side of the scrotum, polypoid tumefaction, 5 cm in diameter	Left-sided tumor removed by full-thickness excision A combination of oral acitretin 50 mg/day and topical imiquimod 5% cream three times a week started for the remaining lesions Imiquimod discontinued after 4 months At 6 months, virtually free of genital lesions
Ganguly et al.¹⁹	38 and M	Post-stem cell transplant on immunosuppression (tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone) 4-week duration	Giant perianal lesion occluding the anal orifice, extending above and below the base of the scrotum	Three repeat operations with excision and fulguration Post procedure, 5% imiquimod cream three times weekly for 12 weeks No recurrence 18 months afterward

IFN: interferon.

In comparison to the other four cases, our case achieved clearance using lower potency and shorter treatment duration (Table 2). For Suarez-Ibarrola et al., imiquimod failed as an initial monotherapy. In the other two cases, imiquimod was used as an adjunct after surgery to treat the remaining warts. Finally, although Dinleyici et al. achieved complete clearance using only imiquimod, their patient was pediatric. Thus, our case has different implications, in that imiquimod has the potential to be used for monotherapy in adult patients. The benefit of using imiquimod over surgery alone is that imiquimod may help spare genital tissue by avoiding extensive surgery such as vulvectomy or reducing the amount of tissue that is needed to be excised.

A potential limitation to our case is that the giant condyloma acuminata progressed rapidly over weeks, while the other cases developed over years. We are unsure whether giant condyloma acuminata that arise in such a manner may be more responsive to immunomodulating therapies like imiquimod. Another limitation of this report is the lack of long-term follow-up. As giant condyloma acuminata are slow growing and recurrent, despite treatment with imiquimod, there may be subclinical remnants that recur. Finally, although imiquimod’s safety in treating genital warts is well established, these data may not be applicable to giant condyloma acuminate.³ While our case demonstrates promising results, surgical excision remains the mainstay of treatment for giant condyloma acuminata until the safety and efficacy profile of imiquimod 3.75% cream can be verified for this off-label indication.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

M.D. and E.C. have received honoraria for being a speaker and an advisor for Valeant. M.H. and S.N. have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Informed consent

Signed, written informed consent for patient information and images to be published was provided by the patient.

References

Brentjens

Yeung-Yue

Lee

et al . Human papillomavirus: a review. Dermatol Clin 2002; 20(2): 315–331.

Satterwhite

Torrone

Meites

et al . Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40(3): 187–193.

Werner

Westfechtel

Dressler

et al . Self-administered interventions for anogenital warts in immunocompetent patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect 2017; 93(3): 155–161.

Aubin

Pretet

Jacquard

et al . Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in external acuminata condylomata: a large French national study (EDiTH IV). Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47(5): 610–615.

Franco

Schlecht

Saslow

The epidemiology of cervical cancer. Cancer J 2003; 9(5): 348–359.

Harper

DM.

Why am I scared of HPV?

CA Cancer J Clin 2004; 54(5): 245–247.

Niazy

Rostami

Motabar

AR.

Giant condyloma acuminatum of vulva frustrating treatment challenge. World J Plast Surg 2015; 4(2): 159–162.

Hemper

Wittau

Lemke

et al . Management of a giant perineal condylomata acuminata. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 2016; 5: Doc07.

Lipke

MM.

An armamentarium of wart treatments. Clin Med Res 2006; 4(4): 273–293.

10.

Kollipara

Ekhlassi

Downing

et al . Advancements in pharmacotherapy for noncancerous manifestations of HPV. J Clin Med 2015; 4(5): 832–846.

11.

Ramirez-Fort

Javed

et al . Management of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection: pharmacotherapies. Curr Probl Dermatol 2014; 45: 175–185.

12.

Moed

Shwayder

Chang

MW.

Cantharidin revisited: a blistering defense of an ancient medicine. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137(10): 1357–1360.

13.

Talwar

Puri

Singh

Giant condyloma acuminatum of Buschke and Lowenstein: successful surgical treatment. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21(6): 446–448.

14.

Chu

Vezeridis

Libbey

et al . Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke–Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions. Analysis of 42 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37(9): 950–957.

15.

Spinu

Radulescu

Bratu

et al . Giant condyloma acuminatum—Buschke–Lowenstein disease—a literature review. Chirurgia 2014; 109(4): 445–450.

16.

Dinleyici

Saracoglu

Eren

et al . Giant condyloma acuminate due to human papillomavirus type 16 in an infant successfully treated with topical imiquimod therapy. Dermatol Reports 2015; 7(3): 6134.

17.

Suarez-Ibarrola

Heinze

Sanchez-Sagastegui

et al . Giant condyloma acuminatum in the genital, perineal and perianal region in a pediatric patient. Literature review and case report. Urol Case Rep 2016; 7: 14–16.

18.

Erkek

Basar

Bozdogan

et al . Giant condyloma acuminata of Buschke-Lowenstein: successful treatment with a combination of surgical excision, oral acitretin and topical imiquimod. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34(3): 366–368.

19.

Ganguly

Waller

Stasik

et al . Giant anal condylomatosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a rare complication of human papilloma virus infection. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10(1): 56–58.