The chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaf and twig of Cupressus cashmeriana have been investigated. The essential oils were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (21.8%), epizonarene (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), limonene (7.6%), γ-terpinene (7.0%), and allo-aromadendrene (7.0%); the twig oil was mostly carvacrol methyl ether (35.4%), manool (16.1%), carvacrol (14.2%), and (2Z,6E)-farnesol (6.9%). Twig oil, but not leaf oil, was able to reduce nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 without reducing the cell viability. In addition, twig oil showed better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than leaf oil. The major ingredient of the twig oil that was responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was carvacrol.
YangYP, LiuHY. (1999) Manual of Taiwan vascular plants.Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan.
2.
Pierre-LeandriC, FernandezX, Lizzani-CuvelierL, LoiseauAM, FellousR, AndreoliC. (2003) Chemical composition of cypress essential oils: volatile constituents of leaf oils from seven cultivated Cupressus species. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15, 242–247.
3.
AdamsRP. (2007) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry, 4th Ed. Allured Publishing, Carol Stream, Illinois.
4.
KasratiA, JamaliCA, BekkoucheK, WohlmuthH, LeachD, AbbadA. (2015) Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and insecticidal properties of essential oils from five Moroccan aromatic herbs. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore, 52, 2312–2319.
5.
TefianiC, RiaziA, YoucefiF, AazzaS, GagoC, FaleiroML, PedroLG, BarrosoJG, FigueiredoAC, MegiasC, Cortes-GiraldoI, VioqueJ, MiguelMG. (2015) Ammoides pusilla (Apiaceae) and Thymus munbyanus (Lamiaceae) from Algeria essential oils: chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27, 131–139.
6.
Guerra-BooneL, Alvarez-RomanR, Salazar-ArandaR, Torres-CirioA, Rivas-GalindoVM, de TorresNW, GonzalezG, Perez-LopezLA. (2015) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and chemical characterization of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Origanum majorana from northeastern Mexico. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28, 363–369.
7.
HoCL, SuYC. (2012) Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus japonica from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 7, 109–112.
8.
HoCL, WangEIC, SuYC. (2009) Essential oil compositions and bioactivites of the various parts of Cinnamomum camphora Sieb. var. linaloolifera Fujuta. Quarterly Journal of Forest Research, 31(2), 77–96.
9.
ChenIY. (2003) The antioxidative properties of leaf essential oils of Cinnamomum osmophloeum. MS Thesis, Department of Food Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
10.
KalembaD, KunickaA. (2003) Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 813–829.
11.
MannCM, CoxSD, MarkhamJL. (2000) The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC6749 contributes to its tolerance to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Letters in Applied Microbiology, 30, 294–297.
12.
BajpaiVK, Al-RezaSM, ChoiUK, LeeJH, KangSC. (2009) Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of leaf essential oil and extracts of Metasequioa glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 1876–1883.
13.
HoCL, LiaoPC, WangEIC, DongWZ, SuYC. (2010) Composition and antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf essential oils of Machilus pseudolongifolia from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 5, 1143–1146.
14.
KnoblochK, PauliA, LberlB, WeigandH, WeisN. (1989) Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oil components. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1, 119–128.
GriffinSG, WyllieSG, MarkhamJL, LeachDN. (1999) The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 14, 322–332.
17.
DerengowskiLS, CalliandraDSS, ShélidaVB, ThiagoMMDS, SôniaNB, CynthiaMK, IldineteSP. (2009) Antimicrobial effect of farnesol, a Candida albicans quorum sensing molecule, on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis growth and morphogenesis. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 8, 13–23.
18.
Jabra-RizkMA, MeillerTF, JamesCE, ShirtliffME. (2006) Effect of farnesol on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 50, 1463–1469.
19.
MassadaY. (1976) Analysis of Essential Oil by Gas Chromatography and Spectrometry, Wiley, New York.
20.
HoCL, WangEIC, YuHT, YuHM, SuYC. (2010) Compositions and antioxidant activities of essential oils of different tissues from Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry, 32, 63–76.
21.
BaronEJ, FinegoldSM. (1990) Methods for testing antimicrobial effectiveness. In Diagnostic Microbiology. StephanieM. (Ed). Baltimore, Mosby. 171–194.
22.
NCCLS. (1999) National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 9th International Supplement, Wayne PA., M100–S9.
23.
HoCL, HsuKP, TsengYH, WangEIC, LiaoPC, ChouJC, LinCN, SuYC. (2011) Composition and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus kusanoi from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 6, 267–270.
