Mushrooms have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Today, their therapeutic value is scientifically studied and appreciated. Research indicates that polypores - a large group of fungi of the phylum Basdiomycota - exhibit antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-atherogenic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Phellinus igniarius, a polypore mushroom, is one of the most used in traditional Asian medicine. Its potent anticancer activity has been repeatedly reported. In the past two decades, numerous pharmacologically active metabolites have been isolated and identified from P. igniarius. Among the large number of compounds, the most active group are polysaccharides. They modulate immune responses and inhibit tumor growth.
WasserSP. (2010) Medicinal mushroom science: history, current status, future trends, and unsolved problems. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 12, 1–16.
3.
ZjawionyJK. (2004) Biologically active compounds from Aphyllophorales (polypore) fungi. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 300–310.
4.
IkekawaT, UeharaN, MaedaY, NakanishiM, FukuokaF. (1969) Antitumor activity of aqueous extracts of edible mushrooms. Cancer Research, 29, 734–735.
5.
ChiharaG, MaedaY, HamuroJ, SasakiT, FukuokaF. (1969) Inhibition of mouse sarcoma 180 by polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. Nature, 222, 687–688.
6.
ZakanyJ, ChiharaG, FachetJ.(1980) Effect of lentinan on tumor growth in murine allogeneic and syngeneic hosts. International Journal of Cancer, 25, 371–376
7.
ZakanyJ, ChiharaG, FachetJ. (1980) Effect of lentinan on the production of migration inhibitory factor induced by syngeneic tumor in mice. International Journal of Cancer, 26, 783–788.
8.
RenG, ZhouC-X, XiaoCQ, LiLD, FuCX., (2008) Progress on antineoplastic constituents derived from polypore fungi. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 33, 1377–1380
9.
Sułkowska-ZiajaK, MuszyńskaB, KońskaG. (2005) Biologically active compounds of fungal origin displaying antitumor activity. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 62, 153–159.
10.
GrienkeU, ZöllM, PeintnerU, RollingerJM. (2014) European medicinal polypores - a modern view on traditional uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154, 564–583.
11.
KladarNV, GavarićNS, BožinBN.(2015) Ganoderma: insights into anticancer effects. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, Published ahead-of-print, August 27, 2015;
12.
GlamočlijJ, ĆirićJA, NikolićM, FernandesA, BarrosL, CalhelhaRC, FerreiraIC, SokovićM, van GriensvenLJ. (2015) Chemical characterization and biological activity of Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), a medicinal “mushroom”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 162, 323–332
13.
MaL, ChenH, DongP, LuX. (2013) Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of extracts and compounds from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus. Food Chemistry, 139, 503–508.
14.
HurJM, YangC-H, HanSH, LeeSH, YouYO, ParkJC, KimKJ., (2004) Antibacterial effect of Phellinus linteus against methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fitoterapia, 75, 602–605
15.
KalyoncuF, OskayM, SağlamH, ErdoğanTF, TamerAU. (2010) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of mycelia of 10 wild mushroom species. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13, 415–419.
16.
DreschP, D'AguannoMN, RosamK, GrienkeU, RollingerJM, PeintnerU. (2015) Fungal strain matters: colony growth and bioactivity of the European medicinal polypores Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola and Piptoporus betulinus. AMB Express, 5, 4.
17.
el-MekkawyS, MeselhyMR, NakamuraN, TezukaY, HattoriM, KakiuchiN, ShimotohnoK, KawahataT, OtakeT. (1998) Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry, 49, 1651–1657
18.
BrandtCR, PirainoF. (2000) Mushroom antivirals. Recent Research Development Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 4, 11–26.
19.
SanoM, YoshinoK, MatsuzawaT, IkekawaT. (2002) Inhibitory effects of edible higher basidiomycetes mushroom extracts on mouse type IV allergy. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 4, 37–41.
20.
AjithTA, JanardhananKK. Cytotoxic and antitumor activities of a polypore macrofungus, Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat. (2003)Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84, 157–162.
21.
AdachiY, SuzukiY, JinushiT, YadomaeT, OhnoN. (2002) Th1-oriented immunomodulating activity of gel-forming fungal (1-3)-beta-glucans. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 4, 95–109.
22.
NohJR, LeeIK, KimYH, GangGT, HwangJH, LySY, YunBS, LeeCH. (2011) Antiatherogenic effect of antioxidant polyphenols from Phellinus baumii in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Annals for Nutrition and Metabolism, 59, 145–153.
23.
GaoY, LanJ, DaiX, YeJ, ZhouS.S. (2004) A phase I/II study of ling zhi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetidae) extract in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 6, 33–39.
24.
WangMY, LiuQ, CheQM, LinZB. (2002) Effects of total triterpenoids extract from Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst. (Reishi Mushroom) on experimental liver injury models induced by carbon tetrachloride or D-galactosamine in mice. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 4, 337–342.
25.
KirkPM. (2016) Species Fungorum (version Jan 2016). In Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 25th March 2016 (RoskovY, AbucayL, OrrellT, NicolsonD, KunzeT, FlannC, BaillyN, KirkP, BourgoinT, DeWaltRE, DecockW, De WeverA. (Eds). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405–8858.
26.
AroraD. (1986) Mushrooms demystified. 2nd edition, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA, 581–582.
27.
HuangX, YuZ, DongY, ChenL, LiH, ZhangJ, ShouD. (2014) Application records of Phellinus spp in traditional Chinese medicine books and its modern advanced in studies. Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Xuekan, 32, 2249–2252
28.
SongTY, LinHC, YangN-C, HuM-L. (2008) Antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of the ethanolic extract of Phellinus igniarius (Linnearus:Fries). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115, 50–56
29.
ShonYH, NamKS. (2001) Antimutagenicity and induction of anticarcinogenic phase II enzyme by basidiomycetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77, 103–109.
30.
ZengN-kWangQ-yZhouY, LiangQ-lWangH-k. (2006) Current research of Phellinus igniarius. Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (Beijing, China), 41, 1128–1130
31.
SunS, JiangY, ZhuH, XieB. (2005) Current status in study of medicinal fungus Phellinus igniarius. Yaowu Shengwu Jishu, 12, 138–140.
32.
LeeI-K, YunB-S. (2007) Highly oxygenated and unsaturated metabolites providing a diversity of hispidin class antioxidants in the medicinal mushrooms Inonotus and Phellinus. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 15, 3309–3314
33.
YinR-H, ZhaoZ-Z, JiX, DongZ-J, LiZ-H, FengT, LiuJ-K. (2015) Steroids and sesquiterpenes from cultures of the fungus Phellinus igniarius. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 5, 17–22
34.
MoSY, YangYC, ShiJG. (2003) Studies on chemical constituents of Phellinus igniarius. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 28, 339–41
35.
WuX, LinS, ZhuC, YueZ, YuY, ZhaoF, LiuB, DaiJ, ShiJ. (2010) Homo-and heptanorsterols and tremulane sesquiterpenese from cultures of Phellinus igniarius. Journal of Natural Products, 73, 1294–1300
36.
MoS, WangS, ZhouG, YangY, LiY, ChenX, ShiJ. (2004) Phelligridins C-F: cytotoxic pyrano[4,3-c][2]benzopyran-1,6 dione and furo[3,2-c]pyran-4-one derivatives from the fungus Phellinus igniarius. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 823–828
37.
WangY, MoS-Y, WangS-J, LiS, YangY-C, ShiJ-G.(2005) A unique highly oxygenated pyrano[4,3-c][2]benzopyran-1,6-dione derivative with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities from the fungus Phellinus igniarius. Organic Letters, 7, 1675–1678
38.
WangY, WangS-J, MoS-Y, LiS, YangY-C, ShiJ-G (2005) Phelligridimer A, a highly oxygenated and unsaturated 26-membered macrocyclic metabolite with antioxidant activity from the fungus Phellinus igniarius. Organic Letters, 7, 4733–4736
39.
WangY, ShangX-Y, WangS-J, MoS-Y, LiS, YangY-C, YeF, ShiJ-G, HeL. (2007) Structures, biogenesis, and biological activities of pyrano[4,3-c]isochromen-4-one derivatives from the fungus Phellinus igniarius. Journal of Natural Products, 70, 296–299
40.
LeeI-K, YunB-S. (2011) Styrylpyrones-class compounds from medicinal fungi Phellinus and Inonotus sp., and their medicinal importance. The Journal of Antibiotics, 64, 349–359.
41.
YangQHuX-GWanQi, WangW-Q. (2006) Study on antitumor effect of medicinal fungi Phellinus igniarius extracts. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi(China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica), 31, 1713–1715.
42.
WuQ, KangY, ZhangH, WangH, LiuY, WangJ. (2014) The anticancer effects of hispolon on lung cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.453, 385–391.
43.
KimJH, ChoiBY, KimHJ, KimIY, LeeBE, SohnM, ParkHJ, SuhSW. (2015) A water-ethanol extract from the willow bracket mushroom, Phellinus igniarius (Higher Basidiomycetes), reduces transient cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 17, 879–889.
44.
LiL, WuG, ChoiBY, JangBG, KimJH, SungGH, ChoJY, SuhSW, ParkHJ. (2014) A mushroom extract Piwep from Phellinus igniarius ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting immune cell infiltration in the spinal cord. BioMed Research International.2014, 218–274
45.
ChenLPanJ-ZLiXZhouY, MengQ-l, WangQ. (2011) Endo-polysaccharides of Phellinus igniarius exhibited antitumor effect through enhancement of cell mediated immunity. International Immunopharmacology11, 255–259;
46.
HeP, GengL, WangJ, WangZ, MaoD, XuC. (2012) Purification, characterization and bioactivity of an extracellular polysaccharide produced from Phellinus igniarius. Annals of Microbiology (Heidelberg, Germany), 62, 1697–1707
47.
ZhuH, SunS, ZhangS. (2011) Enhanced production of total flavones and exopolysaccharides via Vitreoscilla hemoglobin biosynthesis in Phellinus igniarius. Bioresource Technology, 102, 1747–1751
48.
ZhengL, ShenY, JiJ, LiY. (2007) Preliminary study on pharmacological activities of exopolysaccharides of Phellinus igniarius. Shipin Kexue (Beijing, China), 28, 318–321
49.
DongW, NingL, LuW-d, LiC-c, ChenR-p, JiaX-n, WangL, GuoL-z. (2009) Tumor-inhibitory and liver-protective effects of Phellinus igniarius extracellular polysaccharides. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 25, 633–638.
50.
WuMJ, JiangDZ, LiuTM, ZhangLP. (2006) Structural analysis of water-soluble polysaccharide PIP1 extracted from the cultured mycelium of Phellinun igniarius. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, 22, 708–711.
51.
ShonYH, LeeJ-S, LeeHW, NamKS., (1999) Antimutagenic potential of Phellinus igniarius. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology9, 525–528;
52.
ShonYH, NamKS. (2001) Antimutagenicity and induction of anticarcinogenic phase II enzymes by basidiomycetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77, 103–109
53.
ShonYH, NamKS. (2002) Cancer chemoprevention: inhibitory effect of soybeans fermented with basidiomycetes on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene /12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. Biotechnology Letters, 24, 1005–1010
54.
ShonYH, NamKS. (2004) Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes and ornithine decarboxylase activities by polysaccharides from soybeans fermented with Phellinus igniarius or Agrocybe cylindracea. Biotechnology Letters, 26,159-163;
55.
KimSY, ShonYH, LeeJS, KimCH, NamKS. (2000) Antimutagenic activity of soybeans fermented with basidiomycetes in Ames/Salmonella test. Biotechnology Letters, 22, 1197–1202.
56.
DongW, NingLLuW-d, Cui-cuiLi C-c, ChenR-p, JiaX-n, WangL, GuoL-z. (2009) Tumor-inhibitory and liver-protective effects of Phellinus igniarius extracellular polysaccharides. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology25, 633–638.
57.
KangDG, CaoLH, LeeJK, ChoiDH, KimSJ, LeeH, KimJS, LeeHS. (2006) Endothelium dependent induction of vasorelaxation by the butanol extract of Phellinus igniarius in isolated rat aorta. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine34, 655–665.
58.
SuabjakyongP, SaikiR, VanGriensven L, HigashiK, NishimuraK, IgarashiK, ToshihikoT. (2015) Polyphenol extract from Phellinus iginiarius protects against acrolein toxicity in vitro and provides protection in a mouse stroke model, PLoS ONE10, e0122733.
59.
LeeS, KimJl, HeoJ, LeeI, ParkS, HwangMW, BaeJY, ParkMS, ParkHJ, ParkMS. (2013) The anti-influenza virus effect of Phellinus igniarius extract. Journal of Microbiology, 51, 676–681.
