AloisiF. Immune function of microglia. Glia36: 165–79, 2001.
2.
ArnettHAMasonJMarinoM: TNF alpha promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination. Nat Neurosci4: 1116–22, 2001.
3.
ArnettHAWangYMatsushimaGK: Functional genomic analysis of remyelination reveals importance of inflammation in oligodendrocyte regeneration. J Neurosci23: 9824–32, 2003.
4.
AsakuraKMillerDJMurrayK: Monoclonal autoantibody SCH94.03, which promotes central nervous system remyelination, recognizes an antigen on the surface of oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci Res43: 273–81, 1996.
5.
AsakuraKMillerDJPeaseLR: Targeting of IgMkappa antibodies to oligodendrocytes promotes CNS remyelination. J Neurosci18: 7700–8, 1998.
6.
BarkerRADunnettSB: Neuronal repair, transplantation and rehabilitation. The Psychology Press. Hove, UK1999.
7.
BarkhofFBruckWDe GrootCJ: Remyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance image appearance. Arch Neurol60: 1073–81, 2003.
8.
Ben-HurTEinsteinOMizrachi-KolR: Transplanted multipotential neural precursor cells migrate into the inflamed white matter in response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia41: 73–80, 2003.
9.
BieberAJWarringtonAAsakuraK: Human antibodies accelerate the rate of remyelination following lysolecithin-induced demyelination in mice. Glia37: 241–9, 2002.
10.
BieberAJWarringtonAPeaseLR: Humoral autoimmunity as a mediator of CNS repair. Trends Neurosci24: 39–44, 2001.
11.
BlackJAFeltsPSmithKJ: Distribution of sodium channels in chronically demyelinated spinal cord axons: immuno-ultrastructural localization and electrophysiological observations. Brain Res544: 59–70, 1991.
12.
BozzaliMWrabetzL: Axonal signals and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Neurochem Res29: 979–88, 2004.
13.
BrundinLBrismarHDanilovAI: Neural stem cells: a potential source for remyelination in neuroinflammatory disease. Brain Pathol13: 322–8, 2003.
14.
BruckWKuhlmannTStadelmannC: Remyelination in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci206: 181–5, 2003.
15.
BruckWSchmiedMSuchanekG: Oligodendrocytes in the early course of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol35: 65–73, 1994.
ChangATourtellotteWWRudickR: Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med346: 165–73, 2002.
18.
CidCAlvarez-CermenoJCCamafeitaE: Antibodies reactive to heat shock protein 90 induce oligodendrocyte precursor cell death in culture. Implications for demyelination in multiple sclerosis. FASEB J18: 409–11, 2004.
19.
CiricBVan KeulenVPaz SoldanM: Antibody-mediated remyelination operates through mechanism independent of immunomodulation. J Neuroimmunol. 146: 153–61, 2004.
20.
De GrootCJRuulsSRTheeuwesJW: Immunocytochemical characterization of the expression of inducible and constitutive isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol56: 10–20, 1997.
21.
EnglandJDGamboniFLevinsonSR: Increased numbers of sodium channels form along demyelinated axons. Brain Res548: 334–7, 1991.
22.
EnglandJDGamboniFLevinsonSR: Changed distribution of sodium channels along demyelinated axons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A87: 6777–80, 1990.
23.
EugsterHPFreiKBachmannR: Severity of symptoms and demyelination in MOG-induced EAE depends on TNFR1. Eur J Immunol29: 626–32, 1999.
24.
FuchsESegreJA: Stem cells: a new lease on life. Cell100: 143–55, 2000.
25.
FurlanRBrambillaERuffiniF: Intrathecal delivery of IFN-gamma protects C57BL/6 mice from chronic-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by increasing apoptosis of central nervous system-infiltrating lymphocytes. J Immunol167: 1821–9, 2001.
26.
FurlanRPolianiPLMarconiPC: Central nervous system gene therapy with interleukin-4 inhibits progression of ongoing relapsing-remitting autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Biozzi AB/H mice. Gene Ther8: 13–9, 2001.
GenainCPCannellaBHauserSL: Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med5: 170–5, 1999.
29.
HemmerBArchelosJJHartungHP: New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurosci3: 291–301, 2002.
30.
HickeyWF: Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system. Glia36: 118–24, 2001.
31.
HohlfeldRKerschensteinerMStadelmannC: The neuroprotective effect of inflammation: implications for the therapy of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol107: 161–6, 2000.
32.
JuedesAERuddleNH: Resident and infiltrating central nervous system APCs regulate the emergence and resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol166: 5168–75, 2001.
33.
KerschensteinerMStadelmannCDechantG: Neurotrophic cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems: implications for neurological diseases. Ann Neurol53: 292–304, 2003.
34.
KornekBStorchMKWeissertR: Multiple sclerosis and chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative quantitative study of axonal injury in active, inactive, and remyelinated lesions. Am J Pathol157: 267–76, 2000.
35.
KrugerGMMorrisonSJ: Brain repair by endogenous progenitors. Cell110: 399–402, 2002.
36.
LassmannHBruckWLucchinettiC: Remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler3: 133–6, 1997.
37.
LinkerRAMaurerMGauppS: CNTF is a major protective factor in demyelinating CNS disease: a neurotrophic cytokine as modulator in neuroinflammation. Nat Med8: 620–4, 2002.
38.
LotanMSchwartzM: Cross talk between the immune system and the nervous system in response to injury: implications for regeneration. FASEB J8: 1026–33, 1994.
39.
LudwinSK: Chronic demyelination inhibits remyelination in the central nervous system. An analysis of contributing factors. Lab Invest43: 382–7, 1980.
40.
LuskinMB: Neuroblasts of the postnatal mammalian forebrain: their phenotype and fate. J Neurobiol36: 221–33, 1998.
MartinoGAdoriniLRieckmannP: Inflammation in multiple sclerosis: the good, the bad, and the complex. Lancet Neurol1: 499–509, 2002.
43.
MewsIBergmannMBunkowskiS: Oligodendrocyte and axon pathology in clinically silent multiple sclerosis lesions. Mult Scler4: 55–62, 1998.
44.
MillerDJBrightJJSriramS: Successful treatment of established relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice with a monoclonal natural autoantibody. J Neuroimmunol75: 204–9, 1997.
45.
MillerDJNjengaMKMurrayPD: A monoclonal natural autoantibody that promotes remyelination suppresses central nervous system inflammation and increases virus expression after Theiler's virus-induced demyelination. Int Immunol8: 131–41, 1996.
46.
MillerDJSanbornKSKatzmannJA: Monoclonal autoantibodies promote central nervous system repair in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci14: 6230–8, 1994.
47.
MoalemGLeibowitz-AmitRYolesE: Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy. Nat Med.5: 49–55, 1999.
48.
MorsheadCMReynoldsBACraigCG: Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian forebrain: a relatively quiescent subpopulation of subependymal cells. Neuron13: 1071–82, 1994.
49.
MurrayPDMcGavernDBSathornsumeteeS: Spontaneous remyelination following extensive demyelination is associated with improved neurological function in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. Brain124: 1403–16, 2001.
50.
NathanC: Points of control in inflammation. Nature420: 846–52, 2002.
51.
NeumannHMedanaIMBauerJ: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases. Trends Neurosci25: 313–9, 2002.
52.
NeumannH: Control of glial immune function by neurons. Glia36: 191–9, 2001.
53.
NgeyenMDJulienJPRivestS: Innate immunity: the missing link in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration?Nat Rev Neurosci3: 216–227, 2002.
54.
NiehausAShiJGrzenkowskiM: Patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis synthesize antibodies recognizing oligodendrocyte progenitor cell surface protein: implications for remyelination. Ann Neurol48: 362–71, 2000.
55.
NjengaMKMurrayPDMcGavernD: Absence of spontaneous central nervous system remyelination in class II-deficient mice infected with Theiler's virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol58: 78–91, 1999.
56.
OzawaKSuchanekGBreitschopfH: Patterns of oligodendroglia pathology in multiple sclerosis. Brain117: 1311–22, 1994.
57.
Paz SoldanMMWarringtonAEBieberAJ: Remyelination-promoting antibodies activate distinct Ca2+ influx pathways in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes: relationship to the mechanism of myelin repair. Mol Cell Neurosci22: 14–24, 2003.
58.
Picard-RieraNDeckerLDelarasseC: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mobilizes neural progenitors from the subventricular zone to undergo oligodendrogenesis in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99: 13211–6, 2002.
59.
PluchinoSQuattriniABrambillaE: Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis. Nature422: 688–94, 2003.
60.
PrineasJWBarnardROReveszT: Multiple sclerosis. Pathology of recurrent lesions. Brain116: 681–93, 1993.
61.
PrineasJWConnellF: Remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol5: 22–31, 1979.
RapalinoOLazarov-SpieglerOAgranovE: Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats. Nat Med.4: 814–21, 1998.
64.
ScherbelURaghupathiRNakamuraM: Differential acute and chronic responses of tumor necrosis factor-deficient mice to experimental brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A96: 8721–6, 1999.
65.
StankoffBAigrotMSNoelF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) enhances myelin formation: a novel role for CNTF and CNTF-related molecules. J Neurosci. 22: 9221–7, 2002.
66.
StreileinJW: Immune privilege as the result of local tissue barriers and immunosuppressive microenvironments. Curr Opin Immunol5: 428–32, 1993.
SuhonenJOPetersonDARayJ: Differentiation of adult hippocampus-derived progenitors into olfactory neurons in vivo. Nature383: 624–7, 1996.
69.
SuvannavejhGCLeeHOPadillaJ: Divergent roles for p 55 and p 75 tumor necrosis factor receptors in the pathogenesis of MOG (35–55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol. 205: 24–33, 2000.
70.
TempleSAlvarez-BuyllaA. Stem cells in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol9: 135–41, 1999.
71.
TrappBDPetersonJRansohoffRM: Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Eng J Med338: 278–85, 1998.
72.
VoskuhlRRMcFarlinDETranquillLR: A novel candidate autoantigen in a multiplex family with multiple sclerosis: prevalence of T-lymphocytes specific for an MBP epitope unique to myelination. J Neuroimmunol46: 137–44, 1993.
73.
WarringtonAEAsakuraKBieberAJ: Human monoclonal antibodies reactive to oligodendrocytes promote remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A97: 6820–5, 2000.
WaxmanSG: Demyelinating diseases—new pathological insights, new therapeutic targets. N Engl J Med338: 323–5, 1998.
76.
WaxmanSGRitchieJM: Organization of ion channels in the myelinated nerve fiber. Science228: 1502–7, 1985.
77.
WeissSDunneCHewsonJ: Multipotent CNS stem cells are present in the adult mammalian spinal cord and ventricular neuroaxis. J Neurosci16: 7599–609, 1996.
78.
WolswijkG: Chronic stage multiple sclerosis lesions contain a relatively quiescent population of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J Neurosci18: 601–9, 1998.