The Increasing global energy crisis and scarcity of petroleum resources has shifted the focus of the hemical industries to look for alternative raw material resources. The main focus of raw materials in wood adhesives, such as petroleum and natural gas [1,2], would be gradually replaced by renewable bio-resource polymers. Starch is a relatively an inexpensive and renewable product from abundant plants, easy processing and it has been extensively used as paper binders, sizing materials, glues and pastes [3], but its bonding capacity is not strong enough to glue substrate like wood, paper. Conventionally available wood adhesive emulsions are colloid like polyvinyl alcohol stabilized. A new research on biodegradable, renewable, environmentally friendly starch stabilized polyvinyl acetate emulsion that was synthesized by the graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto starch. In this paper, we reviewed starch as colloid for synthesis of polyvinyl acetate emulsion.
ImamS.H., GordonS.H., MaoL., and ChenL. (2001) Environmentally Friendly Wood Adhesive from a Renewable Plant Polymer: Characteristics and OptimizationPolymer Degradation and Stability, 73, 529–533.
2.
KennedyH.M. (1989) Starch- and Dextrin-Based Adhesives. In: HemingwayR.W., ConnerA.H. and BranhamS.J., Eds., Adhesives from Renewable Resources, ACS Publications, Washington DC, 326–336.
3.
XuW.B., ShiJ.Y., and WangS.M. (2014) Study on Heat Aging Properties of Starch Based Aqueous Polymer Isocyanate Adhesive for Wood. Advanced Materials Re-search, 933, 138–143.
4.
KimS., and KimH.J. (2006) Study of Miscibility of Melamine-formaldehyde Resin and Poly (vinyl acetate) Blends for use as Adhesives in Engineered Flooring, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 20(2–3): 209–219.
5.
WangZ. J., LiZ. F., GuZ. B., HongY., and ChengL., (2012) Preparation, characterization and properties of starch-based wood adhesive, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 699–706.
6.
QiaoLijun, EastealAllan J., (2001) Aspects of the performance of PVAc adhesives in wood joints”, Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. 30 Issue: 2, pp. 79–87.
7.
WangZ., GuZ., LiZ., HongY., and ChengL. (2013) Effects of Emulsifier on the Bonding Performance and Freeze-Thaw Stability of Starch-Based Wood Adhesive. Cellulose, 20, 2583–2590.
8.
LuD., XiaoC., and SunF. (2012), Controlled grafting of poly (vinyl acetate) onto starch via RAFT polymerization, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 124: 3450–3455.
9.
BemillerJ., and WhistlerR. (2009) Starch: Chemistry and Technology3rd ed. P. 310–315. Academy pressUSA.
10.
WangZhenjiong, GuZhengbiao, LiZhaofeng, HongYan, ChenLig(2013) Effects of urea on freeze–thaw stability of starch-based wood adhesive, Carbohydrate polymer, Volume 95, Issue 1, Pages 397–403.
11.
ImamS.H., GordonS.H., MaoL., and ChenL. (2001) Environmentally Friendly Wood Adhesive from a Renewable Plant Polymer: Characteristics and Optimization, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 73, 529–533.
12.
KaewtatipK., & TanrattanakulV. (2008). Preparation of cassava starch grafted with polystyrene by suspension polymerization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 73(4), 647–655.
13.
LaiS.-M., DonT.-M., LiuY.-H., & ChiuW.-Y. (2006). Graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto granular starch: Comparison on the potassium persulfate and ceric ammonium nitrate initiated system. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(3), 3017–3027.
14.
QuB., LiH., & NiuY. (2013). Graft copolymerization of poly(vinyl acetate) onto starch using KMnO4-H2SO4 redox system. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 33(6), pp. 521–526. Retrieved 14 Oct. 2017, from doi: 10.1515/polyeng-2013–0105
15.
ZhangY, DingL, GuJ, TanH, ZhuL.Preparation and properties of a starch-based wood adhesive with high bonding strength and water resistance, Carbohydr Polym.2015 Jan 22; 115: 32–7.
MoubarikA., PizziA., AllalA., CharrierF., & CharrierB. (2009). Cornstarch and tannin in phenol-formaldehyde resins for plywood production. Industrial Crops and Products, 30(2), 188–193.
18.
MoubarikA.; CharrierB.; AllalA.; CharrierF.; PizziA.2010a. Development and optimization of a new formaldehyde-free cornstarch and tannin wood adhesive. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products68 (8): 167–177.
TanH., ZhangY., and WengX.2011. Preparation of the plywood using starch-based adhesives modified with blocked isocyanates. Procedia engine.15: 1171–1175
21.
KarimA. A., NorziahM. H., & SeowC. C. (2000). Methods for the study of starch retrogradation. Food Chemistry, 71(1), 9–36.
LiZ., WangJ., LiC., GuZ., ChengL., and HongY. (2015) Effects of Montmorillonite Addition on the Performance of Starch-Based Wood Adhesive. Carbohydrate Polymers, 115, 394–400.
24.
MarinichJ. A., FerreroC., & Jiménez-CastellanosM. R. (2009). Graft copoly-mers of ethyl methacrylate on waxy maize starch derivatives as novel excipients for matrix tablets: Physicochemical and technological characterisation. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 72(1), 138–147.
25.
HebeishA., El-ThalouthI. A., & KashoutiM. E. (1981). Gelatinization of rice starch in aqueous urea solutions. Starch-Stärke, 33(3), 84–90.
26.
SamahaSH, NasrHE, HebeishA (2005) Synthesis and char-acterization of starch-poly(vinyl acetate) graft copolymers and their saponified form. J Polym Res12: 343–353
27.
HuangY.B., and HuoQ.Y. (2006) The Application of Isocyanates Adhesive in Timber Industry. Journal of HeiLongJiang Ecological Engineering Vocational College, No. 6, 34–35.
28.
LiK., GengX., SimonsenJ., & KarchesyJ. (2004). Novel wood adhesives from condensed tannins and polyethylenimine. International Journal of Adhesion and adhesives, 24, 327–333
29.
LiZ., WangJ., ChongL., GuZ., HongY., and KowalczykA. (2014) Improving the Performance of Starch-Based Wood Adhesive by Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate. Carbohydrate Polymers, 99, 579–583.
30.
XianyZheng., LiCheng., ZhengbiaoGu., YanHong., ZhaofengLi., CaimingLi., Effects of heat pretreatment of starch on graft copolymerization reaction and performance of resulting starch-based wood adhesiveInternational Journal of Biological Macromolecules Volume 96, March 2017, Pages 11–18
31.
XiaoC., LuD., XuS., and HuangL. (2011), Tunable synthesis of starch-poly(vinyl acetate) bioconjugate. Starch/Stärke, 63: 209–216.
32.
SilverioJ, FredrikssonH, AnderssonR, EliassonAC, AmanP (2000) The effect of temperature cycling on the amylo-pectin retrogradation of starches with different amylopec-tin unit-chain length distribution. Carbohydr Polym42: 175–184
33.
GadhaveR.V., MahanwarP.A., and GadekarP.T. (2017) Starch-Based Adhesives for Wood/Wood Composite Bonding: Review. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 7, 19–32.
VeelaertS., de WitD., GotliebK. F., & VerhéR. (1997). Chemical and physical transitions of periodate oxidized potato starch in water. Carbohydrate Polymers, 33(2–3), 153–162
36.
KuakpetoonD. S., & WangY. J. (2001). Characterization of different starches oxi dized by hypochlorite. Starch, 53(5), 211–218.
37.
Wing, & Willett, 1997
38.
KuakpetoonD., & WangY. (2006). Structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of oxidized corn starches varying in amylose content. Carbohydrate Research, 341(11), 1896–1915
39.
KurakakeM., AkiyamaY., HagiwaraH., & KomakiT. (2009). Effects of cross-linking and low molecular amylose on pasting characteristics of waxy corn starch. Food Chemistry, 116(1), 66–70
40.
YanboW., ChengfeiL., & MeinaH. (2009). Synthesis and performance study of polybasic starch graft copolymerization function materials. Advanced Materials Research, 79–82, 43–46.
41.
ChangG. C., & KihoL. (2002). Preparation of starch-g-polystyrene copolymer by emulsion polymerization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 48(2), 125–130
42.
AthawaleV. D., & LeleV. (2000). Thermal studies on granular maize starch and its graft copolymers with vinyl monomers. Starch (Stärke), 52(6–7), 205–213.
43.
BruynH. D., SprongE., GaborieauM., RoberJ. A.III, & GilbertR. G. (2007). Starch-graft-(synthetic copolymer) latexes initiated with Ce4+ and stabilized by amylopectin. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 45(18), 4185–4192
44.
GongQ., WangL.-Q., & TuK. (2006). In situ polymerization of starch with lactic acid in aqueous solution and the microstructure characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64(4), 501–509.
45.
SamahaS. H., NasrH. E., & HebeishA. (2005). Synthesis and characterization of starch-poly(vinyl acetate) graft copolymers and their saponified form. Journal of Polymer Research, 12(5), 343–353.
46.
TanrattanakulV., & ChumekaW. (2010). Effect of potassium persulfate on graft copolymerization and mechanical properties of cassava starch/natural rubber foams. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 116(1), 93–105.
RimezB.; RahierH.; Van AsscheG.; ArtoosT.; BiesemansM.; Van MeleB.Polym Degrad Stab2008, 93, 800.
49.
Kennedy HarryM. (1989). Starch and dextrin based adhesives. ACS symposium series Adhesives from renewable resources (2nd ed.).Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., pp. 326–336.
ChiouH., FellowsC. M., GilbertR. G., & FitzgeraldM. A. (2005). Study of rice-starch structure by dynamic light scattering in aqueous solution. Carbohydrate Polymers, 61(1), 61–71.
52.
HebeishA., El-ThalouthI. A., & KashoutiM. E. (1981). Gelatinization of rice starch in aqueous urea solutions. Starch-Stärke, 33(3), 84–90.
53.
KuoM.-I., & WangY.-J. (2006). Effects of urea concentration on thermal and rheo-logical properties of rice starches. Cereal Chemistry Journal, 83(5), 478–481.
54.
LiJ., VasanthanT., & BresslerD. C. (2012). Improved cold starch hydrolysis with urea addition and heat treatment at subgelatinization temperature. Carbohy-drate Polymers, 87(2), 1649–1656.
55.
TamakiY., KonishiT., & TakoM. (2011). Gelation and retrogradation mechanism of wheat amylose. Materials, 4(10), 1763–1775.
56.
ChoiS.-G., & KerrW. L. (2003). 1H NMR studies of molecular mobility in wheat starch. Food Research International, 36(4), 341–348.
57.
HooverR., & SenanayakeS. P. J. N. (1996). Composition and physicochemical prop-erties of oat starches. Food Research International, 29(1), 15–26.
58.
KarimA. A., NorziahM. H., & SeowC. C. (2000). Methods for the study of starch retrogradation. Food Chemistry, 71(1), 9–36.
59.
LiuD., ChenH., ChangP. R., WuQ., LiK., & GuanL. (2010). Biomimetic soy pro-tein nanocomposites with calcium carbonate crystalline arrays for use as wood adhesive. Bioresource Technology, 101(15), 6235–6241.
60.
Ogawa, et al., 2000; OgawaK., AsoK., YoshimuraT., RengakujiS., NakamuraY., YamazakiI. (2000). Effects of the noncyclic cyanamides on the retrogradation of waxy corn starch. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 73(5), 1283–1284.
61.
TakoM., TamakiY., KonishiT., ShibanumaK., HanashiroI., & TakedaY. (2008). Gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of wheat (Rosella) starch. Food Research International, 41(8), 797–802.
62.
McGraneS. J., MainwaringD. E., CornellH. J., & RixC. J. (2004). The role of hydrogen bonding in amylose gelation. Starch-Stärke, 56(3–4), 122–131.
63.
RussellP. L. (1987). The ageing of gels from starches of different amy-lose/ amylopectin content studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Cereal Science, 6(2), 147–158.
64.
GudmundssonM. (1992). Effects of an added inclusion-amylose complex on the retrogradation of some starches and amylopectin. Carbohydrate Polymers, 17(4), 299–304.
65.
GurruchagaM, GoñiI, ValeroM, GuzmánGM (1984) Graft polymerization of acrylic monomers onto starch fractions. II. Effect of reaction time on grafting of methyl methacrylate onto amylopectin. J Polym Sci Polym Lett Ed22: 21–24
66.
WitonoJ., NoordergraafI., HeeresH., JanssenL., Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid to cassava starch–evaluation of the influences of process parameters by an experimental design method, Carbohydr. Polym.90 (4) (2012) 1522–1529.
67.
CalvertP. (1996). Rough guide to the nanoworld. Nature, 383(6598), 300–301.
68.
ChangT. P., ShihJ. Y., YangK. M., & HsiaoT. C. (2007). Material properties of Portland cement paste with nano-montmorillonite. Journal of Materials Science, 42(17), 7478–7487.
69.
YeL., ZhongA., ChenD., & YangF. (2005). Preparation and properties of nano-montmorillonite paper–plastic laminating adhesive. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 97(3), 872–877.
70.
ChoudalakisG., & GotsisA. D. (2009). Permeability of polymer/clay nanocompos-ites: A review. European Polymer Journal, 45(4), 967–984.
71.
DorigatoA., MorandiS., & PegorettiA. (2012). Effect of nanoclay addition on the fiber/matrix adhesion in epoxy/glass composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 46(12), 1439–1451 (0021998311420311)
72.
JangY., HuangJ., & LiK. C. (2011). A new formaldehyde-free wood adhesive from renewable materials. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 31(7), 754–759.
73.
KabooraniA., & RiedlB. (2011). Effects of adding nano-clay on performance of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) as a wood adhesive. Composites, A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(8), 1031–1039.
