The relationship of cardiovascular disease to food has become more complicated on a scientific level yet starkly simpler on the level of policies for producing food for planetary as well as human health. Accordingly, we argue that professional societies in medicine should take a broader view of the scientific methods necessary to understand the complex issues of nutrition and cardiovascular and other disease, and they should lend greater support to policies for agriculture and the food industry that protect ecosystems, combat climate change and promote cardiovascular health.
OrnishD. Holy Cow! What's good for you is good for our planet: Comment on ‘Red Meat Consumption and Mortality’. Arch Intern Med2012; 172: 563–564.
2.
RoseG. The strategy of preventive medicine, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
3.
RoseGColwellL. Randomised controlled trial of anti-smoking advice: Final (20 year) results. J Epidemiol Community Health1992; 46: 75–77.
4.
de LorgerilMSalenPMartinJL. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation1999; 99: 779–785.
5.
EstruchRRosESalas-SalvadoJ. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med2013; 368: 1279–1290.
6.
BroekhuizenLNvan WijkDFVinkH. Reduction of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor by a polyphenol-rich extract in subjects with clustered cardiometabolic risk factors. Br J Nutr2011; 106: 1416–1422.
7.
De CaterinaR. n-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med2011; 364: 2439–2450.
8.
HooperLKayCAbdelhamidA. Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr2012; 95: 740–751.
9.
CortiRFlammerAJHollenbergNK. Cocoa and cardiovascular health. Circulation2009; 119: 1433–1441.
GerberPJSteinfeldHHendersonB. Tackling cllimate change through livestock – A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2013.
12.
PanASunQBernsteinAM. Red meat consumption and mortality: Results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med2012; 172: 555–563.
13.
EgebergROlsenAChristensenJ. Associations between red meat and risks for colon and rectal cancer depend on the type of red meat consumed. J Nutr2013; 143: 464–472.
