Neuroimaging of the Epilepsies

Berkovic SF Duncan JS Barkovich A : ILAE Commission neuroimaging recommendations for neuroimaging of patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 38: 1–2, 1997.

Berkovic SF Duncan JS Barkovich A : (1998) ILAE Neuroimaging commission recommendations for neuroimaging of persons with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 39: 1375–1376, 1998.

Duncan JS Ali R Barkovich J : ILAE Commission on diagnostic strategies: Recommendations for functional neuroimaging of persons with epilepsy. Epilepsia 41: 1350–1356, 2000.

Bergin PS Fish DR Shorvon SD : Magnetic resonance imaging in partial epilepsy: Additional abnormalities shown with the fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58: 439–443, 1995.

Wieshmann UC Free S Everitt A : Mr imaging with a fast flair sequence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61: 357–361, 1996.

Wieshmann UC : Clinical application of neuroimaging in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74: 466–470, 2003.

Von Oertzen J Urbach H Jungbluth S : Standard magnetic resonance imaging is inadequate for patients with refractory focal epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73: 643–647, 2002.

Jackson GD Berkovic SF Tress BM : Hippocampal sclerosis can be reliably detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 40: 1869–1875, 1990.

Jackson GD Berkovic SF Duncan JS : Optimizing the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis using MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 14: 753–762, 1993.

Meiners LC Van Gils A Jansen GH : Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: The Various MR appearances of histologically proven mesial temporal sclerosis. Am J Neuroradiol 15: 1547–1555, 1994.

Moran NF Lemieux L Kitchen ND : Extrahippocampal temporal lobe atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy and mesial temporal sclerosis. Brain 124, 167–175, 2001.

Jutila L Ylinen A Partanen K : Mr Volumetry of the entorhinal, perirhinal, and temporopolar cortices in drug-refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Am J Neuroradiol 22: 1490–1501, 2001.

Bernasconi N Bernasconi A Caramanos Z : Mesial temporal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy: A volumetric MRI study of the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal region. Brain 126: 462–469, 2003.

Bernasconi N Bernasconi A Caramanos Z : Entorhinal cortex atrophy in epilepsy patients exhibiting normal hippocampal volumes. Neurology 56: 1335–1139, 2001.

Cook MJ Fish DR Shorvon SD : Hippocampal volumetric and morphometric studies in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 115: 1001–1015, 1992.

Van Paesschen W Sisodiya S Connelly A : Quantitative hippocampal MRI and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 45: 2233–2240, 1995.

Woermann FG Barker GJ Birnie KD : Regional changes in hippocampal T2-relaxation time – A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65: 656–664, 1998.

Woermann FG Steiner H Barker GJ : A fast FLAIR dual-echo technique for hippocampal T2 relaxometry: First experiences in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Mag Res Imaging 13(4), 547–552, 2001.

Van Paesschen W Connelly A Jackson GD : The Spectrum of hippocampal Sclerosis. A quantitative MRI Study. Ann Neurol 41: 41–51, 1997.

Bartlett PA Richardson MP Duncan JS : Measurement of amygdala T2 relaxation time in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73: 753–755, 2002.

Raymond AA Halpin SF Alsanjari N : Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor. Features In 16 Patients. Brain 117: 461–475, 1994.

Berkovic SF Andermann F Melanson D : Hypothalamic hamartomas and ictal laughter: Evolution of a characteristic epileptic syndrome and diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 23: 429–439, 1988.

Urbach H Scheffler B Heinrichsmeier T : Focal cortical dysplasia of taylor's balloon cell type: A clinico pathological entity with characteristic neuroimaging and histopathological features, and favorable postsurgical outcome. Epilepsia 43: 33–40, 2002.

Bernasconi A Antel SB Collins DL : Texture analysis and morphological processing of magnetic resonance imaging assist detection of focal cortical dysplasia in extra-temporal partial epilepsy. Ann Neurol 49: 770–775, 2001.

Sanchetee PC Venkataraman CS Dhamija RM : Epilepsy as a manifestation of neurocysticercosis. J Assoc Physicians India 39: 325–328, 1991.

Briellmann RS Berkovic SF Syngeniotis A : Seizure-sssociated hippocampal volume loss: A longitudinal magnetic resonance study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 51: 641–644, 2002.

Fuerst D Shah J Shah A : Hippocampal sclerosis is a progressive disorder: A longitudinal volumetric MRI study. Ann Neurol 53: 413–416, 2003.

Liu RSN Lemieux L Bell GS : The Structural consequences of newly diagnosed seizures. Ann Neurol 52: 573–580, 2002.

Liu RSN Lemieux L Bell GS : Progressive Neocortical Damage In Epilepsy. Ann Neurol 53: 321–324, 2003.

Wieshmann UC Symms MR Shorvon SD : Diffusion Changes In Status Epilepticus. Lancet 350: 493–494, 1997.

Eriksson SH Symms MR Rugg-Gunn FJ : Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development. Brain 124: 617–626, 2001.

Rugg-Gunn FJ Eriksson SH Symms MR : Diffusion tensor imaging of Cryptogenic and acquired partial epilepsies. Brain 124: 627–636, 2001.

Eriksson SH Symms MR Rugg-Gunn FJ : Exploring white matter tracts in band heterotopia using diffusion tractography. Ann Neurol 52: 327–334, 2002.

Rugg-Gunn FJ Eriksson SH Boulby PA : Magnetization transfer imaging in focal epilepsy. Neurology 60: 1638–1645, 2003.

Eriksson SH Stepney A Symms MR : Ultra-Fast Low-Angle Rapid Acquisition and relaxation enhancement (UFLARE) in patients with epilepsy. Neuroradiology 43: 1040–1045, 2001.

Wolf RL Alsop DC Levy-Reis I : Detection of mesial temporal lobe hypoperfusion in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy by use of arterial spin labeled perfusion MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 22: 1334–1341, 2001.

Woermann FG Free SL Koepp MJ : Voxel-by-voxel comparison of automatically segmented cerebral grey matter - A rater-independent comparison of structural MRI in patients with epilepsy. Neuroimage 10: 373–384, 1999.

Hammers A Koepp MJ Free SL : Implementation and application of a brain template for multiple volumes of interest. Human Brain Mapping 15: 165–174, 2002.

Pitiot A Toga AW Thompson PM : Adaptive elastic segmentation of brain MRI via shape-model-guided evolutionary programming. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 21: 910–923, 2002.

Meiners LC Scheffers JM De Kort GA : Curved reconstructions versus three-dimensional surface rendering in the demonstration of cortical lesions in patients with extratemporal epilepsy. Invest Radiol 136(4), 225–233, 2001.

Winkler PA Vollmar C Krishnan KG : Usefulness of 3-D reconstructed images of the human cerebral cortex for localization of subdural electrodes in epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy Res 41: 169–178, 2000.

Krakow K Wieshmann UC Woermann FG : Multimodal MR imaging: Functional, diffusion, tensor and chemical shift imaging in a patient with localisation-related epilepsy. Epilepsia 40: 1459–1462, 1999.

Krakow K Woermann FG Symms MR : EEG-triggered functional MRI of interictal epileptiform activity in patients with partial seizures. Brain 122: 1679–1688, 1999.

Symms MR Allen PJ Woermann FG : Reproducible localisation of interictal epileptiform activity using functional MRI. Phys Med Biol 41: 161–168, 1999.

Lemieux L Krakow K Fish DR : Comparison of spike-triggered functional MRI BOLD activation and EEG dipole model localization. Neuroimage 14: 1097–1104, 2001.

Lemieux L Salek-Haddadi A Josephs O : Event-related FMRI with aimultaneous and continuous EEG: Description of the method and initial case report. Neuroimage 14: 780–787, 2001.

Heilbrun MP Lee JN Alvord L : Practical application of FMRI for surgical planning. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 76: 168–174, 2001.

Nelson L Lapsiwala S Haughton VM : Preoperative mapping of the supplementary motor area in patients harboring tumors in the medial frontal kobe. J Neurosurg 97: 1108–1114, 2002.

Gaillard WD Balsamo L Xu B : Language dominance in partial epilepsy patients identified with an FMRI reading task. Neurology 59: 256–265, 2002.

Binder JR Swanson SJ Hammeke TA : Determination of language dominance using functional MRI: A comparison with the Wada test. Neurology 46: 978–984, 1996.

Benson RR Fitzgerald DB Lesueur LL : Language dominance determined by whole brain functional MRI in patients with brain lesions. Neurology 52: 798–809, 1999.

Adcock JE Wise RG Oxbury JM : Quantitative FMRI assessment of the differences in lateralization of language-related brain activation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage 18: 423–438, 2003.

Worthington C Vincent DJ Bryant AE : Comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging for language localization and intracarotid speech amytal testing in presurgical evaluation for intractable epilepsy. Preliminary results. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 69: 197–201, 1997.

Rutten GK Ramsey NF Van Rijen PC : FMRI-determined language lateralization in patients with unilateral or mixed language dominance according to the Wada test. Neuroimage 17: 447–460, 2002.

Jayakar P Bernal B Santiago Medina L : False lateralization of language cortex on functional MRI after a cluster of focal seizures. Neurology 58: 490–492, 2002.

Carpentier A Pugh KR Westerveld M : Functional MRI of language processing: Dependence on input modality and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 42: 1241–1254, 2001.

Gaillard Wd Pugliese M Cb Grandin , Cortical Localization Of Reading In Normal Children: An Fmri Language Study. Neurology 57(1), 47–54, 2001.

Rutten GJ Ramsey NF Van Rijen PC : Development of a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol for intraoperative localization of critical temporoparietal language areas. Ann Neurol 51: 350–360, 2002.

Stern CE Corkin S Gonzalez RG : The hippocampal formation participates in novel picture encoding: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Nat Acad Sci Usa 93: 8660–8665, 1996.

Gabrieli JDE Brewer JB Desmond JE : Separate neural bases of two fundamental memory processes in human medial temporal lobe. Science 276: 264–266, 1997.

Fernandez G Weyerts H Schrader-Bolsche M : Successful verbal encoding into episodic memory engages the posterior hippocampus: A parametrically analyzed functional magnetic resonance resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 18: 1841–1847, 1998.

Jokeit H Okujava M Woermann FG : Memory FMRI lateralizes temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 57: 1786–1793, 2001.

Dupont S Samson Y Van De Moortele PF : Delayed verbal memory retrieval: A functional MRI study in epileptic patients with structural lesions of the left medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage 14: 995–1003, 2001.

Connelly A Jackson GD Duncan JS : Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 44: 1411–1417, 1994.

Woermann FG Maclean MA Bartlett PA : Short echo time single voxel MRS of hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 45: 369–375, 1999.

Knowlton RC Laxer KD Ende G : Presurgical multimodality neuroimaging in electroencephalographic lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 42: 829–837, 1997.

Connelly A Van Paesschen W Porter DA : Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in MRI-negative temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 51: 61–66, 1998.

Simister RJ Woermann FG McLean MA : A short-echo-time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 43: 1021–1031, 2003.

Ende GR Laxer KD Knowlton RC : Temporal lobe epilepsy: Bilateral hippocampal metabolite changes revealed at proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 202: 809–817, 1997.

Suhy J Laxer KD Capizzano AA : 1H MRSI predicts surgical outcome in MRI-negative temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 58: 821–823, 2002.

Vermathen P Ende G Laxer KD : Hippocampal N-acetylaspartate in neocortical epilepsy and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 42: 194–199, 1997.

Mueller SG Suhy J Laxer KD : Reduced extrahippocampal NAA Iin mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 43: 210–216, 2002.

Garcia PA Laxer KD Van Der Grond J : Correlation if seizure frequency with N-acetyl-aspartate levels determined by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Mag Res Imaging 15: 475–478, 1997.

Kuzniecky R Hetherington H Pan J : Proton spectroscopic imaging at 4.1 tesla in patients with malformations of cortical development and Epilepsy. Neurology 48: 1018–1024, 1997.

Woermann FG McLean MA Bartlett PA : Quantitative short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy. Brain 124: 427–436, 2001.

Ng T Comair YG Xue M : Temporal lobe epilepsy: Presurgical localization with proton chemical shift imaging. Radiology 193: 465–472, 1994.

Cendes F Stanley JA Dubeau F : Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for discrimination of absence and complex partial seizures. Ann Neurology 41: 74–81, 1997.

Ng T Comair YG Xue M : Temporal lobe epilepsy: Presurgical localization with proton chemical shift imaging. Radiology 193: 465–472, 1994.

Cendes F Stanley JA Dubeau F : Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for discrimination of absence and complex partial seizures. Ann Neurol 41: 74–81, 1997.

Lazeyras F Blanke O Zimine I : MRI, (1)H-Mrs, and functional MRI during and after prolonged nonconvulsive seizure activity. Neurology 55: 1677–1682, 2000.

Mueller SG Kollias SS Trabesinger AH : Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy characteristics of a focal cortical dysgenesis during status epilepticus and in the interictal state. Seizure 10: 518–524, 2001.

Petroff OAC Rothman DL Behar KL : Initial Observations on the effect of vigabatrin on in vivo 1H spectroscopic measurements of Gaba, glutamate and glutamine in human brain. Epilepsia 36: 457–464, 1995.

Petroff OAC Rothman DL Behar KL : The effect of gabapentin on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in patients with epilepsy. Ann Neurol 39: 95–99, 1996.

Petroff OA Hyder F Rothman DL : Topiramate rapidly raises brain Gaba in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia 42: 543–548, 2001.

Petroff OAC Rothman DL Behar KL : Low brain gaba level is associated with poor seizure control. Ann Neurol 40: 908–911, 1996.

Petroff OA Hyder F Rothman DL : Homocarnosine and seizure control in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and complex partial seizures. Neurology 56: 709–715, 2001.

Loscher W : Pharmacology of glutamate receptor antagonists in the kindling model of epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 54: 721–741, 1998.

Choi CG Frahm J : Localized proton MRS of the human hippocampus: Metabolite concentrations and relaxation times. Mag Res Med 41: 204–207, 1999.

Fazekas F Kapeller P Schmidt R : Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy findings after focal status epilepticus. Epilepsia 36: 946–949, 1995.

Grunwald F Menzel C Pavics L : Ictal and interictal brain SPECT imaging in epilepsy using technetium-99m-ECD. J Nucl Med 35, 1896–1901, 1994.

Rowe CC Berkovic SF Austin MC : Visual and quantitative analysis of interictal spect with technetium-99m-HMPAO in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Nucl Med 32: 1688–1694, 1991.

Marks DA Katz A Hoffer P : Localization of extratemporal epileptic foci during ictal single photon emission computed tomography. Ann Neurol 31: 250–255, 1992.

Dasheiff RM : A review of interictal cerebral blood flow in the evaluation of patients for epilepsy surgery. Seizure 1: 117–125, 1992.

Devous MD SR Thisted RA Morgan GF : Spect brain imaging in epilepsy: A meta-analysis. J Nucl Med 39: 285–293, 1998.

Newton MR Berkovic SF Austin MC : Dystonia, clinical lateralization, and regional blood flow changes in temporal lobe seizures. Neurology 42: 371–377, 1992.

Newton MR Berkovic SF Austin MC : A postictal switch in blood flow distribution and temporal lobe seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55: 891–894, 1992.

Harvey AS Hopkins IJ Bowe JM : Frontal lobe epilepsy: Clinical seizure characteristics and localization with ictal 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Neurology 43: 1966–1980, 1993.

Hayman M Scheffer IE Chinvarun Y : Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: Demonstration of focal frontal onset and intrafamilial variation. Neurology 49: 969–975, 1997.

Hogan RE Cook MJ Binns DW : Perfusion patterns in postictal 99mtc-HMPAO SPECT after coregistration with MRI in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63: 235–239, 1997.

Zubal IG Spencer SS Imam K : Difference Images Calculated From Ictal And Interictal Technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT scans of epilepsy. J Nucl Med 36: 684–689, 1995.

O'brien TJ So EL Mullan BP : Subtraction spect co-registered to MRI improves postictal SPECT localization of seizure foci. Neurology 52: 137–146, 1999.

Kaminska A Chiron C Ville D : Ictal spect in children with epilepsy: Comparison with intracranial EEG and relation to postsurgical outcome. Brain 126: 248–260, 2003.

Lancman ME Morris HH 3rd Raja S : Usefulness of Ictal and interictal 99m Tc ethyl cysteinate dimer single photon emission computed tomography in patients with refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 38: 466–471, 1997.

Sepkuty JP Lesser RP Civelek CA : An automated injection system (with patient selection) for SPECT imaging in seizure localization. Epilepsia 39: 1350–1356, 1998.

Van Paesschen W Dupont P Van Heerden B : Self-injection ictal SPECT during partial seizures. Neurology 54: 1994–1997, 2000.

Signorini M Paulesu E Friston K : Rapid assessment of regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in single subjects with quantitative and nonquantitative [18F]FDG PET: A clinical validation of statistical parametric mapping. Neuroimage 9: 63–80, 1999.

Savic I Ingvar M Stone-Elander S : Comparison of [11C]flumazenil and [18F]FDG as pet markers of epileptic foci. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56: 615–621, 1993.

Henry TR Frey KA Sackellares JC : In vivo cerebral metabolism and central benzodiazepine-receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 43: 1998–2006, 1993.

Juhasz C Chugani DC Muzik O : Relationship of flumazenil and glucose pet abnormalities to neocortical epilepsy surgery outcome. Neurology 56: 1650–1658, 2001.

Theodore WH : When is positron emission tomography really necessary in epilepsy diagnosis? Curr Opin Neurol 15: 191–195, 2002.

Gaillard WD Bhatia S Bookheimer SY : FDG-PET and volumetric Mri in the evaluation of patients with partial epilepsy. Neurology 45: 123–126, 1995.

Chee MW Morris HH 3rd Antar MA : Presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy using interictal temporal spikes and positron emission tomography. Arch Neurol 50: 45–48, 1993.

Blum DE Ehsan T Dungan D : Bilateral temporal hypometabolism in epilepsy. Epilepsia 39: 651–659, 1998.

Hajek M Antonini A Leenders KL : Mesiobasal versus lateral temporal lobe epilepsy: Metabolic differences in the temporal lobe shown By interictal 18F-FDG positron emission tomography. Neurology 43: 79–86, 1993.

Bouilleret V Dupont S Spelle L : Insular cortex involvement in mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy: A positron emission tomography study. Ann Neurol 51: 202–208, 2002.

Lamusuo S Jutila L Ylinen A : [18F]FDG-PET Reveals temporal hypometabolism in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy even when quantitative MRI and histopathological analysis show only mild hippocampal damage. Arch Neurol 58: 933–939, 2001.

Knowlton RC Laxer KD Klein G : In vivo hippocampal glucose metabolism in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 57: 1184–1190, 2001.

Gaillard WD Kopylev L Weinstein S : Low incidence of abnormal (18)FDG-PET in children with newonset partial epilepsy: A prospective study. Neurology 58: 717–722, 2002.

Engel J Henry TR Swartz BE : Positron emission tomography in frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the frontal lobe, Eds Jasper HH Riggio S Goldman-Rakic PS , 223–238. Raven Press, New York 1995.

De Volder AG Gadisseux JF Michel CJ : Brain glucose utilization in band heterotopia: Synaptic activity df “double cortex”. Pediatr Neurol 11. 290–294, 1994.

Bairamian D Di Chiro G Theodore WH : MR imaging and positron emission tomography of cortical heterotopia. Comp Assis Tomogr 9: 1137–1139, 1985.

Falconer J Wada JA Martin W Li D : PET, CT, and MRI imaging of neuronal migration anomalies in epileptic patients. Can J Neurol Sci 17: 35–39, 1990.

Richardson MP Koepp MJ Brooks DJ : Cerebral activation in malformations of cortical development. Brain 121: 1295–1304, 1998.

Muller RA Behen ME Muzik O : Task-related activations in heterotopic brain malformations: A pet study. Neuroreport 9: 2527–2533, 1998.

Szelies B Weber-Luxenburger G Pawlik G : MRI-guided flumazenil- and FDG-PET in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage 3: 109–118, 1996.

Debets RM Sadzot B Van Isselt JW : Is 11C-Flumazenil PET Superior to 18FDG PET and 123I-Iomazenil SPECT in presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62: 141–150, 1997.

Juhasz C Chugani DC Muzik O : Electroclinical correlates of flumazenil and fluorodeoxyglucose PET abnormalities in lesional epilepsy. Neurology 55: 825–835, 2000.

Koepp MJ Richardson MP Brooks DJ : Central benzodiazepine receptors in hippocampal sclerosis: An objective in vivo analysis. Brain 119: 1677–1687, 1996.

Koepp MJ Richardson MP Labbe C : 11C-flumazenil PET, volumetric MRI and quantitative pathology in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 49: 764–773, 1997.

Koepp MJ Labbe C Richardson MP : Regional hippocampal [11C]-flumazenil PET in temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral and bilateral hippocampal sclerosis. Brain 120: 1865–1876, 1997.

Hammers A Koepp MJ Labbe C : Neocortical abnormalities of [11C]-flumazenil PET in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 56: 897–906, 2001.

Hand KSP Baird VH Van Paesschen W : Central benzodiazepine receptor autoradiography in hippocampal sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 122: 358–364, 1997.

Koepp MJ Hand KSP Labbe C : In Vivo 11C-flumazenil PET correlates with ex vivo 3H-flumazenil autoradiography in hippocampal sclerosis. Ann Neurol 43: 618–626, 1998.

Ryvlin P Bouvard S Le Bars D : Clinical utility of flumazenil-PET versus FDG-PET and MRI in refractory partial epilepsy. A prospective study in 100 patients. Brain 121: 2067–2081, 1998.

Richardson MP Koepp MJ Brooks DJ : Benzodiazepine receptors in focal epilepsy associated with cortical sysgenesis: An 11C-flumazenil PET study. Ann Neurol 40: 188–198, 1996.

Richardson MP Friston KJ Sisodiya SM : Benzodiazepine receptors in malformations of cortical development: A voxel-based comparison of structural and functional data: In cortical grey matter. Brain 120: 1961–1974, 1997.

Hammers A Koepp MJ Mp Richardson : Central benzodiazepine receptors in malformations of cortical development: A quantitative study. Brain 124: 1555–1565, 2001.

Richardson MP Hammers A Brooks DJ : Benzodiazepine-GABA_A receptor binding is very low in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: A PET study. Epilepsia 41: 1327–1334, 2001.

Lamusuo S Pitkänen A Jutila L : [11C]flumazenil binding in the medial temporal lobe in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Correlation with hippocampal MR volumetry, T2 relaxometry, and neuropathology. Neurology 54: 2252–2260, 2000.

Koepp MJ Hammers A Brooks DJ : 11C-flumazenil PET in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy and normal MRI. Neurology 54: 332–339, 2000.

Ryvlin P Bouvard S Le Bars D : Transient and falsely lateralizing flumazenil-PET asymmetries in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 53: 1882–1885, 1999.

Hammers A Koepp MJ Hurlemann R : Abnormalities of grey and white matter [11C] flumazenil binding in temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI. Brain 89: 2257–2271, 2002.

Savic I Thorell JO Roland P : [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography visualizes frontal epileptogenic regions. Epilepsia 36: 1225–1232, 1995.

Richardson MP Koepp MJ Brooks DJ : 11C-flumazenil PET in neocortical epilepsy. Neurology 51: 485–492, 1998.

Muzik O Da Silva EA Juhasz C : Intracranial EEG versus flumazenil and glucose PET in children with extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 54: 171–179, 2000.

Hammers A Koepp MJ Hurlemann R : Grey and white matter flumazenil binding in neocortical epilepsy with normal MRI. A PET study of 44 patients. Brain 126: 1300–1318, 2003.

Mayberg HS Sadzot B Meltzer CC : Quantification of mu and Nonmu opiate receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy using positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 30: 3–11, 1991.

Madar I Lesser RP Krauss G : Imaging of delta- and mu-opioid receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy by positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 41: 358–367, 1997.

Koepp MJ Richardson MP Brooks DJ Duncan JS : Focal cortical release of endogenous opioids during reading induced seizures. Lancet 352: 952–955, 1998.

Kumlien E Hartvig P Valind S : NMDA-receptor activity visualized with (S)-[N-Methyl-11C]ketamine and positron emission tomography in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 40: 30–37, 1999.

Kumlien E Nilsson A Hagberg G : PET with 11C-deuterium-deprenyl and 18F-FDG in focal epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 103: 360–366, 2001.

Chugani DC Chugani HT Muzik O : Imaging epileptogenic tubers in children with tuberous sclerosis complex using alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 44: 858–866, 1998.

Fedi M Reutens D Okazawa H : Localizing value of alphamethyl-L-tryptophan PET in intractable epilepsy of neocortical origin. Neurology 57: 1629–1636, 2001.

Juhasz C Chugani DC Muzik O : Alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan PET detects epileptogenic cortex in children with intractable epilepsy. Neurology 60: 960–968, 2003.

Natsume J Kumakura Y Bernasconi N : Alpha-[11C] methyl-L-tryptophan and glucose metabolism in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 60: 756–761, 2003.

Banati RB Goerres GW Myers R : [11C](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography imaging of activated microglia in vivo in rasmussen's encephalitis. Neurology 53: 2199–2203, 1999.

Goerres GW Revesz T Duncan JS : Imaging cerebral vasculitis in refractory epilepsy using [11C](R) PK11195. Am J Roentgenol 176: 1016–1018, 2001.