Should the topic of judgment have a place in the preparation and development of school leaders? This question serves as the focus for an examination of the nature of judgment and obstacles to good judgment. Judgment is defined as the ability to arrive at and make a choice when faced with incomplete information, uncertain conditions, and/or competing goals and values. The article argues that judgment and the related topics of decision making and problem solving are critical components of leader preparation. Suggestions are offered concerning judgment-related curriculum content and how it can be taught in pre-service and in-service settings.
AusbrooksC. Y. B. (2010). Locked down and out: Crisis at central high. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 13, 23-36.
2.
BidwellC. E. (1965). The school as a formal organization. In MarchJ. G.(Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 972-1022). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
3.
CrewsA. C.WeakleyS. (1995). Hungry for leadership: Educational leadership programs in the Southern Regional Education Board states. Atlanta, GA: Southern Regional Education Board.
4.
CrowG. M.WhitemanR. S. (2016). Effective preparation program features: A literature review. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 11, 120-148.
5.
DavisM. (1992). Professional judgment. Perspectives on the Professions, 11(2), 1-2.
6.
DeweyJ. (1910). How we think. Boston, MA: Heath.
7.
DukeD. L. (2012). The judgment of principals. In BarnettB. G.ShohoA. R.CypresA.T. (Eds.), The changing nature of instructional leadership in the21st century (pp. 13-22). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
8.
ForehandG. A.GuetzkowH. (1962). Judgment and decision making activities of government executives as described by superiors and co-workers. Management Science, 8, 359-370.
9.
GambrillE. (2012). Critical thinking in clinical practice (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
10.
GrantG. (1988). The world we created at Hamilton high. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11.
GroopmanJ. (2007). How doctors think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
12.
HackL. M.GwyerJ. (2013). Evidence into practice: Integrating judgment, values, and research. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
13.
HallingerP.BridgesE. M. (2017). A systematic review of research on the use of problem-based learning in the preparation and development of school leaders. Educational Administration Quarterly, 53, 255-288.
14.
HastieR. (2001). Problems for judgment and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 653-683.
15.
JanisI. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
16.
JanisI. L.MannL. (1977). Decision making. New York, NY: Free Press.
17.
JohnsonB. L.KruseS. D. (2009). Decision making for educational leaders. Albany: State University of New York Press.
18.
KahnemanD. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
19.
KoenB. V. (1992). Professional judgment in engineering. Perspectives on the Professions11(2), 4-6.
20.
LaveJ.WengerE. (1991). Situated learning. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
21.
LeithwoodK.LouisK. S. (2012). Linking leadership to student learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
22.
LeithwoodK.SteinbachR. (1995). Expert problem solving. Albany: State University of New York Press.
23.
LeonardD.SwapW. (2005). Deep smarts. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
24.
LepardD. H. (1986). The essential ingredients of a plan. In LepardD. H. (Ed.), Selecting and developing school leaders. Reston, VA: National Association of Secondary School Principals.
25.
LewinK. (1951). Collected writings. In CartwrightD. (Ed.), Field theory in social science. New York, NY: Harpers.
26.
MarchJ. G.SimonH. (1959). Organizations. New York, NY: John Wiley.
MowenJ. C. (1993). Judgment calls. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
29.
National Policy Board for Educational Administration (2015). Professional standards for educational leaders. Reston, VA: Author.
30.
OstermanK. F.HafnerM. M. (2009). Curriculum in leadership preparation. In YoungM. D.CrowG. M.MurphyJ.OgawaR. T. (Eds.), Handbook of research on the education of school leaders (pp. 269-317). New York, NY: Routledge.
31.
PatelV. L.ArochaJ. F.KaufmanD. R. (1999). Expertise and tacit knowledge in medicine. In SternbergR. J.HorvathJ. A. (Eds.), Tacit knowledge in professional practice (pp. 75-99). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
32.
PerkinsD. N. (2009). Decision making and its development. In CallanE.GrotzerT.KaganJ.NisbettR. E.PerkinsD. N.ShulmanL. S. (Eds.), Education and a civil society: Teaching evidence-based decision making (pp. 1-28). Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts & Sciences.
33.
PollockK.WintonS. (2012). School improvement: A case of competing priorities!Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 15, 11-21.
34.
SimonH. (1976). Administrative behavior. New York, NY: Free Press.
35.
SteinJ. (1984). The Random House college dictionary. New York, NY: Random House.
36.
StoneD. (1997). Policy paradox. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
37.
TichyN. M.BennisW. G. (2009). Judgment. New York, NY: Portfolio.
38.
WagnerR. K. (2002). Smart people doing dumb things: The case of managerial incompetence. In SternbergR. J. (Ed.), Why smart people can be so stupid (pp. 42-63). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
39.
The Wallace Foundation. (2016). Improving university principal preparation programs. New York, NY: Author.
