Free accessResearch articleFirst published online 2013-11
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Carapa guianensis Collected from Venezuelan Guayana and the Antimicrobial Activity of the Oil and Crude Extracts
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae) leaves was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Twenty-three components were identified, which made up 93.7% of the oil. The most abundant constituents were bicyclogermacrene (28.5%), α-humulene (17.2%), germacrene B (11.9%), and trans-β-caryophyllene (9.9%). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, as well as the crude extracts of the leaves obtained by refluxing the dried leaves with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol, was determined using the disc diffusion assay. Activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was only found for the essential oil and the methanolic extract, at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 400 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL.
ProphiroJ.S., Navarro da SilvaM.A., KanisL.A., da RochaL.C., Duque-LunaJ.E., da SilvaO.S. (2012) First report on susceptibility of wild Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) using Carapa guianensis (Meliaceae) and Copaifera sp. (Leguminosae). Parasitology Research, 110, 699–705; (b) Costa-Silva JH, Lima CR, Silva EJR, Araújo AV, Fraga MCCA, Ribeiro e Ribeiro A, Arruda AC, Lafayette SSL, Wanderley AG. (2008) Acute and subacute toxicity of the Carapa guianensis Aublet (Meliaceae) seed oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 495–500; (c) Penido C, Costa KA, Pennaforte RJ, Costa MFS, Pereira JFG, Siani AC, Henriques MGMO. (2005) Anti-allergic effects of natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis Aublet on allergen-induced vascular permeability and hyperalgesia. Inflammation Research, 54, 295–303; (d) Qi SH, Wu DG, Zhang S, Luo XD. (2004) Constituents of Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae). Pharmazie, 59, 488–490; (e) Penido C, Conte FP, Chagas MSS, Rodrigues CAB, Pereira JFG, Henriques MGMO. (2006) Antiinflammatory effects of natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis Aublet on zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Inflammation Research, 55, 457–464; (f) Penido C, Alves K, de Souza MF, Guilhermino JF, Siani AC, Henriques MGMO. (2006) Inhibition of allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment by natural tetranortriterpenoids is mediated by the suppression of IL-5, CCL11/eotaxin and NFkB activation. International Immunopharmacology, 6, 109–121; (g) Nayak BS, Kanhai J, Malcolm Milne D, Pinto Pereira L, Swanston WH. (2011) Experimental evaluation of ethanolic extract of Carapa guianensis L. leaf for its wound healing activity using three wound models. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1–6.
2.
VelascoJ., RojasJ., SalazarP., RodríguezM., DíazT., MoralesA., RondónM. (2007) Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Lippia oreganoides against multiresistant bacterial strains of nosocomial origin. Natural Product Communications, 2, 85–88; (b) Velasco J, Contreras E, Buitrago D, Velazco E. (2005) Efecto antibacteriano de Virola sebifera sobre Staphylococcus aureus resistente a Meticilina. Ciencia, 13, 411–415.
3.
TemplerS.J., BritoM.O. (2009) Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections. Hospital Physician, 9–16, 26. (b) Arias CA, Contreras GA, Murray BE. (2010) Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Journal Compilation. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. CMI, 16, 555–562.
4.
LaraJ., RojasL.B., UsubillagaA., CarmonaJ. (2009) Volatile constituents of the leaves of Munnozia senecionidis from the Venezuelan Andes, Natural Product Communications, 4, 981–982. (b) Adams RP. (2007) Identification of essential oils components by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. 4th ed. Allured Publ. Corp., Carol Stream, IL, 1–499.
5.
NCCLS: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2004) Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts; Approved guideline; M44-A. Wayne, Pa, USA. (b) CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2012) Performance Standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; Approved Standard-Eleventh Edition. Document M02-A11. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
