With the use of community samples, we explored the application of the dimensions of the stereotype content model (SCM) and the related behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes (BIAS) map from social perception to the actual physical congregation of people in social groups. Across two studies, our findings indicate that people congregate in social groups in accordance with the dimensions of the SCM. In turn, the findings also show behavioral intentions toward outgroups in actual social interactions that have been hypothesized in the BIAS model. We discuss the implications of the findings and offer recommendations on how to deal with conflicts that may arise as a result of interactions that are incongruent due to the warmth and competence differences.
BanduraA.1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2.
BergerJ.CohenB. P.ZelditchM.1972. “Status Characteristics and Social Interaction.”American Sociological Review37(3):241–55. doi:10.2307/2093465.
3.
BergerJ.WebsterM.2006. “Expectations, Status, and Behaviour.” Pp. 268–300 in Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, edited by BurkeP. J.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
4.
BlashfieldR. K.AldenderferM. S.1988. “The Methods and Problems of Cluster Analysis.” Pp. 311–359 in International Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, edited by NesselroadeJ. RCattellR. B. New York: Plenum Press.
5.
BrewerM. B.CaporaelL. R.2006. “An Evolutionary Perspective on Social Identity: Revisiting Groups.” Pp. 143–61 in Evolution and Social Psychology, edited by SchallerM.SimpsonJ. A.KenrickD. T.New York: Psychosocial Press.
6.
BrownR.HewstoneM.2005. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” Pp. 255–70 in Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances, edited by AbramsD.HoggM. A.New York: Psychology Press.
7.
CaprarielloP. A.CuddyA. J. C.FiskeS. T.2009. “Social Structure Shapes Cultural Stereotypes and Emotions: A Causal Test of the Stereotype Content Model.”Group Processes & Intergroup Relations12(2):147–55. doi:10.1177/1368430208101053.
8.
CastanoE.2004. “On the Advantages of Reifying the Ingroup.” Pp. 296–310 in The Psychology of Group Perception, edited by CorneilleOlivierJuddCharles M.YzerbytVincent. New York: Psychology Press.
9.
CattellM. G.1990. “Models of Aging in Africa: Family Support, Decline, and Modernization in East Africa.”Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology5(1):71–82. doi:10.1007/BF00057646.
10.
ClanceP. R.ImesS. A.1978. “The Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention.”Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice15(3):241–47.
11.
CuddyA. J. C.FiskeS. T.GlickP.2008. “Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map.”Advances in Experimental Social Psychology40:61–149. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0.
12.
CuddyA. J. C.GlickP.FiskeS. T.2007. “The BIAS Map: Behaviours from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology92(4):631–48. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631.
13.
DiamondJ. M.1997. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton.
14.
FestingerL.1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.”Human Relations7(2):117–40.
15.
FiskeS. T.2018. “Stereotype Content: Warmth and Competence Endure.”Current Directions in Psychological Science27(2):67–73. doi:10.1177/0963721417738825.
16.
FiskeS. T.CuddyA. J. C.GlickP.2002. “Universal Dimensions of Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence.”Trends in Cognitive Sciences11(2):77–83. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00037-0.
17.
HarrisL. T.FiskeS. T.2009. “Social Neuroscience of Status: Human Brain on Stereotypes.”Current Opinion in Neurobiology19(2):233–38. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.001.
18.
KimunaS. R.2005. “Living Arrangements and Conditions of Older People in Zimbabwe.”African Population Studies20(2). doi:10.11564/20-2-398.
19.
KrausM. W.PiffP. K.KeltnerD.2009. “Social Class, Sense of Control, and Social Explanation.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology97(6):992–1004. doi:10.1037/a0016357.
20.
LangeJ.CrusiusJ.2015. “Dispositional Envy Revisited: Unravelling the Motivational Dynamics of Benign and Malicious Envy.”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin41(2):284–94. doi:10.1177/0146167214564959.
21.
LiL.ZhangR.2020. “Cultural Differences in Attitudes Toward Aging and the Elderly.”Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology51(8): 675–93. doi:10.1037/pag0000068.
22.
MbitiJ. S.1990. African Religions and Philosophy. Portsmouth, England: Heinemann.
23.
MertonR. K.1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.”American Sociological Review3(5):672–82. doi:10.2307/2084686.
24.
MertonR. K.1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
25.
NzegwuN.2006. Family Matters: Feminist Concepts in African Philosophy of Culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
26.
OpotowS.1990. “Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction.”Journal of Social Issues46(1):1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x.
27.
RussellA. M.FiskeS. T.2008. “It’s All Relative: Competition and Status Drive Interpersonal Perception.”European Journal of Social Psychology38(7):1193–201. doi:10.1002/ejsp.539.
28.
StaubE.1989. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
29.
TajfelH.TurnerJ. C.1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” Pp. 33–47 in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by AustinW. G.WorchelS.Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
30.
WaltzK.1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
31.
WillisS. L.SchaieK. W.2006. “Cognitive Aging: Theoretical Perspectives.” Pp. 155–70 in Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, edited by SchaieK WarnerWillisSherry L., 6th ed.Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
32.
van de VenN.ZeelenbergM.PietersR.2011. “Why Envy Outperforms Admiration.”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin37(6):784–95. doi:10.1177/0146167211400421.
