Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide. Standard treatment often involves mastectomy, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation. Approximately 40% of patients undergo breast reconstruction to address the physical and psychological effects of tissue loss. Since the first autologous breast reconstruction described in 1887, both autologous and alloplastic techniques have evolved significantly to improve patient outcomes. However, current approaches are limited by issues such as the inability to restore biological breast function, suboptimal tissue integration, and concerns over long-term implant viability. Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising field capable of overcoming these limitations. Since the 1990s, advances in biomaterials, stem cell research, and regenerative strategies have enabled the development of vascularized, patient-specific constructs with potential applications in both structural and functional breast reconstruction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of breast reconstruction techniques and the integration of tissue engineering into the field. Particular emphasis is placed on tissue engineering’s role in enhancing breast cancer treatment and diagnosis while also exploring future directions toward functional restoration, including lactation.
Impact Statement
Breast cancer is a disease with a multifaceted impact, affecting physical health, emotional well-being, sexual health, and overall quality of life. The continuous evolution of breast reconstruction methods is driven by the critical need to address all of these aspects, with breast tissue engineering focusing on developing new, accessible, biologically compatible, and durable solutions. By compiling the advancements and challenges in this field, this review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers, helping to understand the current state of the field and guiding future progress.
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