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Abstract

Metformin is the currently accepted first-line treatment for antipsychotic-associated weight gain (AAWG). However, not all patients benefit from metformin. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) have shown promise in the management of obesity in the general population, with preliminary evidence supporting efficacy in AAWG. Semaglutide is a weekly injectable GLP-1RA which received recent approval for obesity management and noted superiority over other GLP-1RAs. This study explored the efficacy and tolerability of semaglutide in AAWG among individuals with severe mental illness. A retrospective chart review of patients treated with semaglutide in the Metabolic Clinic at the Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) between 2019 and 2021 was conducted. Patients failing a trial of metformin (<5% weight loss or continuing to meet criteria for metabolic syndrome) after 3 months at the maximum tolerated dose (1500–2000 mg/day) were initiated on semaglutide up to 2 mg/week. The primary outcome measure was a change in weight at 3, 6, and 12 months. Twelve patients on weekly semaglutide injections of 0.71 ± 0.47 mg/week were included in the analysis. About 50% were female; the average age was 36.09 ± 13.32 years. At baseline, mean weight was 111.4 ± 31.7 kg, BMI was 36.7 ± 8.2 kg/m², with a mean waist circumference of 118.1 ± 19.3 cm. A weight loss of 4.56 ± 3.15 kg (p < 0.001), 5.16 ± 6.27 kg (p = 0.04) and 8.67 ± 9 kg (p = 0.04) was seen at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, after initiation of semaglutide with relatively well-tolerated side-effects. Initial evidence from our real-world clinical setting suggests that semaglutide may be effective in reducing AAWG in patients not responding to metformin. Randomized control trials investigating semaglutide for AAWG are needed to corroborate these findings.

Keywords

antipsychotics metformin obesity semaglutide severe mental illness

Background

Antipsychotic (AP) drugs are the cornerstone treatment for schizophrenia and are commonly used for other psychiatric disorders. However, they are associated with severe metabolic adverse effects, including weight gain, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.^1,2 Antipsychotic-associated weight gain (AAWG) has been reported as the most distressing medication-related side-effects;³ it is associated with poor quality of life⁴ and creates barriers to social engagement owing to associated stigma.⁵ As a consequence, weight gain compromises adherence with treatment,³ leading to relapse and poor mental health outcomes.

Conversely, interventions leading to even modest weight loss (i.e. 5% of body weight) has been shown to reduce the cardiometabolic risk in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).⁶ Even though obesity is highly prevalent and adds significantly to the burden of mental illness, there is a lack of effective treatment options, and metabolic comorbidity remains vastly undertreated.^7–11 Lifestyle modifications form the first line of management for weight gain; however, their overall efficacy is diluted by the lack of adherence and motivation, which are challenges faced by the general population,¹² arguably even more so by patients with severe mental illness (SMI).¹³ This accentuates the need for adjunctive pharmacological interventions for AAWG.

There are several pharmacological interventions currently available for adjunctive treatment of AAWG. These include topiramate, naltrexone, which is an opioid antagonist, bupropion, which is a combination of a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, orlistat, and lorcaserin. However, evidence supporting their use for AAWG is underwhelming.^14,15 Of the existing pharmacological interventions, metformin is recommended in several national guidelines to treat or prevent AAWG in patients with SMI.⁶ It demonstrates a good safety profile and is not associated with increased dropout rates as compared to placebo. Despite safety profile, and established weight loss properties of metformin in AAWG, published data from a multisite randomized control trial (RCT) show that only approximately 17% of patients lose ⩾5% body weight with metformin,¹⁶ leaving a large majority of patients with unclear subsequent options.

Glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonists (GLP-1RA)s like liraglutide, exenatide, and the most recent addition, semaglutide, are a newer class of drugs with proven efficacy in the management of obesity in the general population.¹⁷ Semaglutide’s efficacy and safety was compared to other antidiabetic agents in the SUSTAIN trials (Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of T2D).^18–28 Across these trials, semaglutide demonstrated significant body weight reductions from baseline to end of treatment versus all comparators. A higher proportion of patients lost ⩾ 5% or ⩾10% of their baseline weight when treated with semaglutide. The Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with Obesity (STEP) program included eight trials primarily focused on comparing 2.4 mg, once-weekly, subcutaneous (SC) semaglutide with placebo in the management of obesity in the general population with or without T2D.^29–34 Results from STEP 1–4 showed that 2.4 mg SC semaglutide, when used in combination with lifestyle modifications, led to clinically significant weight loss in patients with obesity compared to placebo. A significant weight loss of 7.9–14.9 kg for 2.4 mg SC semaglutide and 7 kg in 1 mg SC semaglutide group was seen compared to 2.4–3.4 kg weight loss in the placebo-only group. STEP 8 trial compared SC semaglutide to SC liraglutide and found 15.8% change in baseline weight with semaglutide when compared to 6.4% reduction with liraglutide. Semaglutide also resulted in decrease in visceral adiposity in the STEP 6 trial.³⁴ Majority of the participants (68–83%) lost >5% of baseline bodyweight at the end of the study across the STEP trials. The safety profile of 2.4 mg semaglutide was similar to that of 1.0 mg SC semaglutide and oral semaglutide, with predominant gastrointestinal (GI) disease symptoms that were mild to moderate, with not many reports of hypoglycemia. The PIONEER (Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment) clinical trial program^35–44 not only showcased a significant decrease in both glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight with oral semaglutide when compared with placebo but also proved superior to other oral antidiabetic medications like sitagliptin and empagliflozin along with agents from its own drug class like dulaglutide and liraglutide.

Semaglutide’s availability as a long-acting formulation offers advantages in SMI, where medication non-adherence is a larger issue compared to other medical conditions.^45,46 Patients have also reported better quality of life and treatment satisfaction with once-weekly semaglutide in comparison to other drugs within the same drug class.⁴⁷ While semaglutide’s weight loss properties have been investigated extensively in the general population with obesity and weight-related comorbidities, no studies have investigated semaglutide’s efficacy in the mentally ill. In this case series, we retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of semaglutide for the treatment of AAWG in a naturalistic clinical setting.

Methods

Participants

Charts of all patients attending the Mental health and Metabolism clinic (MHMC) at the Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, between March 2019 and May 2021 were reviewed to identify patients initiated on semaglutide. Patients were initiated on semaglutide on failure to respond to a trial of metformin (defined as less than 5% weight loss in 3 months or continuing to meet criteria for metabolic syndrome at the end of 3 months).

Patients were on a stable dose of AP medication (>3 months) and met criteria for adjunctive pharmacological interventions [body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m² with obesity-related comorbidities like high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, or dysglycemia, or BMI ⩾ 30 kg/m², or meet criteria for metabolic syndrome].

Procedure

All demographic, metabolic, and anthropometric measures at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months were retrieved. Anthropometric measures like weight, height, and waist circumference were done in the clinic when feasible or at home with the same scales, with one layer of light, loose-fitting clothing. Patients were trained by the clinician or the clinical staff to take these measurements and were guided through the process to ensure consistency to the maximum possible extent (same weighing scales, same tape measure at the level of iliac spine for waist circumference with one layer of light clothing).

The off-label use of semaglutide for obesity management and its potential adverse effects were explained in detail to the patients. Consent was then obtained to initiate the medication, and semaglutide was initiated at a starting dose of 0.25 mg weekly injections; dose was titrated up every 4 weeks, to a maximum dose of 1–2 mg/week based on patient response and tolerability of adverse effects. All included patients were continued on metformin and counselled regarding lifestyle interventions like dietary modifications and increased physical activity along with the pharmacological interventions similar to all other patients attending the MHMC. Patients were followed up at 4-week intervals to monitor adherence and adverse events either in person or virtually, owing to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Data analysis

Identifying information was removed from the data which were then entered into an excel spreadsheet. Continuous data were represented as means ± standard deviation and range. Statistical analysis was performed using the student t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. Mixed-model analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of time on weight in patients initiated on semaglutide. All analyses were done using IBM SPSS statistics software (version 28.0.0.0).

Results

A total of 399 patients were seen in the MHMC during the time period of March 2019 to May 2021; the final review sample consisted of 12 patients (3%) who met the inclusion criteria. Half were female; the average age was 36.09 ± 13.32 years. Baseline data were available for 12 patients at the pre-designated time points of 3 months, for 10 patients at 6 months and for 8 patients at 12 months. Major depressive disorder (MDD) was the primary psychiatric diagnosis in four patients, bipolar disorder in four patients, schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) in three patients, and borderline personality disorder in one patient. All 12 patients were on second-generation AP medications. One patient (patient 9) had a diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension and was on empagliflozin and candesartan. Ten out of 12 patients were on psychotropic medication at the time of initiation of semaglutide (Table 1).

Table 1.

Clinical and demographic features of patients included in the case series at baseline visit.

Patient	Age (y)/sex	Primary clinical diagnosis	Antipsychotic medication (APs)	Average dose of APs (mg)	Psychotropic medications	BMI (kg/m²)	WC (cm)	HbA1c (%)	TGL (mmol/L)	Metformin dose (mg)	AE
1	40/F	SAD	Clozapine	450	Sertraline, lorazepam, zopiclone, pregabalin	26.6	99	5.5	0.38	2000	Nil
2	25/M	SSD	Paliperidone LAI	100		28.5	114	5.5	1.32	2000	Nil
3	23/M	BD	Aripiprazole	22	Lithium, pregabalin	42.5	140	4.9	1.38	2500	Nil
4	35/F	BPD	Quetiapine, loxapine	425; 12.5	Citalopram, valproate, clonazepam	63.7	120	5.2	3.16	1000	Nil
5	31/M	Schizophrenia	Aripiprazole, aripiprazole LAI	15; 400		28.9	103.5	5	1.2	2000	N, V
6	58/F	MDD	Risperidone	0.25	Lorazepam, venlafaxine	31.4	94	6.1	1.28	2000	N
7	23/F	BD	Olanzapine	15	Lithium	32.9	99	5.1	1.42	1500	N, V
8	36/M	BD	Brexiprazole	3	Valproate, zopiclone	38.3	119			2500	Nil
9	44/F	MDD	Lurasidone, loxapine	40; 25	Sertraline, pregabalin, lorazepam, trazodone	40.7	128	6.6	1.38	2000	N, V
10	22/M	MDD	Risperidone	2	Sertraline, trazodone	52.7	156.2	6	1.23	2000	Nil
11	59/M	MDD	Quetiapine, aripiprazole	25; 7	Moclobemide	37	117	5.2	0.67	1000	Nil
12	36/F	BD	Aripiprazole	17.5	Lithium	45	130	5.8	0.96	2000	Nil

AE, adverse events; BD, bipolar disorder; BMI, body mass index; BPD, borderline personality disorder; D, diarrhea; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; Kg, kilograms; LAI, long-acting injectable; MDD, major depressive disorder; N, nausea; SAD, schizoaffective disorder; SSD, schizophrenia spectrum disorder; TGL, fasting triglyceride; V, vomiting; WC, waist circumference.

At baseline, the mean weight was 111.4 ± 31.7 kg, BMI was 36.7 ± 8.2 kg/m², with a mean waist circumference of 118.1 ± 19.3 cms. Demographics and clinical characteristics are provided in detail in Table 1. Metformin was continued in 83% of the patients (10 out of 12). The data were visually inspected, and one outlier (patient 4, Figure 1) was identified and removed from the final analysis due to extreme weight loss (approximately 50 kg in 3 months). The mean dose of semaglutide was 0.71 ± 0.47 mg/week at the end of 12 months. A weight loss of 4.56 ± 3.15 kg (p < 0.001), 5.16 ± 6.27 kg (p = 0.04), and 8.67 ± 9 kg (p = 0.04) was seen at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, after initiation of semaglutide. This accounted for an average of 5% weight loss at 3 months, 6.6% weight loss at 6 months, and 8.7% weight loss at 12 months for the final sample of patients initiated on semaglutide. About 50% patients lost more than 5%, and 41.6% patients lost more than 7% of their baseline weight (Figure 2). Additional blood-based metabolic data were available for 6, 6, and 4 patients at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, as the current pandemic led to limited access to laboratory and blood work. Numerical improvements were noted in the fasting glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), total cholesterol, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); however, they did not reach statistical significance.

Figure 1.

Line graphs depicting change in body weight over time of the overall cohort and individual patients.

Figure 2.

Percentage change in body weight from baseline of patients included in the study.

Adverse effects

Four patients (33%) experienced gastrointestinal side-effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which decreased over time. The remaining eight patients did not report any adverse effects. Metformin was continued in all except two patients who experienced intolerable nausea. It was restarted in one patient and slowly titrated to a dose of 2000 mg over a period of 3 months, once they were on a stable dose of semaglutide. No serious adverse events were reported in the treatment cohort.

Discussion

This case series reports the real-world effectiveness of semaglutide in the treatment of AAWG, in a naturalistic small subset of individuals who failed to respond to metformin. There was a statistically and clinically (i.e. >5% body weight) significant improvement in weight in the treated cohort. Even though a third of patients (4 of 12) reported minor GI side-effects on initiation of semaglutide, these improved over time, and semaglutide was generally well tolerated, which corroborated with the known GI adverse effects of semaglutide.⁴⁸ While the small convenient sample is acknowledged as a limitation, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the real-world efficacy and tolerability of semaglutide in the context of AAWG in SMI.

GLP1-RA acts by decreasing glucagon secretion and stimulating insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Thereby, GLP1-RAs delay gastric emptying and lower food intake by promoting satiety. Changes in satiety, alongside lipolytic effects in adipocytes, account for weight and visceral fat reduction properties of GLP-1RAs. Notably, as a class, GLP-1RAs are also associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular endpoints, including cardiovascular mortality and non-fatal strokes and myocardial infarctions. Five RCTs (exenatide and liraglutide) to date have examined the efficacy of GLP-1-RAs on weight loss among people on APs with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs).^49–53 They found significant reductions in body weight, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, visceral fat, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with liraglutide.⁴⁸

Even though this case series highlights the promise of semaglutide as an adjunctive pharmacological agent in the treatment of AAWG, the results should be interpreted in the presence of several limitations. The mean dose of semaglutide (0.7 mg weekly) was well below the approved dose for the management of obesity (2.4 mg weekly). This was reflective of the period during which these data were collected (March 2019–May 2021), prior to the approval of semaglutide at higher doses for obesity management (June 2021), with most individuals dosed in accordance with recommended dose for treatment of T2D (1.0 mg weekly)54. Given the current approval of semaglutide at higher dose (2.4 mg) for treatment of obesity, these preliminary results could translate to a greater weight loss that could be sustained over longer periods of time.²⁹ Furthermore, given that the report represents a case series, limitations inherent to the design, such as open-label treatment and lack of a placebo arm, are acknowledged. Furthermore, COVID-19 constraints limited adequate follow-up and restricted data in terms of anthropometric and laboratory measures.

Implications for clinical care

This case series demonstrates initial evidence of real-world effectiveness of semaglutide in reducing weight in patients with AAWG. Semaglutide was seen to improve body weight along with metabolic parameters. The once-weekly administration of the drug, along with its reasonably well-tolerated adverse effects, makes it a viable option in patients not responding to metformin.

Conclusion and future directions

In conclusion, results from this case series suggest that semaglutide may represent the next step in the treatment of AAWG, in individuals who fail to respond to metformin. Larger, well-powered, double-blind RCTs are needed to corroborate these findings.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Correction (May 2024):

Article updated to correct Figure 2. Please see <> for more details.

Declarations

ORCID iDs

Femin Prasad

Dan Siskind

Sri Mahavir Agarwal

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Semaglutide for the treatment of antipsychotic-associated weight gain in patients not responding to metformin – a case series

Abstract

Keywords

Background

Methods

Participants

Procedure

Data analysis

Results

Adverse effects

Discussion

Implications for clinical care

Conclusion and future directions

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Correction (May 2024):

Declarations

ORCID iDs

References