Four commercial qualities of Hawaiian sandalwood oil produced from wood of Santalum paniculatum originating from the island of Hawaii (“The Big Island”) were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Main constituents of the oils were (Z)-α-santalol (34.5–40.4%) and (Z)-β-santalol (11.0–16.2%). An odor evaluation of the oils was carried out against East Indian sandalwood oil. In addition, the chemical composition of Hawaiian sandalwood oil was compared with four different Santalum species originating from East India, New Caledonia, Eastern Polynesia and Australia, respectively.
(a) KumarN.A., JoshiR., MohanH.Y. (2012) Sandalwood: history, uses, present status and the future. Current Science, 103, 1408–1416; (b) Ohloff G, Pickenhagen W, Kraft P. (2011) Scent and chemistry: the molecular world of odors (1st ed.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 300–306; (c) Surburg H, Panten J. (2006) Common fragrance and flavor materials (5th ed.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 230–231.
2.
(a) FraterG., BajgrowiczJ.A., KraftP. (1998) Fragrance Chemistry. Tetrahedron, 54, 7633–7703; (b) Brunke E-J, Fahlbusch K-G, Schmaus G, Vollhardt J. (1997) The chemistry of sandalwood odour –a review of the last 10 years. Rivista Itataliana EPPOS, 01/97 (special issue), 49–83.
3.
FehrC., MagpantayI., ArpagausJ., MarquetX., VuagnouxM. (2009) Enantioselective synthesis of (-)-β-santalol by a copper-catalyzed enynol cyclization-fragmentation reaction. Angewandte Chemie, 121, 7357–7359 also published as Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48, 7221–7223 and literature cited in there and in reference [1].
4.
(a) Diaz-ChavezM.L., MoniodisJ., MadilaoL.L., JancsikS., KeelingC.I., BarbourE.L., GhisalbertiE.L., PlummerJ.A., JonesC.G., BohlmannJ. (2013) Biosynthesis of sandalwood oil: Santalum album CYP76F cytochromes P450 produce santalols and bergamotol. PLOS ONE, 8(9), 1–11; (b) Jones CG, Moniodis J, Zulak KG, Scaffidi A, Plummer JA, Ghisalberti EL, Barbour EL, Bohlmann J. (2011) Sandalwood fragrance biosynthesis involves sesquiterpene synthases of both the terpene synthase (TPS)-a and TPS-b subfamilies, including santalene synthases. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286, 17445–17454; (c) See also additions and corrections (2012) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287, 37713–37714.
MorrisE.T. (1983) The fascinating history of sandalwood. Dragoco Report, 44–51.
7.
HarbaughD.T., BaldwinB.G. (2007) Phylogeny and biogeography of the sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae): repeated dispersals throughout the Pacific. American Journal of Botany, 94, 1028–1040.
8.
MerlinM., VanRavenswaayD. (1990) The history of human impact on the genus Santalum in Hawai'i. In Proceedings of the symposium on sandalwood in the Pacific April 9–11, HamiltonL., ConradC.E. (Eds). USDA Forest Service General Technical Reports PSW-122, Honolulu, 46–60.
9.
HarbaughD.T., OppenheimerH.L., WoodK.R., WagnerW.L. (2010) Taxonomic revision of the endangered Hawaiian red-flowered sandalwoods (Santalum) and discovery of an ancient hybrid species. Systematic Botany, 35, 827–838.
10.
(a) ThomsonL.A.J., DoranJ., HarbaughD., MerlinM.D. (2006) Farm and forestry production and marketing profile for sandalwood (Santalum species). In Specialty crops for Pacific island agroforestry, ElevitchC.R. (Ed). Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, 1–29; (b) Merlin MD, Thomson LAJ, Elevitch CR. (2006). Santalum elliptcum, S. freycinetianum, S. haleakalae, and S. paniculatum (Hawaiian sandalwood). In Species profiles for Pacific island agroforestry, version 4.1. Elevitch CR. (Ed). Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, 1–21.
11.
StemmermannL. (1990) Distribution and status of sandalwood in Hawai'i. In Proceedings of the symposium on sandalwood in the Pacific April 9–11, HamiltonL., ConradC.E. (Eds). USDA Forest Service General Technical Reports PSW-122, Honolulu, 62–65.
12.
(a) WagnerW.L., HerbstD.R., SohmerS.H. (1999) Santalum. In The manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, Vol. 2 revised ed. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1218–1222; (b) Stemmermann L. (1980) Observation of the genus Santalum (Santalaceae) in Hawai'i. Pacific Science, 34, 41–54.
13.
(a) KönigW.A., JoulainD., HochmuthD.H. (2004) GC/MS Library: terpenoids and related constituents of essential oils. MassFinder3; (b) Demole E, Demole C, Enggist P. (1976) A chemical investigation of the volatile constituents of East Indian sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.). Helvetica Chimica Acta, 59, 737–747.
14.
BaldoviniN., DelasalleaC., JoulainD. (2011) Phytochemistry of the heartwood from fragrant Santalum species: a review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 26, 7–26.
15.
BraunN.A., MeierM., KohlenbergB., ValderC., NeugebauerM. (2003) Santalum spicatum (R. Br.) A. DC. (Santalaceae) –nor-helifolenal and acorenol isomers: isolation and biogenetic considerations. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15, 381–386.
16.
KreiplA.T., KönigW.A. (2004) Sesquiterpenes from the East African sandalwood Osyris tenuifolia. Phytochemistry, 65, 2045–2049.
(a) PageT., SouthwellI., RussellM., TateH., TungonJ., SamC., DickinsonG., RobsonK., LeakeyR.R.B. (2010) Geographic and phenotypic variation in heartwood and essential oil characters in natural populations of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 7, 1990–2006; (b) Brophy JJ, Goldsack RJ, Doran JC, Niangu M. (2009) Heartwood oils of Santalum macgregorii F. Muell. (PNG sandalwood), Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21, 249–253; (c) Doran JC, Thomson L, Brophy JJ, Goldsack B, Bulai P, Faka'osi T, Mokoia T. (2005). Variation in heartwood oil composition of young sandalwood trees in the south Pacific (Santalum yasi, S. album and F1 hybrids in Fiji, and S. yasi in Tonga and Niue). Sandalwood Research Newsletter, 20, 3–7; (d) Moretta P, Ghisalberti E, Trengrove R. (2001) Longitudinal variation in the yield and composition of sandalwood oil from Santalum spicatum. Sandalwood Research Newsletter, 14, 5–7; (d) Piggott MJ, Ghisalberti EL, Trengove RD. (1997) Western Australian sandalwood oil: extraction by different techniques and variations of the major components in different sections of a single tree. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 12, 43–46.
19.
ButaudJ-F, RaharivelomananaP., BianchiniJ-P, BaronV. (2003) A new chemotype of sandalwood (Santalum insulare Bertero ex A.DC.) from Marquesas Islands. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15, 238-241 also published as: (2003) Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15, 323–326.
20.
(a) ISO 22769:2009 Oil of Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC.), International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; (b) ISO 3518:2002: Oil of sandalwood (Santalum album L.), International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; (c) HowesM-JR, SimmondsM.S.J., KiteG.C. (2004) Evaluation of the quality of sandalwood essential oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1028, 307–312.
21.
(a) BraunN.A., MeierM. (2004) Western Australian and East Indian sandalwood oil –a Comparison. Euro Cosmetics, 12, 22–29; (b) Braun NA, Meier M, Pickenhagen W. (2003) Isolation and chiral GC analysis of β-bisabolols - trace constituents from the essential oil of Santalum album L. (Santalaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15, 63–65 and literature cited therein.
22.
BraunN.A., MeierM., HammerschmidtF-J. (2005) New Caledonian sandalwood oil –a substitute for East Indian sandalwood oil?Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17, 477–480.
ValderC., NeugebauerM., MeierM., KohlenbergB., HammerschmidtF-J, BraunN.A. (2003) Western Australian sandalwood oil –new constituents of Santalum spicatum (R. Br.) A. DC. (Santalaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15, 178–186.
25.
HammerschmidtF-J, KrammerG.E., MeierL., StöckigtD., BrennekeS., HerbrandK., LückoffA., SchäferU., SchmidtC.O., BertramH-J. (2006) Authentification of essential oils. In Authentication of food and wine, EbelerS.E., TakeokaG.R., WinterhalterP. (Eds). ACS Symposium Series 952 chapter 6, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 87–108.
26.
BrownA., EattJ., DoneC., RaymondD., PattisonM. (2011) Indian sandalwood. Perfumer and Flavorist, 36, 26–34.
27.
(a) TennakoonK.U., CameronD.D. (2006) The anatomy of Santalum album (Sandalwood) haustoria. Canadian Journal of Botany, 84, 1608–1616; (b) Nagaveni HC, Vijayalakshmi G. (2003) Growth performance of sandal (Santalum album L.) with different host species. Sandalwood Research Newsletter, 18, 1–4.
28.
(a) BrockeC., EhM., FinkeA. (2008) Recent developments in the chemistry of sandalwood odorants. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 51000–1010; (b) Hölscher B, Braun NA, Weber B, Kappey C-H, Meier M, Pickenhagen W. (2004) Enantioselectivity in odor perception: synthesis and olfactory properties of a new tricyclic sandalwood odorant –Fleursandol®. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 87, 1666–1680; (c) Kraft P, Bajgrowicz JA, Denis C, Fráter G. (2000) Odds and trends: recent developments in the chemistry of odorants. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 39, 2980–3010 also published as Angewandte Chemie, 112, 3106–3138.
