Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Purpose

Evaluate the clinical efficacy of “Oriza tablet” (OT) for patients with neurologic bladder or overactive bladder affected by xerostomia due to receiving antimuscarinic drugs.

Material and methods

This was a randomized clinical trial. Twenty-eight patients (median age = 64 years) with xerostomia were divided into two groups: OT (intervention group) and placebo (control) group. Both groups comprised 14 patients each.

Objective

We assessed severity using a questionnaire for the subjective evaluation of xerostomia. Objective evaluation was undertaken for the stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR). Xerostomia evaluation took place before treatment (baseline) as well as 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment.

Results

The xerostomia score decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the OT group compared to the placebo group, with scores of 2.75 versus 4.4 at 2 weeks and 2.19 versus 4.13 at 4 weeks, respectively. The SSFR increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the OT group compared to the placebo group, with SSFR of 2 versus 1.2 at 2 weeks and 1.85 versus 1.1 at 4 weeks, respectively. Throughout the trial, no patient discontinued taking antimuscarinic medications. There were no adverse effects noted.

Conclusion

Continuous daily use of OT for 4 weeks reduced xerostomia symptoms and increased saliva production in patients suffering from neurologic bladder or overactive bladder who received antimuscarinic medications.

Clinical trial registration

The study was registered with The Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR). ID: TCTR20240715015.

Keywords

overactive bladder neurologic bladder anti-muscarinic xerostomia dry mouth sialogogue

Introduction

Neurogenic bladder (NB; also known as “neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction”) refers to loss of voluntary control of the bladder. NB can be secondary to injury to the central nervous system or neurological diseases. NB can present with incontinence and incomplete emptying of the bladder. However, the major concerns for patients with NB are recurrent infection of the urinary tract (affects 29.2%–36.4% of cases), urosepsis (2.6%–4.7%), urinary retention (9.0%–14.0%), and hydronephrosis, which leads to renal failure (0.8%–2.2%) because of high-intravesical pressure.¹ These conditions increase the risk of death.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome of urinary urgency, often with urinary frequency and nocturia, in the absence of a pathologic cause. The prevalence increases with age. In adults, OAB prevalence ranges from 7% to 27% in men and 9% to 43% in women. OAB symptoms have a significant negative impact on quality of life (QoL), such as significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression, reduced general health status, and worse sleep quality.^2,3

Treatment of NB and OAB is behavioral therapy, such as bladder-training strategies, pelvic-floor physiotherapy, fluid management, and medications.⁴ The latter include antimuscarinic drugs, which block acetylcholine from binding to muscarinic receptors to reduce bladder spasms and urinary incontinence. Muscarinic receptors have five subtypes (M1-5), which are distributed in the detrusor muscle, salivary glands, gastrointestinal tract, brain, and heart.⁵ The most common side effects of antimuscarinic drugs are dry mouth (xerostomia) and constipation. Other side effects of this class of medication include tachycardia, mental confusion, and short-term memory loss.^6,7

Xerostomia is a major factor affecting patient compliance for taking antimuscarinic drugs. The complications of xerostomia can lead to speech problems, taste disorders, chewing difficulties, swallowing difficulties, and ill-fitting dentures. Consequently, these complications lead to a poor QoL and increase the risk of developing infectious oral diseases such as caries, oral mucositis, periodontitis, and oral candidiasis.^8–10 Treatment for xerostomia includes systemic therapies (eg, cholinergic agonists), topical interventions (eg, saliva stimulants (sialogogue) and saliva substitutes), and non-pharmacologic interventions (eg, acupuncture and electrostimulation).^11–13

To improve patient compliance and avoid the side effects of xerostomia, an oral sialogogue, “Oriza tablet” (OT), was developed by cross-department collaboration from Dentistry, Pharmacology, and Medicine within Mahidol University (Bangkok, Thailand) and approved by the Food and Drug Administration of Thailand. Oryza sativa L., also known as black rice, is the source of OT. This rice species contains tocopherols and anthocyanins. These compounds have several biological effects, including antioxidant properties, antineoplastic properties, and anti-inflammatory reactions. Anthocyanins from Oryza sativa L. inhibited several regulatory proteins and prevented 5-fluorouracil from activating NF-κB, resulting in antiproliferative and antimicrobial effects, including restoring healthy salivary gland cell proliferation.^14–17

Here, we investigated the efficacy of OT in improving xerostomia in patients with NB or OAB who received antimuscarinic drugs.

Methods

Participants

Patients were recruited from the outpatient Department of Urology within Ramathibodi Hospital (Bangkok, Thailand).

Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were: (i) age >18 years; (ii) diagnosed with NB or OAB; (iii) receiving antimuscarinic medications (oxybutinin, solifenacin, trospium, tolterodine, imidafenacin, flavoxate); (iv) having xerostomia.

Exclusion Criteria

The exclusion criteria were: (i) a history of radiotherapy to the head or neck; (ii) surgery of the salivary glands; (iii) suffering from Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, autoimmune disease, or infection by the hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus; (iv) had received treatment for xerostomia.

Calculation of Sample Size

The sample size was calculated using different variables from a double-blind, randomized clinical trial¹³ that met the same objective. Differences in the xerostomia score were analyzed using the two-sample means test. Using mean of 1 = 36.4, mean of 2 = 29.1, standard deviation = 7.1, alpha = 0.05, and power = 0.80, we suggested that our study needed 32 participants, who would be divided into two groups of 16. Participants underwent four-block randomization using Stata 14.1 (which is licensed to the Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics in Ramathibodi Hospital).

Ethical Approval of the Study Protocol

The study protocol was approved by Ethics Review Board of Mahidol University. The study protocol was in full compliance with international guidelines for human research, such as the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 and its later amendments, Belmont Report, Council for International Organizations and Medical Sciences guidelines, and the International Conference on Harmonization in Good Clinical Practice. All participants provided written informed consent before data collection.

Study Design

This was a prospective, single-blind, randomized clinical trial. To investigate the possible properties of “Oriza tablet” (OT), a pre-post-treatment design was used. Data were collected from June 2021 to December 2022. All participants who met the inclusion criteria provided written informed consent at the outpatient department. We randomly divided the patients into an intervention (OT) group and a placebo (control) group by using a concealed envelope. Patients sucked the medication (OT or placebo tablet) three times per day before a meal and once at bedtime (ie, four times a day). The signs and symptoms of xerostomia were assessed using the xerostomia score and stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR) after taking medicine for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, and compared to baseline data.

Tablets

Each packet of OT contained 10 tablets. The medication was prepared by Herbtec International Company in Nonthaburi, Thailand. Each OT had a size of 2 cm × 0.8 cm. Each packet had a date of manufacture and an expiration date. Both OT and placebo were comparable in size and shape.

Measurements

The primary outcome measure was the xerostomia score. The secondary outcome measures were the SSFR, adverse effects, and compliance with taking antimuscarinic drugs. The xerostomia score was calculated using a questionnaire containing eight questions about the severity of xerostomia symptoms in a scale ranging from 0 (“not troublesome”) to 10 (“most troublesome”) (Table 1).¹⁸ The xerostomia score at baseline was collected at the outpatient department concomitant with the measurement of the SSFR. The xerostomia score 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment was collected by telephone. A SSFR was “low” at values between 0.7 mL/min and 1 mL/min. We assessed the SSFR before and after treatment using the spitting method. Patients were prohibited from eating and drinking for ≥60 min before saliva collection. They chewed a paraffin cube for 30 s, then spit into a tube for 5 min, after which the saliva volume was measured. The spitting tubes were 50 mL and 15 mL in size. Participants spat into the larger tube, and then we transferred the saliva to the smaller tube for precise measurement.^19,20 The collection and measurement of saliva were made by patients under the instruction of a dental assistant before treatment at the outpatient department. After treatment, saliva collection was made by the participant at home based on an instruction note. Information was collected at the outpatient department before treatment. Post-treatment information was collected by telephone 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment. Adverse events were reported.

Table 1.

Subjective Xerostomia Questionnaires (Severity Score 0–10).

Subjective xerostomia questionnaires	Score (0-10)
Rate the difficulty you experience in speaking due to dryness (DIFSPK)
Rate the difficulty you experience in swallowing due to dryness (DIFSWL)
Rate how much saliva is in your mouth (SALMOU)
Rate the dryness of your mouth (DRYMOU)
Rate the dryness of your throat (DRYTHR)
Rate the dryness of your lips (DRYLIP)
Rate the dryness of your tongue (DRYTNG)
Rate the level of your thirst (LVLTHR)

Statistical Analyses

The Pearson chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to ascertain differences in categorical data. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was employed to find differences between two groups of continuous data. Statistical analyses were undertaken using SPSS 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Differences were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05.

Results

Characteristics of Participants at Baseline

Initially, 29 patients participated in our study. Finally, data from 28 patients were obtained. One patient withdrew before starting treatment due to contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The demographic data of patients are shown in Table 2. Nineteen patients (67.86%) were women (median age = 64 years). Twenty patients (71.43%) had OAB, and eight patients (28.57%) had NB. A single antimuscarinic drug was used in 25 patients (89.28%) and the remainder of patients used a combination of two antimuscarinic drugs.

Table 2.

Demographic Data.

Variables	All(N = 28)	Control(N = 14)	Intervention (N = 14)	P-value
Age: Median (P25, P75)	64(35,72)	67(54,74)	37.5(22,68)	0.063***
Gender: N (%)
- Male	9 (32.14)	3 (21.43)	6 (42.86)	0.225*
- Female	19 (67.86)	11 (78.57)	8 (57.14)
Diagnosis: N (%)
- OAB	20 (71.43)	14 (100.00)	6 (42.86)	0.002**
- NB	8 (28.57)	0 (0.00)	8 (57.14)
Underlying: N (%)
- Hypertension	6 (21.43)	4 (28.57)	2 (14.29)	0.648**
- Dyslipidemia	7 (25.00)	5 (35.71)	2 (14.29)	0.385**
- Diabetes mellitus	4 (14.26)	3 (21.43)	1 (7.14)	0.596**
- Coronary artery disease	2 (7.14)	2 (14.29)	0 (0.00)	0.481**
- Others	5 (17.86)	2 (14.29)	3 (21.43)	1.000**
Medicine use: N (%)
- Oxybutynin	13 (46.43)	5 (35.71)	8 (57.14)	0.256*
- Trospium	7 (25.00)	3 (21.43)	4 (28.57)	0.999**
- Tolterodine	2 (7.14)	2 (14.29)	0 (0.00)	0.481**
- Solifenacin	3 (10.71)	2 (14.29)	1 (7.14)	0.999**
- Imidafenacin & Flavoxate	1 (3.57)	1 (7.14)	0 (0.00)	0.999**
- Oxybutinin & Trospium	2 (7.14)	1 (7.14)	1 (7.14)	0.999**

*The Pearson chi-square test, **Fisher's exact test and ***The Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Xerostomia Score

There was no significant difference in the xerostomia score for all questions at baseline (Table 3). A significant decrease in the xerostomia score was noted 2 weeks after treatment regarding DRYTHR, DRYTNG, and LVLTHR (p < 0.05 for all) and 4 weeks after treatment with respect to DIFSPK, DRYMOU, DRYTHR, DRYLIP, and LVLTHR (p < 0.05 for all) compared with that in the placebo group (Table 3). Overall, the xerostomia score revealed a significant improvement in xerostomia symptoms (p < 0.05) in OT compared to placebo, with a score of 2.75 versus 4.4 at 2 weeks and 2.19 versus 4.13 at 4 weeks, respectively. (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Overall xerostomia scores.

Table 3.

Subjective Xerostomia Scores and Stimulated Salivary Flow Rate.

Variables	All (N = 28)	Control (N = 14)	Intervention (N = 14)	P-value
1. Rate the difficulty you experience in speaking due to dryness (DIFSPK)
- Baseline	3.5 (0.5,5)	4.5 (3,5)	1.5 (0,5)	0.059
- 2 weeks after treatment	4 (1,5)	5 (3,6)	1 (0,4)	0.051
- 4 weeks after treatment	2.5 (0,5)	4.5 (2,5)	0 (0,3)	0.016
2. Rate the difficulty you experience in swallowing due to dryness (DIFSWL)
- Baseline	1.0 (0,4.5)	1.5 (0,4)	1.0 (0,5)	0.925
- 2 weeks after treatment	2.0 (1,5)	2.0 (1,5)	1.5 (1,4)	0.373
- 4 weeks after treatment	2.5 (0,4.5)	3.5 (1,5)	1.0 (0,4)	0.079
3. Rate how much saliva is in your mouth (SALMOU)
- Baseline	5 (2.5,5.5)	5 (2,6)	4.5 (3,5)	0.870
- 2 weeks after treatment	4 (2,5)	4 (2,5)	4.5 (2,5)	0.914
- 4 weeks after treatment	4 (2,5)	5 (2,6)	3.5 (1,5)	0.085
4. Rate the dryness of your mouth (DRYMOU)
- Baseline	5 (4,7)	5 (4,6)	5.5 (4,8)	0.728
- 2 weeks after treatment	5 (2,5)	5 (3,6)	3.5 (2,5)	0.113
- 4 weeks after treatment	4 (2,5)	5 (3,6)	2.5 (1,4)	0.014
5. Rate the dryness of your throat (DRYTHR)
- Baseline	5.5 (3,7)	6 (4,7)	5 (2,7)	0.516
- 2 weeks after treatment	5 (3,6)	6 (5,7)	2.5 (2,5)	0.003
- 4 weeks after treatment	4.5 (3,7)	6.5 (4,8)	3 (2,5)	0.002
6. Rate the dryness of your lips(DRYLIP)
- Baseline	5.0 (3,8)	4.5 (3,8)	6 (4,8)	0.594
- 2 weeks after treatment	3 (2,6)	4 (3,7)	2.5 (1,6)	0.117
- 4 weeks after treatment	3 (1,5)	4.5 (2,8)	2 (0,5)	0.043
7. Rate the dryness of your tongue (DRYTNG)
- Baseline	3 (0.5,5)	3 (1,7)	2 (0,5)	0.529
- 2 weeks after treatment	3 (1,5)	4 (2,7)	1 (0,5)	0.047
- 4 weeks after treatment	3 (0.5,4.5)	3 (2,6)	2.5 (0,4)	0.123
8. Rate the level of your thirst(LVLTHR)
- Baseline	6.5 (5,8)	6 (5,8)	7 (5,8)	0.486
- 2 weeks after treatment	5 (4,6)	6 (4,7)	4 (2,6)	0.046
- 4 weeks after treatment	5 (3,6.5)	6 (5,8)	3.5 (2,5)	0.009
Overall scores (total 8 questions)
- Baseline	4.31 (3.13,5.63)	4.44 (3.13,5.5)	4.31 (3.13,5.75)	0.963
- 2 weeks after treatment	4.0 (2.75,5.5)	4.40 (3.25,5.63)	2.75 (1.88,4.0)	0.024
- 4 weeks after treatment	3.63 (2.19,5.13)	4.13 (3.25,6.38)	2.19 (1.25,4.13)	0.005
Stimulated salivary flow rate
- Baseline	1.13 (0.7,1.58)	1.08 (0.49,1.31)	1.21 (0.85,2.05)	0.408
- 2 weeks after treatment	1.4 (1.01,2.0)	1.2 (0.5,1.5)	2.0 (1.4,2.6)	0.018
- 4 weeks after treatment	1.35 (0.7,2.1)	1.1 (0.5,1.45)	1.85 (1.2,2.1)	0.050

SSFR

Before treatment initiation, the SSFR between the OT group and the placebo group was not significantly different. The SSFR 2 weeks and 4 weeks after using OT (intervention group) and placebo (control group) is shown in Table 3 and Figure 2. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the SSFR in OT compared with the placebo group, with an SSFR of 2 versus 1.2 at 2 weeks and 1.85 versus 1.1 at 4 weeks, respectively.

Figure 2.

Stimulated salivary flow rate (ml/min).

Adverse Events and Comments from Participants

There were no adverse effects noted. One patient complained that the tablet was too large and dissolved too slowly. One patient suggested adding flavoring to the medication. In 28 patients, the mean number of tablets remaining after completion of treatment was 8.9. No participants stopped taking antimuscarinic drugs.

Discussion

Patients with NB or OAB are typically prescribed antimuscarinic medications. Two such medications—oxybutynin and trospium—are commonly used in the urology department of Ramathobodi Hospital. Xerostomia is a primary cause of patients ceasing to take prescribed antimuscarinic drugs. A systematic review of the safety of antimuscarinic medication found the incidence of antimuscarinic-induced xerostomia to be 64.1%, which was 3.5 times greater than in the placebo groups. The same study found that the withdrawal incidence from adverse events was up to 15% and increased 1.37 times compared to the placebo.²¹

Xerostomia can lead to oral infections, taste dysfunction, problems with chewing and swallowing, speech disturbances, and poor QoL. The fewer adverse effects of topical therapy make it preferable to systemic therapy when treating xerostomia. Antimuscarinic drug-induced xerostomia is easily treatable because the patient's salivary glands are still able to produce saliva. Therefore, patients are told to suck on sialagogue tablets, which is an easy and convenient solution.

Recently, OT was approved by the Food and Drug Administration of Thailand. Our study evaluated 28 patients with NB or OAB who were experiencing antimuscarinic medication-induced xerostomia. The appropriate sample size was calculated to be N = 32 with 80% power; at N = 28, the power was calculated to be 78.2%, which is acceptable. Participants were randomly divided into an intervention group and a placebo group. Xerostomia severity was evaluated before and after treatment using a severity score and SSFR.

Continuous daily use of OT for four weeks led to an improvement in overall subjective xerostomia symptoms and saliva production (p < 0.05). Longer use (two weeks and four weeks) of antimuscarinic medications was found to lead to improvements in lip dryness and speaking difficulty. An SSFR of 0.7–1.0 mL/min was considered low, and the SSFR of all patients at baseline was 1.13 mL/min, which is within the normal range. After treatment, improvements in saliva production were observed, which correlated with improvements in xerostomia symptoms. All patients took the medication four times a day. After completion of the study, the average number of remaining tablets was 8.9, suggesting a need for studies on the optimal daily dose (eg, three times per day or as needed) for improved patient satisfaction. No participant stopped taking antimuscarinic drugs in either group. Studies examining a longer duration of treatment (eg, 6 or 12 months) may reveal trends in NB or OAB patients’ treatment compliance.

Plenty of evidence confirms that xerostomia negatively affects QoL.^8–10 The results of our study follow those obtained by Gomez-Moreno et al^12,13 and Niklander et al²² using 1% magic acid spray as a sialogogue in elderly and antidepressant-induced xerostomia, which demonstrated improvement of xerostomia symptoms and increased salivary flow rate. Also, the studies by Dalodom et al¹⁹ and Femiano et al²³ using salivary substitution obtained the same positive outcomes.

Our study has three main limitations. First, Thailand experienced an uncontrolled resurgent outbreak of COVID-19 in April 2021, with 1000 + new cases per day. The government's policies of curfew and lockdown, and improvements in telemedicine, caused the number of patients with NB or OAB visiting the outpatient department of our hospital to decrease, so our study cohort was small. Second, time constraints on follow-up care prevented determination of the long-term outcomes of patient compliance with antimuscarinic drug treatment. The third limitation concerns the method of data collection; we planned to collect post-treatment data in the outpatient department, but, due to COVID-19, these data had to be collected by telephone.

Conclusions

Continuous daily use of OT for 4 weeks reduced xerostomia symptoms and increased saliva production in patients suffering from NB or OAB who received antimuscarinic medications.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to all study participants. We thank Ms. Wirunchana Thiapthaisong for research assistance, Ms. Kornkanok Somboonpun for statistical analyses, and Ms. Malinee Rungsawang for editing the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Faculty of Medicine, Ramathobodi Hospital and Faculty of Dentistry at Mahidol University, Thailand.

Ethical Approval

Ethical approval to report this case was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University (COA. MURA2020/1770).

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors whose names are listed immediately below certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

ORCID iDs

Surawach Piyawannarat

Salunya Tancharoen

Statements and Declarations

The authors formally declare that the content of this paper is the original work of themselves. It has not been published previously in any media including journals, conferences, or websites.

Surawach Piyawannarat: Methodology, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation and writing manuscript.

Pokket Sirisreetreelux: Data collection and analysis.

Wattanachai Rattapornsompong: Data collection and analysis.

Salunya Tancharoen: Project administration and manuscript revision.

Wit Viseshsindh: Conceptualization, project administration and manuscript revision.

Statement of Human and Animal Rights

All procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with the Human Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University (COA. MURA2020/1770) approved protocols

Statement of Informed Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient(s) for their anonymized information to be published in this article.

References

Manack

Motsko

Haag-Molkenteller

, et al. Epidemiology and healthcare utilization of neurogenic bladder patients in a US claims database. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(3):395-401.

Gormley

Lightner

Faraday

Vasavada

. Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment. J Urol. 2015;193(5):1572-1580.

Hsu

Weeks

Selph

Blazina

Holmes

McDonagh

. Updating the evidence on drugs to treat overactive bladder: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J. 2019;30(10):1603-1617.

Cameron

. Medical management of neurogenic bladder with oral therapy. Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(1):51-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.12.07

Hegde

Eglen

. Muscarinic receptor subtypes modulating smooth muscle contractility in the urinary bladder. Life Sci. 1999;64(6-7):419-428. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00581-5

Macdiarmid

. Concomitant medications and possible side effects of antimuscarinic agents. Rev Urol. 2008;10(2):92-98.

Cetinel

Onal

Gultekin

Guzelsoy

Turegun

Dincer

. Which antimuscarinic agents used in the treatment of overactive bladder increase heart rate? A prospective randomized clinical trial. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019;51(3):417-424.

Suh

Lee

Chung

Kim

Kho

. Relationship between salivary flow rate and clinical symptoms and behaviours in patients with dry mouth. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34(10):739-744. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01712.x

Turner

Ship

. Dry mouth and its effects on the oral health of elderly people. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138 Suppl:15S-20S. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0358. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(3):252-253.

10.

Niklander

Veas

Barrera

Fuentes

Chiappini

Marshall

. Risk factors, hyposalivation and impact of xerostomia on oral health-related quality of life. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31:e14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2017.vol31.0014

11.

Martin-Piedra

Aguilar-Salvatierra

Herrera

Gomez-Moreno

. Effectiveness of a recent topical sialogogue in the management of drug-induced xerostomia. J Clin Exp Dent. 2011;3(4):e268-e273. doi: https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.3.e268

12.

Gomez-Moreno

Aguilar-Salvatierra

Guardia

, et al. The efficacy of a topical sialogogue spray containing 1% malic acid in patients with antidepressant-induced dry mouth: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(2):137-142. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22017

13.

Gomez-Moreno

Cabrera-Ayala

Aguilar-Salvatierra

, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a topical sialogogue spray containing malic acid 1% in elderly people with xerostomia: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Gerodontology. 2014;31(4):274-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ger.12034

14.

Lin

Gong

Song

Cui

. Effects of anthocyanins on the prevention and treatment of cancer. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(11):1226-1243. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13627

15.

Nizamutdinova

Chung

Shin

, et al. Anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats stimulate wound healing in fibroblasts and keratinocytes and prevent inflammation in endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47(11):2806-2812. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.016

16.

Karlsen

Laake

Paur

Bøhn

Sandvik

Blomhoff

. Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B activation in monocytes and reduce plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy adults. J Nutr. 2007;137(8):1951-1954. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.8.1951

17.

Tancharoen

Shakya

Narkpinit

Dararat

Kikuchi

. Anthocyanins extracted from Oryza Sativa l. Prevent fluorouracil-induced nuclear factor-κB activation in oral mucositis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(10):2981.

18.

Pai

Ghezzi

Ship

. Development of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for subjective assessment of salivary dysfunction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91(3):311-e316.

19.

Dalodom

Lam-Ubol

Jeanmaneechotechai

, et al. Influence of oral moisturizing jelly as a saliva substitute for the relief of xerostomia in elderly patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Geriatr Nurs. 2016;37(2):101-109.

20.

Femiano

Rullo

di Spirito

Lanza

Festa

Cirillo

. A comparison of salivary substitutes versus a natural sialogogue (citric acid) in patients complaining of dry mouth as an adverse drug reaction: a clinical, randomized controlled study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112(1):e15-e20.

21.

Stoniute

Madhuvrata

Still

Barron-Millar

Nabi

Omar

. Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 May 9;5(5):CD003781.

22.

Niklander

Fuentes

Sanchez

, et al. Impact of 1% malic acid spray on the oral health-related quality of life of patients with xerostomia. J Oral Sci. 2018;60(2):278-284.

23.

Femiano

Rullo

di Spirito

Lanza

Festa

Cirillo

Use of the Oral Sialogogue “Oriza Tablet” in Reducing Drug-Induced Xerostomia in Patients with Overactive Bladder or Neurogenic Bladder: Randomized Clinical Study

Abstract

Purpose

Material and methods

Objective

Results

Conclusion

Clinical trial registration

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Participants

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

Calculation of Sample Size

Ethical Approval of the Study Protocol

Study Design

Tablets

Measurements

Statistical Analyses

Results

Characteristics of Participants at Baseline

Xerostomia Score

SSFR

Adverse Events and Comments from Participants

Discussion

Conclusions

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Funding

Ethical Approval

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

ORCID iDs

Statements and Declarations

Statement of Human and Animal Rights

Statement of Informed Consent

References