Abstract
Background:
Multiple comorbidities, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have been reported to be associated with psoriasis.
Objective:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the clinical features of RA among patients with psoriasis in a tertiary referral center.
Methods:
Between January 2000 and December 2013, all patients coded with psoriatic disease (ICD-9 CM 696.0 OR ICD-9 CM696.1) and RA (ICD-9 CM 714.0) in a tertiary medical center were enrolled.
Results:
There were 10,844 patients and 9073 patients with psoriatic disease and RA identified by diagnostic codes, respectively. Among patients with psoriasis, 111 patients had claim-based diagnosis of RA (1.02%). By reviewing medical records and telephone interview or clinic visits, 25 of the 111 patients (0.23%) was identified unequivocally as having concurrent RA. Among them, 17 (68%) were female and 16 (64%) patients developed arthritis prior to the onset of psoriasis with a mean lag of 6.3 years (1–19 years); 8 (32%) had psoriasis skin lesions prior to the onset of arthritis with a mean lag of 6.9 years (3–20 years); 1 (4%) had skin lesions and arthritis in the same time; 17 (68%) patients also fulfilled the CASPAR classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis. The mean age of onset for arthritis was 49.6 years old.
Conclusions:
The prevalence of RA in psoriasis might be overestimated in some previous studies using claimed database. Patients with concurrent RA and psoriasis showed a comparable age of onset and male to female ratio, but had more axial involvements compared to patients without psoriasis.
Introduction
The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been reported to be increased in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in several epidemiological studies.1–3 However, patients with unequivocal RA are rarely seen in combined dermatology–rheumatology clinics. 4 Reports on the clinical manifestations of RA among patients with psoriasis are scarce. 5 This discrepancy may be due, in part, to overlapping clinical features of RA and PsA, and the difficulty in PsA diagnosis in the absence of psoriasis skin lesions. The treatment recommendations are different for RA and PsA. Some treatments useful in RA, but not in PsA, such as antimalarial drugs, 6 anti-CD20 agents, 7 and systemic corticosteroid, 8 have been reported to aggravate or trigger psoriasis. In this study, we aimed to re-evaluate the prevalence and determine the clinical features of RA in patients with psoriasis.
Materials and methods
Study design and data source
The prevalence of RA in patients with psoriasis was evaluated according to two different algorithms: (1) claim-based diagnosis: we enrolled patients who have claims-based diagnosis of both psoriasis and RA, identified by ICD-9 CM codes of psoriatic disease (696.0 or 696.1) and RA (ICD-9 CM 714.0) in National Taiwan University Hospital—a tertiary medical center—between January 2000 and December 2013. (2) unequivocal diagnosis: after identifying subjects with both claims of psoriasis and RA, we applied a more stringent criterion to identify unequivocal cases. First, we reviewed these patients’ medical records including gender, age of disease onset, laboratory studies, and treatment modalities. Telephone interview or clinic visits were also arranged to clarify and validate the medical history and disease status. By doing so, we confirmed the unequivocal cases met all the following criteria: (a) diagnosis of RA by a rheumatologist and fulfilment of the 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR) for RA. (b) Diagnosis of psoriasis reconfirmed by a senior dermatologist or PsA by dermatologists and rheumatologists with fulfilment of the classification for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) criteria for PsA.
The present study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board (IRB) of National Taiwan University Hospital (201510037RINC, 103-024-E and 107-007-E). A waiver of informed consent was approved by the IRB because the study was retrospective, involved no more than minimal risk to the subjects, and the waiver would not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the subjects.
Statistical analysis
Demographic data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Measurement data were shown in terms of means with ranges or 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence differences between multiple groups were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test. p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Epidemiology
Between 2000 and 2013 in NTUH, there were 9073 patients and 10,844 patients coded with RA and psoriatic disease, respectively. The prevalence of the claim-based diagnosis of RA among psoriatic diseases was 1.02% (111 out of 10,844). However, after detailed medical chart review, telephone contact, or interviews, 86 patients were excluded (25 without psoriasis, 9 without arthritis, 25 psoriasis with only PsA but without RA, 3 psoriasis with gout or osteoarthritis, and 24 without available clinical data). The corrected prevalence of unequivocal RA among patients with psoriatic disease was 0.23% (25 out of 10,844) (Figure 1).
Flow diagram of studied patients. OA, osteoarthritis; PsO, psoriatic diseases; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.
Clinical manifestations
Among the 25 patients with concomitant psoriasis and RA, 17 (68%) were female; 16 (64%) patients developed arthritis prior to the onset of psoriasis skin lesions with a mean lag of 6.3 years (1–19 years); 8 (32%) had psoriasis skin lesions prior to the onset of arthritis with a mean lag of 6.9 years (2–20 years); 1 (4%) had skin lesions and arthritis at the same time. The mean age of onset for RA was 49.6 years old; 19 (76%) patients had current psoriatic skin lesions and most patients had polyarthritis affecting the hands and feet, whereas 7 (28%) had axial involvement, and 17 (68%) patients also fulfilled the CASPAR classification criteria for PsA (Tables 1 and 2).
Demographics of the 25 patients with unequivocal RA and psoriasis.
Summary of clinical parameters, lab data and therapies of 25 patients with concomitant rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic diseases.
Ada, adalimumab; anti-CCP, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; axial, axial involvement; AZT, azathioprine; CyA, cyclosporine; Eta, etanercept; F, female; FH, family history; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; Lef, leflunomide; M, male; MTX, methotrexate; N, nil; NA, not available; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PsO, psoriatic disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RCI, registered catastrophic illness; RF, rheumatoid factor; Ritux, rituximab; UV, phototherapy.
Laboratory studies
Rheumatoid factor (RF) was positive in 15 patients (60%) with a mean level of 235 IU/ml (25.3–623 IU/ml). Among these 15 patients, 3 had low titers (<3 times upper limit) and 12 had high titers (>3 times upper limit). Only eight patients ever checked serum anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies levels and four (50%) were positive. Among these four patients with positive anti-CCP antibodies, all received RCI as RA, three (75%) were female, and only one (25%, patient 17) had axial involvement.
Treatment
Among these 25 patients unequivocally, in addition to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for symptomatic controls, 18 (72%) had ever received methotrexate, 17 (68%) sulfasalazine, 16 (64%) long-term low-dose oral corticosteroids (1 of them, patient 23, also received parenteral pulsed corticosteroid), 16 (64%) hydroxychloroquine, 10 (40%) leflunomide, 3 (12%) oral cyclosporine and 2 (8%) oral azathioprine. As for biologics, seven patients ever received anti-tumor necrosis factor agents (4 etanercept, 2 adalimumab, 1 etanercept and adalimumab), and two received rituximab. Only one patient (patient 23) experienced an aggravation/rebound of psoriasis presenting as erythroderma after discontinuation of parenteral pulsed corticosteroid. Among those patients who developed arthritis first, seven patients (patients 7, 11, 12, 13, 18, 22, 25) had received regular hydroxychloroquine, six (patients 1, 7, 13, 18, 22, 25) received regular oral prednisolone, and one (patient 21) received regular rituximab, before the onset of skin psoriasis.
Discussion
Multiple comorbidities have been associated with psoriasis, including RA.1–3,9 The increase of RA in psoriasis has been explained by shared genetic backgrounds and pathogenesis between RA and PsA.9,10 In a retrospective study in the US involving 25,341 patients with psoriasis between 2004 and 2011, 4.43% had concomitant RA. In patients with PsA, up to 28.9% had concomitant diagnosis of RA. 11 This percentage was comparable to results in another two US retrospective studies (31.9% 12 and 29.6%). 13 In Germany, the frequencies of RA was also found to be higher (0.95%) among patients with psoriasis compared to without psoriasis (0.25%) (prevalence ratio 3.8). 14 In Taiwan, 1.02% of psoriatic patients were also coded as having concomitant RA in 2006, and patients with psoriasis had a 3.02 times relative risk of RA compared with the normal population. 1
Despite the reported higher prevalence of RA in psoriasis, psoriasis patients with unequivocal RA are only rarely seen or investigated in daily clinical practice.4,5 In our study, between 2000 and 2013, the prevalence of the claim-based diagnosis of RA among psoriatic diseases was 1.02% (111 out of 10,844), which was similar to studies based on claim data in Taiwan and Germany. 1,14 However, our results showed only 25 of 111 patients with claim-based diagnostic codes were confirmed to have dual RA and psoriatic disease, resulting in a much lower prevalence of unequivocal RA cases among psoriatic patients (0.23%). Although the prevalence of unequivocal RA cases may be underestimated because of excluding missing data, the prevalence remained lower (0.43%, 47 out of 10,844) than the previous claimed database when we counted all missing data as true dual RA and psoriasis cases.
One possible explanation for this discrepancy is misclassification or misdiagnosis due to significant clinical features overlaps among RA and PsA, especially for polyarticular type PsA, 9 although PsA and RA are different diseases with different cytokine profiles.5,10 About 13.8% of PsA patients developed arthritis before the onset of skin psoriasis, 15 which made differentiation between RA and PsA even more difficult in the absence of skin lesions. As a result, 86% rheumatologists and 83% dermatologists reported challenges and difficulties in recognition of PsA in Taiwan. 16 As for laboratory studies, RF positivity is no longer accepted as a classification exclusion feature of PsA, and anti-CCP antibodies may also be positive in PsA. 17
Another possible reason for misclassification is due to local health insurance reimbursement policy, because only RA patients but not psoriatic patients are considered as having catastrophic illness and are exempt from copayment during clinic visits in Taiwan. In the present study, among 25 patients whose diagnosis was changed from RA to PsA, 14 were initially diagnosed and treated as RA for several months to years. The diagnosis was changed to PsA by the same clinician after comparing more recent clinical information to those at the time of diagnosis. In this study, not all patients with diagnosis switching had been viewed as unequivocal cases. Several studies also suggested that diminished misclassification of PsA as RA might be one of the contributing factor for an increase of prevalence of psoriasis and PsA,18,19 and a decrease in RA in recent years. 20
Our patients with concomitant RA and psoriatic diseases shared some clinical features between RA and PsA. As for gender ratio, RA was reported to be significantly female predominant,7,21 whereas male predominance was seen in moderate to severe psoriatic diseases or PsA. 1 Regarding average age of disease onset, PsA onset is at around age 30–42 years old 22 whereas RA is at around 45–60 years old. 23 The mean age of disease onset was 49.6 years old with a female predominance (68%) among our patients, close to sui generis RA patients. As for the onset of symptoms of psoriatic diseases, most patients developed skin psoriasis prior to arthritis, with a mean lag of around 10 years, and 15% of patients developed arthritis simultaneously with or prior to the onset of skin lesions. 9 However, 64% developed arthritis prior to the onset of skin psoriasis, with a mean lag of 6.3 years in our study. As for laboratory studies, RF was positive in 15 patients (60%). This percentage is close to sui generis RA as RF positivity was around 50–75% in RA,7,24 but only around 2–13% in PsA.5,9 Anti-CCP antibodies were checked in eight patients in the current study and four (50%) were positive, with a comparable positive percentage to sui generis RA around 60–70%, 7 but not PsA (around 10–20%). 25 Axial involvements are uncommon in RA but account for 25–75% of pure PsA patients. 9 Among our patients, 28% (7 out of 25) had axial involvements, and this was close to the presentations of pure PsA. Interestingly, in a prospective study, anti-CCP antibodies were positive among 57.7% of RA (120 out of 208), 12.5% of PsA (7 out of 56), and 0% of healthy controls (0 out of 39). Among the seven anti-CCP positive PsA patients, none had axial involvements, 26 whereas we had one patient fulfilling CASPAR criteria for PsA with positive anti-CCP antibody and axial involvement.
Psoriasis aggravation or rebound had been reported to be related to several systemic treatments used for RA, such as systemic corticosteroids, 8 hydroxychloroquine,6,27 and biologics such as rituximab. 7 However, the true incidence of induced psoriasis might be over-estimated. 8 Only one patient (patient 23) developed erythrodermic psoriasis after discontinuation of parenteral pulsed corticosteroid.
In the current CASPAR classification criteria for PsA, once inflammatory joints develops in a patient with current skin psoriasis, a diagnosis of PsA is easily made. 9 Among our 25 patients with concomitant RA and psoriatic diseases, 17 (68%) patients also fulfilled the CASPAR classification criteria for PsA. However, according to ACR/EULAR classification criteria, 24 before reaching the diagnosis of RA, other inflammatory arthritis should first be excluded. Despite the rarity, coexistence of RA and PsA was also reported in the literature. 28 Adjustment for the ACR/EULAR classification criteria may be therefore needed.
Several limitations of our study should be considered. First, due to lack of control group, it was difficult to draw conclusions about whether the risk of RA was higher in psoriasis patients compared with nonpsoriasis patients. No multivariate analysis can be done, and, therefore, confounding factors were not assessed. Nevertheless, we compared the aforementioned data of RA prevalence from single center, NTUH, with data from a nationwide health claims database, National Health Insurance (NHIRD) in 2013 in Taiwan. The prevalence of RA in the general population based on Taiwan NHIRD 2013 was 0.537% (118,256 out of 22,019,136). In each age group, the prevalences of RA in the general population from NTUH data were comparable to those from NHIRD. However, the prevalence of claim-based diagnosis of RA among patients with psoriasis was significantly higher than RA prevalence in general population in NHIRD or NTUH data, especially in age groups 20s, 50s and 60s (Figure 2). But the prevalence of unequivocal RA among patients with psoriasis returned to levels comparable to general population (Figure 2 and Table 3). Nevertheless, further case controls will be needed to address whether the prevalence of RA was higher in psoriasis patients than nonpsoriasis patients. Second, a PsA-RA overlap phenotype or misclassification could not be completed ruled out. Nevertheless, a growing number of studies showed PsA and RA are completely different diseases with distinguishing key features in clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and laboratory findings, which probably resulted from the distinct cytokine activation pattern between RA and PsA.29,30
A comparison of the prevalence of RA across age groups among different populations.
Prevalence of RA among different age groups and different populations.
In summary, the concomitance of RA and psoriatic diseases may be overestimated in previous studies. The clinical presentations of these RA patients with psoriatic disease lie somewhat in between RA and PsA, with female predominance, frequent RF seropositivity, arthritis onset prior to the onset of skin lesions, and relatively common axial involvements. Due to the overlapping features and different treatment algorithm for RA and PsA, close cooperation between dermatologists and rheumatologists is needed to optimize the treatment of patients with psoriasis presenting with joint complaints. However, due to the significant overlapping features, the definitive differentiation between RA and PsA may be difficult. The purpose of the study was to compare chart/personal interview data with claim-based data to find out the differences. However, to definitively answer the question of RA prevalence, further biomarkers or imaging tools are still needed to reach a definitive diagnosis of RA and PsA.
Footnotes
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported in part by a grant from National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch (105-HCH005, 106-HCH028).
Conflict of interest statement
The author(s) declared following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr. Tsen-Fang Tsai has conducted clinical trials or received honoraria for serving as a consultant/speaker for AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli-Lilly, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Pfizer, Serono International SA (now Merck Serono International), and UniPharma/Biogen Idec Pharma. Dr. Chiu has received speaking fees from AbbVie, Janssen-Cilag Pharmaceutical and Pfizer. Other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
