Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

This article argues that planning for community resilience to environmental disasters needs to give greater consideration to the potentials for response and recovery contributions available through local-level, informal social capital networks, as well as from the more formal policy and planning channels. To demonstrate the potential for mobilizing social capital resources to aid disaster response and recovery, the article provides a microlevel examination of the social capital mobilization process that occurred after tornadoes unexpectedly struck a rural Appalachian region in April 2011. It examines the mobilization process and types of labor and supply resources rapidly generated through community-level social networks in the first weeks of disaster response and recovery. The article situates this study in the context of social capital disaster literature, and considers its lessons and applications for disaster planning.

Keywords

environmental disasters social capital community-based research community resilience emergency disaster planning

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ada

Serkan

Oya Inci

Serkan

. 2010. “The Importance of Social Capital in Emergency Management: A Literature Review.” Balikesir University Journal of Social Sciences Institute 13(24):172–85.

Allen

Katrina M.

2006. “Community-Based Disaster Preparedness and Climate Adaptation: Local Capacity-Building in the Philippines.” Disasters 30(1):81–101.

Associated Press. 2011. “FEMA Denies Assistance for Pulaski, Washington Co.” Roanoke Times, May 7. Retrieved May 8, 2011 (http://www.roanoke.com/news/breaking/wb/285851).

Barnett

Erin

. 2011. “Pulaski County to Get $30,000 Donation for Tornado Relief.” WSLS, Roanoke. April 25. Retrieved May 6, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/apr/25/6/pulaski-county-get-30000-donation-tornado-relief-ar-994352/).

Bates

Kristin A.

Swan

Richelle S.

2007. Through the Eye of Katrina: Social Justice in the United States. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

Beaver

Patricia D.

1986. Rural Community in the Appalachian South. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Bolin

Stanford

1998. “The Northridge Earthquake: Community-Based Approaches to Unmet Recovery Needs.” Disasters 22:21–38.

Brunsma

David L.

Overfelt

David

Picou

Steven

. 2010. The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Buckland

Rahman

Matiur

. 1999. “Community-based Disaster Management During the 1997 Red River Flood in Canada.” Disasters 23(2):174–91.

10.

Buckle

Philip

Marsh

Graham

Smale

Sydney

. 2001. Assessing Resilience & Vulnerability: Principles, Strategies & Actions—Guidelines. Mt Macedon, Australia: Emergency Management Australia (Project 15/2000). May 2001. Pp. 1–60. Retrieved March 7, 2011 (http://www.proventionconsortium.org/themes/default/pdfs/CRA/EMA_2001_meth.pdf).

11.

County Health Rankings. 2011. “2011 Pulaski, Virginia % Rural.” County Health Rankings. Retrieved June 3, 2011 (http://m.countyhealthrankings.org/virginia/pulaski/58).

12.

Daniels

Ronald J.

Kettl

Donald F.

Kunreuther

Howard

. 2006. On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

13.

Donnelly

Morgan.

2011. “FEMA Responds to ‘No Virginia Tornado Damage Help’ Decision.” WSLS, Roanoke. May 9, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/member-center/share-this/print/?content=ar1027320).

14.

Dynes

Russell R.

2002. “The Importance of Social Capital in Disaster Response.” University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, Preliminary Paper #327. Retrieved October 29, 2011 (http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/19716/292/PP%20327.pdf;jsessionid=A0B6B8923179F87BC9F2EE423320A563?sequence=1).

15.

Dynes

Russell R.

2005. “Community Social Capital As the Primary Basis for Resilience.” University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, Preliminary Paper #344. [Updated version of his 2002 Preliminary paper #327.] Retrieved November 12, 2011 (http://putnam.lib.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/19716/1621/PP%20344.pdf?sequence=1).

16.

Dynes

Russell R.

2006. “Social Capital: Dealing with Community Emergencies.” Homeland Security Affairs 2(2):1–26.

17.

Erikson

Kai

Peek

Lori

. 2010. “Hurricane Katrina Research Bibliography. Task Force on Katrina and Rebuilding the Gulf Coast.” Social Science Research Council, October 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2011 (http://katrinaresearchhub.ssrc.org/KatrinaBibliography.pdf).

18.

Field

John

. 2008. Social Capital. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.

19.

Flora

Jan L.

1998. “Social Capital and Communities of Place.” Rural Sociology 65(4):481–506.

20.

Gow

Kathryn

Paton

Douglas

. 2008. The Phoenix of Natural Disasters: Community Resilience. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers.

21.

Green

G. P.

Haines

2008. Asset Building and Community Development. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

22.

Gunderson

2009. Comparing Ecological and Human Community Resilience. Community & Regional Resilience Institute (CARRI), Research Report 5. Retrieved February 19, 2011 (http://www.resilientus.org/library/Final_Gunderson_1-12-09_1231774754.pdf).

23.

Halperin

Rhoda H.

1990. The Livelihood of Kin: Making Ends Meet “The Kentucky Way.” Austin: University of Texas Press.

24.

Halpern

David

. 2005. Social Capital. Malden: Polity Press.

25.

Hawkins

Robert L.

Maurer

Katherine

. 2010. “Bonding, Bridging and Linking: How Social Capital Operated in New Orleans Following Hurricane Katrina.” British Journal of Social Work 40:1777–93.

26.

Heineck

Ken

. 2011a. “Outside Help Driving Pulaski Tornadoes Recovery.” WSLS, Roanoke, April 11. Retrieved May 11, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/apr/13/outside-help-driving-pulaski-recovery-ar-970387/).

27.

Heineck

Ken

. 2011b. “Donations, Volunteers, Overwhelm Official in Charge of Pulaski Recovery.” WSLS, Roanoke, April 12. Retrieved May 12, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/apr/12/donations-volunteers-overwhelm-official-charge-pul-ar-967921/).

28.

Hurst

Chris

. 2011a. “Pulaski County Shows Improvement One Month after Tornado Strike.” WDBJ, Roanoke, May 8. Retrieved May 11, 2011 (http://articles.wdbj7.com/2011-05-08/ef-2_29523843).

29.

Hurst

Chris

. 2011b. “Read FEMA’s Rejection Letter for Tornado Relief.” WDBJ, Roanoke, May 9. Retrieved, August 2, 2012 (http://articles.wdbj7.com/2011-05-09/disaster-declaration_29526534).

30.

Hutchens

Anne Marie

. 2011. Personal communication, May 17, with Mary LaLone. Blacksburg: Companion Animal Clinic.

31.

Keefe

Susan E.

, ed. 2009. Participatory Development in Appalachia: Cultural Identity, Community, and Sustainability. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

32.

Keefe

Susan E.

2009. “What Participatory Development Means for Appalachian Communities.” Pp. 1–44 in Participatory Development in Appalachia: Cultural Identity, Community, and Sustainability, edited by Keefe

Susan E.

Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

33.

The Kind. 2011. “Pulaski County Relief Benefit.” Facebook, the Kind. May 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011 (http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=186608861385182).

34.

Kretzmann

John P.

McKnight

John L.

1993. Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets. Evanston: Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University.

35.

LaLone

Mary B.

1995. “Recollections about Life in Appalachia’s Coal Camps: Positive or Negative?” Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association 7:91–101.

36.

LaLone

Mary B.

1996. “Economic Survival Strategies in Appalachia’s Coal Camps.” Journal of Appalachian Studies 2(1):53–68.

37.

LaLone

Mary B.

, ed. 1997. Appalachian Coal Mining Memories: Life in Virginia’s New River Valley Coal Fields. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press.

38.

LaLone

Mary B.

2008a. “Running the Family Farm: Accommodation and Adaptation in an Appalachian Region.” Journal of Appalachian Studies 14(1–2):62–98.

39.

LaLone

Mary B.

2008b. “Voices from the Coal Camps: Life in an Appalachian Coal Mining Region.” Pp. 139–64 in Life in the Coal Camps of Wise County [Virginia], edited by Kuczko

Paul

. Big Stone Gap: Lonesome Pine Office on Youth with support from the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities.

40.

LaLone

Mary B.

2009. “Guidelines for a Partnership Approach to Appalachian Community and Heritage Preservation Work.” Pp. 201–29 in Participatory Development in Appalachia: Cultural Identity, Community, and Sustainability, edited by Keefe

Susan E.

Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

41.

LaLone

Mary B.

Wimmer

Peg

Spence

Kay

. 2003. Appalachian Farming Life: Memories and Perspectives on Family Farming in Virginia’s New River Valley. Radford: Brightside Press.

42.

Lin

Nan

Cook

Karen

Burt

Ronald S.

, eds. 2001. Social Capital: Theory and Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

43.

Maguire

Cartwright

2008. Assessing a Community’s Capacity to Manage Change: A Resilience Approach to Social Assessment. Australian Government, Bureau of Rural Sciences. Retrieved February 19, 2011 (http://adl.brs.gov.au/brsShop/data/dewha_resilience_sa_report_final_4.pdf).

44.

Mathbor

Golam M.

2007. “Enhancement of Community Preparedness for Natural Disasters: The Role of Social Work in Building Social Capital for Sustainable Disaster Relief and Management.” International Social Work 50(3):357–69.

45.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2011a. “Residents Coping with Destruction in Pulaski County.” Roanoke Times, April 9. Retrieved May 18, 2011 (http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/282922).

46.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2011b. “Tornado Update: State, Federal Emergency Tour Pulaski Co., Consider Next Steps.” Roanoke Times. April 11. Retrieved May 18, 2011 (http://www.roanoke.com/news/breaking/wb/283003).

47.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2011c. “Pulaski Co. Tornado Victims, Scammers Receive Support.” Roanoke Times. April 12. Retrieved May 18, 2011 (http://blogs.roanoke.com/communitycurrent/2011/04/pulaski-co-tornado-victims-scammers-receive-support/).

48.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2011d. “Volunteers Flock to Pulaski to Help after Tornado: Agencies and Nonprofits Are Matching Needs with Services as People Arrive in Pulaski to Help Out.” Roanoke Times. April 13. Retrieved May 12, 2011 (http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/283148).

49.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2011e. “Pulaski County Overwhelmed by Outreach after Tornadoes: But the Area Has Current and Ongoing Needs that Include School Supplies, Clothes and Food Items.” Roanoke Times. April 14. Retrieved May 6, 2011 (http://www.roanoke.com/news/vrv/wb/283271).

50.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2011f. “Various Groups Collecting Items for Storm Victims.” Roanoke Times. April 23. Retrieved May 12, 2011 (http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/284266).

51.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2011g. “Free Pet Services Available Saturday for Those Affected by Tornadoes.” Roanoke Times. Community Current, May 5. Retrieved May 8, 2011 (http://blogs.roanoke.com/communitycurrent/2011/05/free-pet-services-available-saturday-for-those-affected-by-tornadoes/).

52.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

Myatt

Kevin

. 2011a. “Pulaski Update: Two Tornado Paths Confirmed.” Roanoke Times. April 9. Retrieved May 18, 2011 (http://m.roanoke.com/mapp/story.aspx?282859).

53.

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

Myatt

Kevin

. 2011b. “Tornado Damages Pulaski County.” Appalachianforums.com, Dickenson County Discussion Board. April 9. Retrieved May 18, 2011 (http://appalachianforums.com/forums/Dickenson_County,_Virginia.pl/md/read/id/231008).

54.

Mayunga

Joseph S.

2007. “Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster Resilience: A Capital-Based Approach.” Paper Prepared for the Summer Academy for Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building, July 22–28, 2007, Munich, Germany. Retrieved October 15, 2011 (http://www.ehs.unu.edu/file/get/3761).

55.

Murphy

Brenda

Falkiner

Leanna

McBean

Gordon

Dolan

Holly

Kovacs

Paul

. 2005. “Enhancing Local Level Emergency Management: The Influence of Disaster Experience and the Role of Households and Neighborhoods. Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR).” Paper Series, No. 43. Retrieved October 2, 2011 (http://www.iclr.org/_index.php).

56.

Murphy

Brenda L.

2007. “Locating Social Capital in Resilient Community-Level Emergency Management.” Natural Hazards 41:297–315.

57.

Nakagawa

Yuko

Shaw

Rajib

. 2004. “Social Capital: A Missing Link to Disaster Recovery.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 22(1):5–34.

58.

National Research Council. 2006. Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions. Washington: The National Academies Press, Committee on Disaster Research in the Social Sciences, National Research Council.

59.

Natural Hazards Center. 2001. Holistic Disaster Recovery: Ideas for Building Local Sustainability after a Natural Disaster. Retrieved May 27, 2011 (http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/publications/holistic/holistic2001.html).

60.

Nigg

Joanne M.

Mileti

Dennis

. 2002. “Natural Hazards and Disasters.” Pp. 272–94 in Handbook of Environmental Sociology, edited by Dunlap

Riley e.

Michelson

William

. Westport: Greenwood Press.

61.

Oliver-Smith

Anthony

Hoffman

Susanna M.

, eds. 1999. The Angry Earth. New York: Routledge.

62.

Pasteur

Katherine

. 2011. From Vulnerability to Resilience: A Framework for Analysis and Action to Build Community Resilience. Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, UK: Practical Action.

63.

Paton

Douglas

Johnston

David

. 2006. Disaster Resilience: An Integrated Approach. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.

64.

Plodinec

M. John

. 2009. Definitions of Resilience: An Analysis. Community & Regional Resilience Institute (CARRI). Retrieved February 19, 2011 (http://www.resilientus.org/library/CARRI_Definitions_Dec_2009_1262802355.pdf).

65.

Quarantelli

E. L.

2006. “Catastrophes Are Different from Disasters: Some Implications for Crisis Planning and Managing Drawn from Katrina.” Social Science Research Council, Understanding Katrina: Perspectives from the Social Sciences, online essay forum, June 11, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2011 (http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Quarantelli/).

66.

Quesenberry

Wayne

. 2011. “Wythe Lends a Hand to Pulaski Tornado Victims.” SWVA Today. April 15. Retrieved May 11, 2011 (http://www.swvatoday.com/news/article/wythe_lends_a_hand_to_pulaski_tornado_victims/9838/).

67.

Radford University Highlanders. 2011. “Pulaski County Tornado Relief Collection Drive.” Facebook, Radford University, April 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011 (http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=166154160110196).

68.

Ritchie

Liesel Ashley

Gill

Duane A.

2007. “Social Capital Theory as an Integrating Theoretical Framework in Technological Disaster Research.” Sociological Spectrum 27(1):103–29.

69.

Ritchie

Liesel Ashley

Gill

Duane A.

2011a. “Considering Community Capitals in Disaster Recovery and Resilience.” Public Entity Risk Institute (PERI). Retrieved September 28, 2011 (http://www.riskinstitute.org/peri/component/option,com_deeppockets/task,catContShow/cat,86/id,1086/Itemid,84/).

70.

Ritchie

Liesel Ashley

Gill

Duane A.

2011b. “The Role of Community Capitals in Disaster Recovery.” PERI Symposium: Community Recovery from Disaster, March 23. Retrieved September 28, 2011 (http://www.riskinstitute.org/peri/content/view/1118/5/).

71.

Roberts

Ashley

. 2011. “Pulaski Tornado Victim Works to Move Forward without Insurance.” WSLS, Roanoke. April 11. Retrieved May 12, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/apr/11/pulaski-tornado-victim-works-move-forward-without--ar-966070/).

72.

Ronan

Kevin R.

Johnston

David M.

2005. Promoting Community Resilience: The Role for Schools, Youth, and Families. New York: Springer.

73.

Saslow

Eli

. 2011. “In Southwest VA, as More Need Help, Aid Organization Has Less to Give.” Washington Post. April 16. Retrieved May 8, 2011 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/in-southwest-va-as-more-need-help-aid-organization-has-less-to-give/2011/04/13/AFbvKyqD_story.html).

74.

Sluss

Michael

Matzke-Fawcett

Amy

. 2001. “FEMA Rejects Twister-Aid Appeal.” Roanoke Times, June 24. Retrieved June 27, 2011 (http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/290824).

75.

Tate

David

. 2011. “Lions Donate $50,000 to Pulaski Tornado Relief.” WSET, Lynchburg. April 26. Retrieved May 17, 2011 (http://www.wset.com/story/14518184/lions-donate-50000-to-pulaski-tornado-relief).

76.

Tierney

Kathleen J.

1989. “The Social and Community Contexts of Disaster.” Pp. 11–39 in Psychosocial Aspects of Disaster, edited by Gist

Lubin

Toronto: John Wiley and Sons.

77.

Tierney

Kathleen J.

2006a. The Importance of Social Resilience. The USC School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of South Carolina. SPPD Community Connection 3(1):1. Retrieved October 30, 2011 (http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/private/51095_ONLINE.pdf).

78.

Tierney

Kathleen J.

2006b. “Social Inequality, Hazards, and Disasters.” Pp. 109–28 in On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, edited by Daniels

Ronald J.

Kettl

Donald F.

Kunreuther

Howard

. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

79.

Tierney

Kathleen J.

2007. “From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads.” Annual Review of Sociology 33:503–25.

80.

Tobin

G. A.

1999. “Sustainability and Community Resilience: The Holy Grail of Hazards Planning?” Environmental Hazards 1:13–25.

81.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2011a. “Pulaski County, Virginia, Quick Facts.” Retrieved May 8, 2011 (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51/51155.html).

82.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2011b. “Pulaski Town, Virginia.” U.S. Census Bureau, American Fact Finder. Retrieved June 3, 2011 (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US5164880&_geoContext=01000US&_street=&_county=pulaski&_cityTown=pulaski&_state=04000US51&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=).

83.

Virginia Department of Emergency Management. 2011a. “2011-04-08 Pulaski Severe Weather Event, Situation Report #5, 13 April 2011 1500 hours.” VDEM, Situation Reports. Retrieved May 14, 2011 (http://pulaski-tornadoes.tumblr.com/page/2).

84.

Virginia Department of Emergency Management. 2011b. “Pulaski Tornado Emergency Update News Release, 04-12-11, 6:30.” VDEM, Disaster Information Mini-Site, Tornadoes in Pulaski. Retrieved May 14, 2011 (http://pulaski-tornadoes.tumblr.com/page/2).

85.

Virginia Department of Emergency Management. 2011c. “Tornadoes in Pulaski.” Postings April 8

–

May 10. Retrieved May 14, 2011 (VAEmergency.com, Newsroom & Archives, Disaster Mini-site http://pulaski-tornadoes.tumblr.com/page/1,2,3,4,5 (5 pages total).

86.

Virginia Department of Emergency Management. 2011d. “Pulaski Tornado Relief Fund and Volunteer Efforts.” Retrieved November 28, 2011 (http://pulaski-tornadoes.tumblr.com/post/5364904625).

87.

Ward

Lindsey

. 2011. “Pulaski Tornado Victims React to FEMA’s Decision.” WSLS, Roanoke. May 8. Retrieved May 8, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/may/08/pulaski-tornado-victims-react-femas-decision-ar-1025193/).

88.

WDBJ. 2011a. “Daily Emergency Aid for Pulaski Tornado Victims Ends: Thursday Is the Last Day for Daily Meals and Other Services.” WDBJ, Roanoke. April 21. Retrieved May 12, 2011 (http://www.wdbj7.com/news/wdbj7-daily-emergency-aid-for-pulaski-tornado-victims-ends-20110421,0,1941672.story).

89.

WDBJ. 2011b. “Lions Club Donates $50,000 to Pulaski Tornado Victims: The Lions Club International Foundation Made the Donation.” WDBJ, Roanoke, April 25. Retrieved May 8, 2011 (http://www.wdbj7.com/news/wdbj7-lions-club-donates-50000-to-pulaski-tornado-victims-20110425,0,3277632.story).

90.

WDBJ. 2011c. “McDonnell Announces Funding for Pulaski to Help Rebuild after April Tornado.” WDBJ, Roanoke. September 22. Retrieved September 24, 2011 (http://www.wdbj7.com/news/wdbj7-mcdonnell-announces-funding-for-pulaski-to-help-rebuild-after-april-tornado-20110922,0,4411212.story).

91.

Weil

Frederick D.

2005–2011. Post-Hurricane Katrina Research and Recovery Work. Retrieved March 8, 2011 (http://www.lsu.edu/fweil/KatrinaResearch).

92.

Williams

Melinda

. 2011. “Ten Percent of Fund Spent.” Southwest Times. Online Edition, Pulaski, May 12. Retrieved May 14, 2011. (http://www.southwesttimes.com/2011/05/archive-5943/).

93.

WSLS. 2011a. “Pulaski Tornadoes Relief: Wednesday Updates.” WSLS, Roanoke. April 13. Retrieved May 6, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/apr/13/17/pulaski-tornadoes-recovery-wednesday-curfew-be-lif-ar-969680/).

94.

WSLS. 2011b. “Pulaski Tornadoes Relief Needs Change.” WSLS, Roanoke. April 15. Retrieved May 11, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/apr/15/pulaski-tornadoes-relief-needs-change-ar-975412).

95.

WSLS. 2011c. “Pulaski Transitions from Emergency to Recovery Mode.” WSLS, Roanoke. April 21. Retrieved May 11, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/apr/21/pulaski-transitons-emergency-recovery-mode-ar-988391/).

96.

WSLS. 2011d. “Pulaski Tornado Pet Owners to Get Help Saturday, May 7th.” WSLS, Roanoke. May 4. Retrieved May 8, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/may/04/pulaski-tornado-pet-owners-get-help-saturday-may-7-ar-1017522/).

97.

WSLS. 2011e. “Pulaski Tornado Relief Fund at $236,000, Some Home Repairs Complete.” WSLS, Roanok. May 10. Retrieved May 11, 2011 (http://www2.wsls.com/news/2011/may/10/pulaski-tornado-relief-fund-236000-some-home-repai-ar-1029169/).

Neighbors Helping Neighbors

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References