Synthetic pigments have been widely used in various applications since the 1980s. However, the hyperallergenicity or carcinogenicity effects of synthetic dyes have led to the increased research on natural pigments. Among the natural resources, bacterial pigments are a good alternative to synthetic pigments because of their significant properties. Bacterial pigments are also one of the emerging fields of research since it offers promising opportunities for different applications. Besides its use as safe coloring agents in the cosmetic and food industry, bacterial pigments also possess biological properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anticancer activities. This review article highlights the various types of bacterial pigments, the latest studies on the discovery of bacterial pigments and the therapeutic insights of these bacterial pigments which hopefully provides useful information, guidance and improvement in future study.
DownhamA., CollinsP. (2000) Colouring our foods in the last and next millennium. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 35, 5–22.
2.
Narsing RaoM.P., XiaoM., LiW.J. (2017) Fungal and bacterial pigments: secondary metabolites with wide applications. Frontier of Microbiology, 8, 1113.
3.
McCannD., BarretA., CooperA., CrumplerD., DalenL., GrimshawK., KitchinE., LokK., PorteousL., PrinceE., Sonuga-BarkeE., WarnerJ.O., StevensonJ. (2007) Food additive and hyperactive behaviour in 3-years-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 370, 1560–1567.
4.
SubaK.P., StalinA., GirijaA.S., RaguramanR. (2013) Homology modelling and docking analysis of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens.Biotechnology, 55, 12897–12902.
5.
RavikumarS., UmaG., GokulakrishnanR. (2016) Antibacterial property of Halobacterial carotenoids against human bacterial pathogens. Journal of Scientific & Industrial (India), 75, 253–257.
6.
SamantaA.K., ChaudhuriS., DuttaD. (2016) Antioxidant efficacy of carotenoids extract from bacterial strain Kocuria marina DAGII. Materials Today: Proceedings, 3, 3427–3433.
7.
AfraS., MakhdoumiA., MatinM.M., FeizyJ. (2017) A novel red pigment from marine Arthrobacter sp. G20 with specific anticancer activity. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 123, 1228–1236.
8.
ManikprabhuD., LingappaK. (2013) γ Actinorhodin a natural and attorney source for synthetic dye to detect acid production of fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20, 163–168.
9.
VenilC.K., AruldassC.A., DufosséL., ZakariaZ.A., AhmadW.A. (2014) Current perspective on bacterial pigments: emerging sustainable compounds with colouring and biological properties for the industry- an incisive evaluation. RSC Advances, 4, 39523–39529.
10.
VenilC.K., ZakariaZ.A., AhmadW.A. (2013) Bacterial pigments and their applications. Process Biochemistry, 48, 1065–1079.
11.
FranksA., HaywoodP., HolmströmC., EganS., KjellebergS., KumarN. (2005) Isolation and structure elucidation of a novel yellow pigment from marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata.Molecules, 10, 1286–1291.
12.
AskerD., BeppuT., UedaK. (2008) Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp., a zeaxanthin-producing bacterium of the family Sphingobacteriaceae isolated from freshwater. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 601–606.
13.
RashidM.M., FakruddinM., MazumdarR.M., KanizF., ChowdhuryA. (2014) Anti-bacterial activity of pigments isolated from pigment-forming soil bacteria. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4, 880–894.
14.
SamyukthaS., MahajanS.N. (2016) Isolation and identification of pigment producing bacteria and characterization of extracted pigments. International Journal of Applied Research, 2, 657–664.
15.
LiuM., PengF., WangY., ZhangK., ChenG., FangC. (2009) Kineococcus xinjiangensis sp. nov., isolated from desert sand. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59(Pt 5), 1090–1093.
16.
AskerD., OhtaY. (1999) Production of canthaxanthin by extremely halophilic bacteria. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 88(6), 617–621.
17.
NakamuraY., AsadaC., SawadaT. (2003) Production of antibacterial violet pigment by psychotropic bacterium RT102 strain. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 8, 37–40.
18.
MalikK., TokasJ., AnandR.C. (2016) Characterization and cytotoxicity assay of pigment producing microbes. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 5, 370–376.
19.
DengZ.S., ZhaoL.F., XuL., KongZ.Y., ZhaoP., QinW., ChangJ.L., WeiG.H. (2011) Paracoccus sphaerophysae sp. nov., a siderophore-producing, endophytic bacterium isolated from root nodules of Sphaerophysa salsula.International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 61(Pt 3), 665–669.
20.
BoontosaengT., NimratS., VuthiphandchaiV. (2016) Pigment production of bacteria isolated from dried seafood and capability to inhibit microbial pathogens. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 10, 30–34.
21.
LinY.B., WangX.Y., FangH., MaY.N., TangJ., TangM., WeiG.H. (2012) Streptomyces shaanxiensis sp. nov., a blue pigment-producing streptomycete from sewage irrigation soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 62(Pt 8), 1726–1730.
22.
DarshanN., ManonmaniH.K. (2015) Prodigiosin and its potential applications. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52, 5393–5407.
23.
DemainA.L., (1998) Induction of microbial secondary metabolism. International Microbiology, 1(4), 259–264.
24.
WadaN., SakamotoT., MatsugoS. (2013) Multiple roles of photosynthetic and sunscreen pigments in Cyanobacteria focusing on the oxidative stress. Metabolites, 3, 463–483.
25.
SureshM., RenugadeviB., BrammavidhyaS., IyapparajP., AnantharamanP. (2015) Antibacterial activity of red pigment produced by Halolactibacillus alkaliphilus MSRD1- an isolate from seaweed. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 176, 185–195.
26.
van DuinD., CasadevallA., NosanchukJ.D. (2002) Melanization of Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum reduces their susceptibilities to amphotericin B and caspofungin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46, 3394–3400.
27.
ChatfieldC.H., CianciottoN.P. (2007) The secreted pyomelanin pigment of Legionella pneumophila confers ferric reductase activity. Infection and Immunity, 75, 4062–4070.
28.
ChewA.G., BryantD.A. (2007) Chlorophyll biosynthesis in bacteria: the origins of structural and functional diversity. Annual Review of Microbiology, 61, 113–129.
29.
FrengovaG., BeshkovaD.J. (2009) Carotenoids from Rhodotorula and Phaffia: yeasts of biotechnological importance. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 36, 163–180.
30.
DieserM., GreenwoodM., ForemanC.M. (2010) Carotenoid pigmentation in Antarctic heterotrophic bacteria as a strategy to withstand environmental stresses. Arctic Antarctica and Alpine Research, 42, 396–405.
31.
CooneyJ.J., MarksH.W., SmithA.M. (1966) Isolation and identification of canthaxanthin from Micrococcus roseus.Journal of Bacteriology, 92, 342–345.
32.
SchwartzelE.H., CooneyJ.J. (1970) Isolation and identification of echinenone from Micrococcus roseus.Journal of Bacteriology, 104, 272–274.
33.
Rodríguez-SáizM., de la FuenteJ.L., BarredoJ.L. (2010) Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous for the industrial production of astaxanthin. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 88, 645–658.
34.
SongY., LiuC.I., LinF.Y., NoJ.H., HenslerM., LiuY.L., JengW.Y., LowJ., LiuG.Y., NizetV., WangA.H., OldfieldE. (2009) Inhibition of staphyloxanthin virulence factor biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro, in vivo, and crystallographic results. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 52, 3869–3880.
35.
RajagopalL., SundariC.S., BalasubramaniamD., SontiR.V. (1997) The bacterial pigment xanthomonadin offers protection against photodamage. FEBS Letters, 415, 125–128.
36.
KimS.K. (2013) Marine Biomaterials: Characterization, isolation and applications.CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
37.
SchönerT.A., FuchsS.W., SchönauC., BodeH.B. (2014) Initiation of the flexirubin biosynthesis in Chitinophaga pinensis.Microbial Biotechnology, 7, 232–241.
38.
BogerD.L., PatelM. (1987) Total synthesis of prodigiosin. Tetrahedron Letters, 28, 2499–2502.
39.
de AraújoH.W., FukushimaK., Campos TakakiG.M. (2010) Prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 using renewable-resources as a low-cost substrate. Molecules, 15, 6931–6940.
40.
HarrisA.K., WilliamsonN.R., SlaterH., CoxA., AbbasiS., FouldsI., SimonsenH.T., LeeperF.J., SalmondG.P. (2004) The Serratia gene cluster encoding biosynthesis of the red antibiotic, prodigiosin, shows species- and strain-dependent genome context variation. Microbiology, 150(Pt 11), 3547–3560.
41.
TaranginiK., MishraS. (2014) Production of melanin by soil microbial isolate on fruit waste extract: two step optimizations of key parameters. Biotechnology Reports, 4, 139–146.
42.
SolanoF., GarciaE., de EgeaE.P., Sanchez-AmatA. (1997) Isolation and characterization of strain MMB-1 (CECT 4803), a novel melanogenic marine bacterium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 3499–3506.
43.
CoyneV.E., al-HarthiL. (1992) Induction of melanin biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae.Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 2861–2865.
44.
ValeruS.P., RompikuntalP.K., IshikawaT., VaitkeviciusK., SjölingA., DolganovN., ZhuJ., SchoolnikG., WaiS.N. (2009) Role of melanin pigment in expression of Vibrio cholerae virulence factors. Infection & Immunity, 77, 935–942.
45.
NoorianP., HuJ., ChenZ., KjellebergS., WilkinsM.R., SunS., McDougaldD. (2017) Pyomelanin produced by Vibrio cholerae confers resistance to predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii.FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 93, fix147.
46.
ZerradA., AnissiJ., GhanamJ., SendideK., El HassouniM. (2014) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of melanin produced by a Pseudomonas balearica strain. Journal of Biotechnology Letters, 5, 87–94.
47.
NosanchukJ.D., CasadevallA. (2003) The contribution of melanin to microbial pathogenesis. Cell. Microbiology, 5, 203–233.
48.
TabordaC.P., da SilvaM.B., NosanchukJ.D., TravassosL.R. (2008) Melanin as a virulence factor of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and other dimorphic pathogenic fungi: a minireview. Mycopathologia, 165, 331–339.
49.
SolanoF. (2014) Melanin: skin pigments and much more-types, structural models, biological functions, and formation routes. New Journal of Science, Article ID 498276.
50.
DuránN., ErazoS., CamposV. (1953) Bacterial chemistry-II: antimicrobial photoproduct from pigment of Chromobacterium violaceum.The Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias, 55, 231–234
51.
BurtS.A., Ojo-FakunleV.T.A., WoertmanJ., VeldhuizenE.J.A. (2014) The natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum and reduces bacteria formation at sub-lethal concentrations. PLoS ONE, 9, e93414.
52.
FüllerJ.J., RöpkeR., KrauszeJ., RennhackK.E., DanielN.P., BlankenfeldtW., SchulzS., JahnD., MoserJ. (2016) Biosynthesis of violacein: structure and Function of L-Tryptophan Oxidase VioA from Chromobacterium violaceum.Journal of Biological Chemistry, 291, 20068–20084.
53.
LuY., WangL., XueY., ZhangC., XingX.H., LouK., ZhangZ., LiY., ZhangG., BiJ., SuZ. (2009) Production of violet pigment by a newly isolated psychrotrophic bacterium from a glacier in Xinjiang, China. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 43, 135–141.
54.
Ambrožič AvguštinJ., Žgur BertokD., KostanjšekR., AvguštinG. (2013) Isolation and characterization of a novel violacein-like pigment producing psychrotrophic bacterial species Janthinobacterium svalbardensis sp. nov. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 103, 763–769.
55.
YangL.H., XiongH., LeeO.O., QiS.H., QianP.Y. (2007) Effect of agitation on violacein production in Pseudoalteromonas luteovolacea isolated from marine sponge. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 44, 625–630.
56.
YadaS., WangY., ZouY., NagasakiK., HosokawaK., OsakaI., ArakawaR., EnomotoK. (2008) Isolation and characterization of two groups of novel marine bacteria producing violacein. Marine Biotechnology, 10, 128–132.
57.
LiW.J., ZhangY.Q., ParkD.J., LiC.T., XuL.H., KimC.J., JiangC.L. (2004) Duganella violaceinigra sp. nov., a novel mesophilic bacterium isolated from forest soil. International Journals of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54(Pt 5), 1811–1814.
58.
ArandaS., Montes-BorregoM., LandaB.B. (2011) Purple-pigmented violacein-producing Duganella spp. inhabit the rhizosphere of wild and cultivated olives in Southern Spain. Microbial Ecology, 62, 446–459.
59.
HakvågS., FjærvikE., KlinkenbergG., BorgosS.E.F., JosefsenK.D., EllingsenT.E., ZotchevS.B. (2009) Violacein-producing Collimonas sp. from the sea surface microlayer of coastal waters in Trøndelag, Norway. Marine Drugs, 7, 576–588.
60.
El-FoulyM.Z., SharafA.M., ShahinA.A.M., El-BialyH.A., OmaraA.M.A. (2015) Biosynthesis of pyocyanin pigment by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 8, 36–48.
61.
NormanR.S., MoellerP., Mc DonaldT.J., MorrisP.J. (2004) Effect of pyocyanin on a crude-oil-degrading microbial community. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 4004–4011.
62.
ParsonsJ.F., GreenhagenB.T., ShiK., CalabreseK., RobinsonH., LadnerJ.E. (2007) Structural and functional analysis of the pyocyanin biosynthetic protein PhzM from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Biochemistry, 46, 1821–1828.
63.
YoneyamaH., KatsumataR. (2006) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria and its future for novel antibiotic development. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 70, 1060–1075.
LapendaJ.C., SilvaP.A., VicalviM.C., SenaK.X., NascimentoS.C. (2015) Antimicrobial activity of prodigiosin isolated from Serratia marcescens UFPEDA 398. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 31, 399–406.
69.
IbrahimA. (2008) Production of carotenoids by a newly isolated marine Micrococcus sp. Biotechnology, 7, 469–474.
70.
SuryawanshiR.K., PatilC.D., KoliS.H., HallsworthJ.E., PatilS.V. (2017) Antimicrobial activity of prodigiosin is attributable to plasma-membrane damage. Natural Product Research, 31, 572–577.
71.
NwankwoI.U., ItamanV.O., ChidiebereO.L., NwachukwuM.P. (2017) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of prodigiosin produced from Serratia marcescens against some pathogenic bacteria. Futo Journal Series, 3, 93–102.
72.
StankovicN., RadulovicV., PetkovicM., VuckovicI., JadraninM., VasiljevicB., Nikodinovic-RunicJ. (2012) Streptomyces sp. JS520 produces exceptionally high quantities of undecylprodigiosin with antibacterial, antioxidative, and UV-protective properties. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 96, 1217–1231.
73.
GulaniC., BhattacharyaS., DasA. (2012) Assessment of process parameters influencing the enhanced production of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens and evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant and dyeing potentials. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 8, 116–122.
VasanthabharathiV., LakshminarayananR., JayalakhshmiS. (2011) Melanin production from marine Streptomyces.African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 11224–11234.
76.
BatistaJ.H., da Silva NetoJ.F. (2017) Chromobacterium violaceum pathogenicity: updates and insights from genome sequencing of novel Chromobacterium species. Frontier of Microbiology, 8, 2213.
77.
DodouH.V., de Morais BatistaA.H., SalesG.W.P., de MedeirosS.C., RodriguesM.L., NogueiraP.C.N., SilveiraE.R., NogueiraN.A.P. (2017) Violacein antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus epidermidis and synergistic effect on commercially available antibiotics. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 123, 853–860.
78.
de SouzaA.O., AilyD.C.G., SatoD.N., DúranN. (1999) Atividade da violaceina in vitro sobre o Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RA. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 8, 59–62.
79.
MojibN., PhilpottR., HuangJ.P., NiederweisM., BejA.K. (2010) Antimycobacterial activity in vitro of pigment isolated from Antartica bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 98, 531–540.
80.
SubramaniamS., RaviV., SivasubramanianA. (2014) Synergistic antimicrobial profiling of violacein with commercial antibiotics against pathogenic micro-organisms. Pharmaceutical Biology, 52, 86–90.
81.
ImH., ChoiS.Y., SonS., MitchellR.J. (2017) Combined application of bacterial predation and violacein to kill polymicrobial pathogenic communities. Scientific Reports, 7, 14415.
82.
MohammedT.A., AlmahdeM.A.M. (2017) Antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin for inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract pathogens. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 4, 1–9.
83.
El-ShounyW.A., Al-BaidaniA.R.H., HamzaW.T. (2011) Antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from surgical wound-infections. International Journal of Medical Science, 1, 1–7.
84.
FooJ., MichorF. (2014) Evolution of acquired resistance to anti-cancer therapy. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 355, 10–20.
85.
RezaeeyanZ., SafarpourA., AmoozegarM.A., BabavalianH., TebyanianH., ShakeriF. (2017) High carotenoids production by a halotolerant bacterium, Kocuria sp. strain QWT-12 and anticancer activity of its carotenoids. EXCLI Journal, 16, 840–851.
86.
SikkandarS., MuruganK., Al-SohaibaniS., RayappanF., NairA., TiltonF. (2013) Halophilic bacteria-A potent source of carotenoids with antioxidant and anticancer potentials. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 7, 2825–2830.
87.
PrashanthiK., SuryanS., VaralakshmiK.N. (2015) In vitro anticancer property of yellow pigment from Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus JUACT 01. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 58, 869–876.
88.
MaheswarappaG., KavithaD., VijayaraniK., KumananK. (2013) Prodigiosin as anticancer drug produced from bacteria of termite gut. Indian Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Research, 3, 257–266.
89.
WangY., NakajimaA., HosokawaK., SolievA.B., OsakaI., ArakawaR., EnomotoK. (2012) Cytotoxic prodigiosin family pigments from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 1020R isolated from the Pacific coast of Japan. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 76, 1229–1232.
90.
PichaP., KaleD., DaveI., PardeshiS. (2015) Comparative studies on prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens using various crude fatty acid sources- its characterization and application. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2, 254–267.
91.
ChengM.F., LinC.S., ChenY.H., SungP.J., LinS.R., TingY.W., WengC.F. (2017) Inhibitory growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma cancer via bacterial prodigiosin. Marine Drugs, 15, 224.
92.
LlagosteraE., Soto-CerratoV., MontanerB., Pérez-Tomás. (2006) Prodigiosin induces apoptosis by acting on mitochondria in human lung cancer cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1010, 178–181.
93.
ChiuW.J., LinS.R., ChenY.H., TsaiM.J., LeongM.K., WengC.F. (2018) Prodigiosin-emerged PI3K/Beclin-1-independent pathway elicits autophagic cell death in Doxorubin-sensitive and -resistant lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7, 321.
94.
YamamotoC., TakemotoH., KunoK., YamamotoD., TsuburaA., KamataK., HirataH., YamamotoA., KanoH., SekiT., InoueK. (1999) Cycloprodigiosin hydrochloride, a new H(+)/Cl(-) symporter, induces apoptosis in human and rat hepatocellular cancer cell lines in vitro and inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Hepatology, 30, 894–902.
95.
HoT.F., PengY.T., ChuangS.M., LinS.C., FengB.L., LuC.H., YuW.J., ChangJ.S., ChangC.C. (2009) Prodigiosin down-regulates survivin to facilitate paclitaxel sensitization in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 235, 253–260.
96.
LinS.R., WengC.F. (2018) PG-priming enhances doxorubin influx to trigger necrotic and autophagic cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7, 375.
97.
El-NaggarN.E.A., El-EwasyS.M. (2017) Bioproduction, characterization, anticancer and antioxidant activities of extracellular melanin pigment produced by newly isolated microbial cell factories Streptomyces glaucescens NEAE-H. Scientific Report, 7, 42129.
98.
SivaperumalP., KamalaK., RajaramR. (2015) Bioactive DOPA melanin isolated and characterized from a marine actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. MVCS6 from Versova coast. Natural Product Research, 29, 2117–2121.
99.
MeloP.S., MariaS.S., de Campos VidalB., HaunM., DuránN. (2000) Violacein cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in V79 cells. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology, 36, 5395–43.
100.
MeloP.S., JustoG.Z., de AzevedoM.B., DuranN., HaunM. (2003) Violacein and its beta-cyclodextrin complexes induce apoptosis and differentiation in HL60 cells. Toxicology, 186, 217–225.
101.
FerreiraC.V., BosC.L., VersteegH.H., JustoG.Z., DuránN. (2004) Molecular mechanism of violacein-mediated human leukemia cell death. Blood, 104, 14591–464.
102.
de CarvalhoD.D., CostaF.T.M., DuranN., HaunM. (2006) Cytotoxic activity of violacein in human colon cancer cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 20, 1514–1521.
103.
KodachL.L., BosC.L., DuránN., PeppelenboschM.P., FerreiraC.V., HardwickJ.C. (2017) Violacein synergistically increases 5-fluoro-uracil cytotoxicity, induces apoptosis and inhibits Akt-mediated signal transduction in human colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis, 27, 508–516.
104.
AlshatwiA.A., Subash-BabuP., AntonisamyP. (2016) Violacein induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through up regulation of BAX, p53 and down regulation of MDM2. Experimental and Toxicology Pathology, 68, 89–97.
105.
BrombergN., DreyfussJ.L., RegatieriC.V., PalladinoM.V., DuránN., NaderH.B., HaunM., JustoG.Z. (2010) Growth inhibition and pro-apoptotic activity of violacein in Ehrlich ascites tumor. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 186, 43–52.
106.
ZhaoJ., WuY., AlfredA.T., WeiP., YangS. (2014) Anticancer effects of pyocyanin on HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Letters of Applied Microbiology, 58, 541–548.
107.
HassaniH.H., HasanH.M., Al-SaadiA., AliA.M., MuhammadM.H. (2012) A comparative study on cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of pyocyanin produced by wild type and mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2, 1389–1394.
108.
VipinC., AshwiniP., KavyaA.V., RekhaP.D. (2017) Overproduction of pyocyanin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by supplementation of pathway precursor shikimic acid and evaluation of its activity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10, 533–536.
109.
PhaniendraA., JestadiD.B., PeriyasamyL. (2015) Free radicals; properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30, 11–26.
110.
LoboV., PatilA., PhatakA., ChandraN. (2010) Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4, 118–126.
111.
AnbudhasanP., SurendrarajA., KarkuzhaliS., SathishkumaranP. (2012) Natural antioxidants and its benefits. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 3, 225–232.
112.
AhmedN., SinghJ., Mudasir, MalikA., KourH., GuptaP., ChauhanH. (2013) Naturally occurring preservatives in food and their role in food preservation. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4, 22–30.
113.
Correa-LlanténD.N., AmenabarM.J., BlameyJ.M. (2012) Antioxidant capacity of novel pigments from an Antarctic bacterium. The Journal of Microbiology, 50, 374–379.
114.
ClauditzA., ReschA., WielandK.P., PeschelA., GötzF. (2006) Staphyloxanthin plays a role in the fitness of Staphylococcus aureus and its ability to cope with oxidative stress. Infection and Immunity, 74, 4950–4953.
115.
PrabhuS., RekhaP.D., YoungC.C., HameedA., LinS.Y., ArunA.B. (2013) Zeaxanthin production by novel marine isolates from coastal sand of India and its antioxidant properties. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 171, 817–831.
116.
ShindoK., MisawaN. (2014) New and rare carotenoids isolated from marine bacteria and their antioxidant activities. Marine Drugs, 12, 1690–1698.
117.
HuangH.C., ChiuS.H., KeH.J., ChiuS.W., WuS.Y., ChangT.M. (2011) Antimelanogenic and antioxidant activities of Bifidobacterium infantis.African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5, 3150–3156.
118.
KeithK.E., KillipL., HeP.Q., MoranG.R., ValvanoM.A. (2007) Burkholderia cenocepacia C5424 produces a pigment with antioxidant properties using a homogentisate intermediate. Journal of Bacteriology, 189, 9057–9065.
119.
AntonisamyP., IgnacimuthuS. (2010) Immunomodulatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of violacein isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum.Phytomedicine, 17, 300–304.
120.
MojabF. (2012) Antimalarial natural products: a review. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 2, 52–62.
121.
WoodrowC.J., WhiteN.J. (2017) The clinical impact of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia and the potential for future spread. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 41, 34–48.
122.
KimH.S., HayashiM., ShibataY., WatayaY., MitamuraT., HoriiT., KawauchiK., HirataH., TsuboiS., MoriyamaY. (1999) Cycloprodigiosin hydrochloride obtained from Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans is a potent antimalarial agent. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22, 532–534
123.
LopesS.C.P., BlancoY.C., JustoG.Z., NogueiraP.A., RodriguesF.L.S., GoelnitzU., WunderlichG., FacchiniG., BrocchiM., DuranN., CostaF.T. (2009) Violacein extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum inhibits plasmodium growth in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53, 2149–2152.
124.
Andrighetti-FröhnerC.R., AntonioR.V., Creczynski-PasaT.B., BarardiC.R.M., SimõesC.M.O. (2003) Cytotoxicity and potential antiviral evaluation of violacein produced by Chromobacterium violaceum.The Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 843–848.
125.
MayG., BrummerB., OttH. (1991) Treatment of prophylaxis of polio and herpes virus infections comprises admin of of 3-(1, 2-dihydro-5-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-3H-pyrrole-3-ylidene)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one. Ger OffenDE. 3935066, 25 April.
