The chemical composition of the essential oil, phenolic contents, and foliar nutrients of Eucalyptus microcorys leaves, cultivated in Brazil, was analysed on a monthly basis for one year. Canonical redundancy analysis correlated results with climate conditions (rainfall, humidity, and mean temperature), allowing three groups to be distinguished as regards temperature, flavonoids, and the content of some metals. Strong correlations between Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca, P, and K with some monoterpenes and phenolic compounds were observed. Oxygenated monoterpenes were predominant in all sampling months. Oil chemovariation may be influenced by climatic factors as well as by foliar nutrient variation.
EstanislauAA, BarrosFAS, PenaAP, SantosSC, FerriPH, PaulaJR. (2001) Composição química e atividade antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais de cinco espécies de eucalyptus cultivadas em Goiás. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 11, 95–100.
2.
SantosFA, SilvaRM, CamposAR, AraújoRP, LimaRCPJr, RaoVSN. (2004) 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol), a monoterpene oxide attenuates the colonic damage in rats on acute TNBS-colitis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42, 579–584
3.
JuergensUR, DethlefsenU, SteinkampG, GillissenA, RepgesR, VetterH. (2003) Anti-inflammatory activity of 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Respiratory Medicine, 97, 250–256.
4.
FigueiredoAC, BarrosoJG, PedroLG, SchefferJJC. (2008) Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23, 213–226.
5.
ArsenijevićJ, MarkovićJ, ŠoštarićI, RažićS. (2013) A chemometrics as a powerful tool in the elucidation of the role of metals in the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds in Hungarian thyme samples. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 71, 298–306
6.
CroteauR, AlonsoW, KoeppA, JohnsonM. (1994) Biosynthesis of monoterpenes: partial purification, characterization, and mechanism of action of 1,8-cineole synthase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 309, 184–192.
7.
RodriguesKCS, ApelMA, HenriquesAT, Fett-NetoAG. (2011) Efficient oleoresin biomass production in pines using low cost metal containing stimulant paste. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 4442–4448
8.
SavageTJ, HatchMW, CroteauR. (1994) Monoterpene synthases of Pinus contortu and related conifers- a new class of terpenoid cyclase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 4012–4020.
9.
MartinettiL, QuattriniE, BononiM, TateoF. (2006) Effect of the mineral fertilization on the yield and the oil content of two cultivars of rosemary. Acta Horticulturae, 723, 399–404.
10.
El-SawiaSA, MohamedMA. (2002) Cumin herb as a new source of essential oils and its response to foliar spray with some micro-elements. Food Chemistry, 77, 75–80.
11.
MisraA, SrivastavaNK. (1991) Effect of the triacontanol formulation ‘Miraculan’ on photosynthesis, growth, nutrient uptake, and essential oil yield of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud. Watts.). Plant Growth Regulation, 10, 57–63.
12.
IijimaY, WangG, FridmanE, PicherskyE. (2006) Analysis of the enzymatic formation of citral in the glands of sweet basil. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 448, 141–149
13.
SaitoY, ItoS, KoltunowAM, SakaiH. (2011) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of geraniol dehydrogenase from Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Acta Crystallographica F, 67, 665–667.
14.
KováčikJ, KlejdusB, HedbavnyJ, ŠtorkF, BačkorM. (2009) Comparison of cadmium and copper effect on phenolic metabolism, mineral nutrients and stress-related parameters in Matricaria chamomilla plants. Plant and Soil, 320, 231–242
15.
TreutterD. (2010) Managing phenol contents in crop plants by phytochemical farming and breeding-visions and constraints. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11, 807–857.
16.
LinCC, ChenLM, LuiZH. (2005) Rapid effect of copper on lignin biosynthesis in soybean roats. Plant Science, 168, 855–861
17.
GuangqiuQ, ChonglingY, HaoliangL. (2007) Influence of heavy metals on the carbohydrate and phenolics in mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum L., seedlings. Bulletin of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology, 78, 440–444.
18.
Van de MortelJE, Almar-VillanuevaL, SchatH, KwekkeboomJ, CoughlanS, MoerlandPD, Van ThemaatEVL, KoornneefM, AartsMGM. (2006) Large expression differences in genes for iron and zinc homeostasis, stress response, and lignin biosynthesis distinguish roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and the related metal hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Physiology, 142, 1127–1147.
19.
PouloseAJ, CroteauR. (1978) Biosynthesis of aromatic monoterpenes: Conversion of γ-terpinene to p-cymene and thymol in Thymus vulgaris L. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 187, 307–314.
20.
DegenhardtJ, KöllnerTG, GershenzonJ. (2009) Monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases and the origin of terpene skeletal diversity in plants. Phytochemistry, 70, 1621–1637.
21.
HeC, MurrayF, LyonsT. (2000) Seasonal variations in monoterpene emissions from Eucalyptus species. Chemosphere: Global Change Science, 2, 65–76.
22.
Grausgruber- GrögerS, SchmidererC, SteinbornR, NovakJ. (2012) Seasonal influence on gene expression of monoterpene synthases in Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae). Journal of Plant Physiology, 169, 353–359.
23.
CostaDP, SantosSC, SeraphinJC, FerriPH. (2009) Seasonal variability of essential oils of Eugenia uniflora leaves. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 20, 1287–1293.
24.
AdamsRP. (2007) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4th ed., Allured, Illinois, USA
25.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1998) PC version of the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, U.S. Department of Commerce, Gaithersburg, USA.
26.
Van Den DoolH, KratzPD. (1963) Generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 11, 463–471.
27.
EscarpaA, GonzálezMC. (2001) Approach to the content of total extractable phenolic compounds from different food samples by comparison of chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Analytica Chimica Acta, 427, 119–127.
28.
WillisRB, AllenPR. (1998) Improved method for measuring hydrolysable tannins using potassium iodate. Analyst, 123, 435–439.
29.
PetryRD, SouzaKCB, BassaniVL, PetrovickPR, OrtegaGG. (1998) Doseamento do teor de flavonóides totais em extratos hidroalcóolicos de Passiflora alata Dryander (maracujá). Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 79, 7–10.
30.
Ter BraakCJF, ŠmilauerP. (2002) CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User's Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5), Microcomputer Power, New York
31.
JongmanRHG, Ter BraakCJF, Van TongerenOFR. (2002) Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
32.
LepšJ, ŠmilauerP. (2007) Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
