Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
In primary health care, the recording of diagnoses is needed to ensure treatment actions, planning activities and management of resources.1–3 Financial incentives to individual general practitioners (GPs) 4 or to multidisciplinary care teams 5 are reported to be effective in increasing the recording of diagnoses in primary care.
In the primary health care of Vantaa, the basic frequency of recording disease diagnoses was about 40%, which was considered insufficient. A higher frequency of recorded diagnoses was deemed necessary for planning activities and managing the resources of primary care. In a quite similar neighboring city, Espoo, it had been possible to increase the frequency of recording diagnoses from 55% of all visits to GPs to a level of 90% by using financial group bonuses for primary care teams. 5 Vantaa had no resources for such financial incentives. Since electronic reminders have also been shown to be effective in modifying the work practices of GPs, 6 the administration of Vantaa primary health care installed an electronic reminder into the electronic health record system to improve the recording of diagnoses by the care teams in one of its regions, called Hakunila-Länsimäki. This was enhanced with superior–subordinate or development discussions with the GPs. In this small-scale pilot study, electronic reminders seemed to improve the recording of diagnoses. 7
The aim of this study was to explore whether the electronic reminders within the electronic health record system increased the rate of recording disease diagnoses during GPs’ visits. We also wanted to explore which diagnoses were recorded to find out whether the present intervention produced data which reflected the distribution of diagnoses in real clinical life in primary care.
Materials and methods
The present work is a retrospective longitudinal quasi-experimental study with a before-and-after design in the primary care of the fourth largest city of Finland. This study was performed in Vantaa city, where in 2008 there were about 200,000 inhabitants. As everywhere in Finland, primary care is non-profit and municipalities, which fund this activity with taxes, maintain it as well as the electronic health record systems. The GPs are officials, who are employed and directly governed by the municipal health administration.
The data of the Vantaa health center were obtained from the Graphic Finstar—electronic health record system (GFS, Logica LTD, Helsinki, Finland). GFS provided a specific place in the electronic health record where appropriate 10th version of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnosis could be entered during the patients’ visits to GPs. The system assisted the GP in finding a proper diagnosis code or allowed the doctor to use the right code for the desired diagnosis directly. The diagnose was always chosen and thereby decided by the GP. The GP’s input was to give at least three first letters and/or numbers of his suggestion as a diagnose. Then the system guided to a menu of diagnoses, which contain those cues originated by the GP, who was then able to choose the diagnosis he considered to be the most appropriate one.
The report generator of the GFS-system provided monthly figures for the total number of GP visits, the number of recorded diagnoses and thus a percentage for the recording of diagnoses, without identifying individual GPs. This was the main measure for analysis in the present study.
In February 2008, an electronic reminder was installed into the GFS-system. After that time point, the reminders were always active until the end of our follow-up (December 2014). The GFS-system prompted the GP to enter a diagnosis every time he wanted to finish the visit. If he had recorded diagnose already in former enters to the data of that visit (e.g. the diagnose of the visit was already recorded), the system did not remind the GP any more. If the doctor did not mark a diagnosis on the patient chart, the computer asked at the end of the report “Are you going to finish the report without marking the diagnosis?” The doctor had then a possibility to close the report by answering “yes” and recording the diagnose. If the doctor answered “no,” the electronic health record system returned automatically back to the appropriate place to mark the diagnosis. If the diagnosis was then recorded, the electronic health record system allowed finishing the report without any further enquiries. If the diagnose was not recorded at this second exit, the doctor was able to leave the report without getting a new reminder, for example, despite not marking the diagnose. The follow-up period started from February 2003 and ended in December 2014.
This study was carried out directly from the patient register without identifying the patients or GPs. The register keepers (the health authorities of Vantaa) and the scientific ethical board of Vantaa City (TUTKE) granted permission (VD/8059/13.00.00/2016) to carry out the study.
The obtained data were analyzed by comparing the recording of diagnoses during similar periods before and after the installation of the electronic reminder into the electronic health record system of primary health care in Vantaa. The comparisons between the follow-up years were performed by using parametric one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) with suitable corrections (Bonferroni) for multiple comparisons when following the development of the studied units as a function of time. The rate of change in diagnosis marking was analyzed by using a general linear model of regression analysis, which allowed us to detect the mean change in the rate of marking diagnoses (%/month) and its standard error of mean (SEM) before and after the intervention (GLM procedure of SigmaPlot 10.0 Statistical Software, Systat Software Inc., Richmond, CA, USA). These rates were then compared with t-test.8–10
Results
Effect of the electronic reminder
The rate of change in the recording of diagnoses increased after the intervention (p < 0.001, Figure 1a, Table 1). This rate was highest during the first year after the intervention, while being still significantly higher in the second, third and fourth post-intervention years than before the intervention. In the fifth post-intervention year, this rate decreased slightly when compared with the pre-intervention rate but subsequently it started to increase (Table 1).
(a) Percentage of monthly GP visits with recorded diagnoses before and after introducing electronic reminder in February 2008. (b) Percentage of GP visits with recorded diagnoses before and after introducing electronic reminders. Means (bars) and upper 95% CI (brackets) are shown.
Rate (mean ± SEM) of change in recording diagnoses.
SEM: standard error of mean.
p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, “before vs after intervention,” t-test.
The percentage for recording diagnoses in the units increased statistically significantly by 125% after the application of electronic reminders (p < 0.001, RM-ANOVA, Figure 1b). A constant 90% level of recording of diagnoses was reached in 4 years. It remained at about this level during the 7 years of follow-up after the implementation of electronic reminders.
Distribution of diagnoses
Altogether, 1,200 different diagnosis terms were used during the year 2014 by Vantaa GPs. A total of 200,738 diagnoses were recorded. The distribution of the most used diagnoses in 2014 is described in Table 2. Most of the visits concerned mild respiratory infections, elevated blood pressure, low back pain, musculoskeletal pains in limbs and type II diabetes.
Distribution of the diagnoses set by GPs in 2014.
GP: general practitioner.
Discussion
Application of an electronic reminder was temporally associated with improvement in the recording of diagnoses during the visits to GPs. Electronic reminders have been shown to be effective in modifying the work of GPs 6 but as far as we know, it has never been reported that they have been used for the present purpose. After 4 years of using the electronic reminder, the level of recording diagnoses reached a level of 90%. With financial incentives to the staff, this level of recording diagnoses was reached within 1.5 years 5 in very similar circumstances to those existing in Vantaa.
There was no decrease in the activity of recording diagnoses in the last years of follow-up. If an incentive is withdrawn in the primary care, this incentivized performance tends to return toward the pre-incentivized level. 11 Analogously to that, when financial group bonuses for recording diagnoses were withdrawn from care teams in the neighboring city of Espoo, there was a decrease in the activity of recording diagnoses. 9 Yet, the rate of recording did not decrease although only electric reminder was used until the end of the follow-up of the present study. There was no other continuous surveillance or continuous reminding by the administration that diagnoses should be recorded in all areas of Vantaa.
The application of an electrical reminder to the GFS-system cost less than 10,000 euros as the sole investment for the city of Vantaa. However, financial incentives proved to be a far more expensive method in attempting to increase the recording of diagnoses, costing more than 50,000 euros/year. 5 Interestingly, just making the clinicians pay attention to recording diagnoses improved this activity in dental primary care. 10 Thus, the present results are in line with a former study suggesting that the commitment of the staff is at least equally important as financial incentives when improving the quality of clinical work. 12
In the present study, most of the visits (Table 1) concerned mild respiratory infections, elevated blood pressure, low back pain and type 2 diabetes as in our former study performed in neighboring city. 5 Pärnänen et al. 13 reported that upper respiratory infections and otitis media, hypertension, musculoskeletal pains and diabetes were the most common reasons to visit a GP in a Finnish health center. Analogously, the most common reasons to visit a GP were reported to be musculoskeletal, respiratory and skin-related diseases followed by psychological, circulatory and metabolic disorders when the ICPC (International Classification for Primary Care)-system was used in a Finnish study. 14 Our data and the previous reports are in line with a Danish study using the same ICPC system. 15 Thus, the diagnoses recorded due to the present intervention seem to reflect the reality of clinical life in Scandinavian primary health care, and the present intervention seems to provide reliable data about the use of GP-services for administrative purposes. There was no sign of systemic overuse of any diagnostic category.
One strength of this study is that the present retrospective setting led to a situation where the participants were unaware of being studied. We cannot totally exclude secular trends as the main reason explaining the change in diagnoses recording. Yet, there were no other known major changes than use of electric reminders in the primary care of Vantaa which could have explained the observed change. Thus, the present result reflects real clinical activity.
The present results can be applied only to primary health care. Lack of data about individual doctors and their behavior is the major flaw of this study. Lack of these data inhibits us from drawing conclusions about whether there were doctors who did not respond to this intervention or whether there were doctors who regularly recorded inappropriate diagnoses despite the electronic reminders. At this point, it must also be recognized that despite the rate of recording diagnoses was increased, categorizing patients with diagnoses per se do not automatically lead to “better treatment” of these patients. 16
Conclusion
Electronic reminders may provide an inexpensive and convenient method to intervene in clinical practices and encourage the completeness of diagnosis recording in primary health care. They may be effective primers for interventions of primary care.
Footnotes
Acknowledgements
We thank the city of Vantaa for the possibility to perform this work. Michael Horwood, PhD, reviewed the language.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the scientific ethical board of Vantaa City (TUTKE) which granted permission (VD/8059/13.00.00/2016) to carry out the study.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Informed consent
Informed consent was not sought for the present study because this was retrospective register study authorized by the ethical scientific board of Vantaa City (TUTKE).
