The antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase properties of Globularia meridional (Podp.) O. Schwarz (Globulariaceae) were investigated. G. meridionalis aerial parts and roots were extracted with methanol, and the total extract successively partitioned with n-hexane. The methanol fraction of the roots showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.0 and 2.1 μg/mL in the DPPH and β-carotene bleaching tests, respectively. From this fraction, three flavonoids, namely pectolinarigenin 7-O-β-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-β-glucoside and luteolin, and two phenylethanoids, namely acteoside and isoacteoside, were isolated. Potential anti-cholinesterase effects were assessed through the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes inhibition assay. The n-hexane fraction of the roots exhibited the highest activity against both AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 65.5 and 70.4 μg/mL, respectively.
LoizzoM.R., TundisR., MenichiniF., MenichiniF. (2008) Natural products and their derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: an update. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 15, 1209–1228.
HoughtonP.J., RenY., HowesM.J. (2006) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants and fungi. Natural Product Reports, 23, 181–199.
4.
ElbetiehaA., OranS.A., AlkofahiA., DarmaniH., RaiesA.M. (2000) Phyllanthus amarus extract administration increases the life span of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72, 215–219.
5.
SezikE., TabataM., YesiladaE., HondaG., GotoK., IkeshiroY. Traditional medicine in Turkey. I. (2001) Folk medicine in northeast Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35, 191–196.
6.
JouadH., MaghraniM., EddouksM. (2002) Hypoglycaemic effect of Rubus fructicosis L. and Globularia alypum L. in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81, 351–356.
7.
CalisI., KirmizibekmezH., TasdemirD., SticherO., IrelandC.M. (2002) Sugar esters from Globularia orientalis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 57c, 591–596.
8.
HarborneJ.B., WilliamsA.C. (1971) 6-Hydroxyluteolin and scutellarein as phyletic markers in higher plants. Phytochemistry, 10, 367–378.
9.
Es-SafiN.E., KhlifiS., KerhoasL., KollmannA., El AbbouyiA., DucrotP.H. (2005) Antioxidant constituents of the aerial parts of Globularia alypum growing in Morocco. Journal of Natural Product, 68, 1293–1296.
10.
KιrmιzιbekmezH., BassarelloC., PiacenteS., AkaydιnG., CalisI. (2009) Flavonoid, phenylethanoid and iridoid glycosides from Globularia aphyllanthes. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 64b, 252–256.
11.
çalisI., KirmizibekmezH., SticherO. (2001) Iridoid glycosides from Globularia trichosantha. Journal of Natural Products, 64, 60–64.
12.
çalisI., KirmizibekmezH., TasdemirD., IrelandM.C. (2002) Iridoid glycosides from Globularia davisiana. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 50, 678–680.
13.
KirmizibekmezH., AkbayP., SticherO., CalisI. (2003) Iridoids from Globularia dumulosa. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 58c, 181–186.
14.
KιrmιzιbekmezH., BassarelloC., PiacenteS., CalisI. (2008) Phenylethyl glycosides from Globularia alypum growing in Turkey. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 91, 1525–1532.
MartinF., HayA.E., Quinteros CondorettyV.R., CressendD., ReistM., GuptaM.P., CarruptP.A., HostettmannK. (2009) Antioxidant phenylethanoid glycosides and a neolignan from Jacaranda caucana. Journal of Natural Products, 72, 852–856.
17.
TaiB.H., JungB.Y., CuongN.M., LinhP.T., TungN.H., NhiemN.X., HuongT.T., AnhN.T., KimJ.A., KimS.K., KimY.H. (2009) Total peroxynitrite scavenging capacity of phenylethanoid and flavonoid glycosides from the flowers of Buddleja officinalis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 32, 1952–1956.
18.
ZhangF., JiaZ., dengZ., WeiY., ZhengR., YuL. (2002) In vitro modulation of telomerase activity, tolomere length and cell cycle in MKN45 cells by verbascoside. Planta Medica, 68, 115–118.
19.
ConfortiF., RiganoD., FormisanoC., BrunoM., LoizzoM.R., MenichiniF., SenatoreF. (2010) Metabolite profile and in vitro activities of Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. relevant to treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 25, 97–104.
20.
LoizzoM.R., TundisR., MenichiniF., BonesiM., StattiG.A., DeguinB., TillequinF., MenichiniF., HoughtonP.J. (2007) Acetyl-cholinesterase inhibition by extracts and isolated flavones from Linaria reflexa Desf. (Scrophulariaceae). Natural Product Communications, 2, 759–763.
21.
HeoH.J., KimM.J., LeeJ.M., ChoiS.J., ChoH.Y., HongB., KimH.K., KimE., ShinD.H. (2004) Naringenin from Citrus junos has an inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and a mitigating effect on amnesia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 17, 151–157.
22.
HasanA., KhanK.M., SherM., MaharviG.M., NawazS.A., ChoudharyM.I., Atta-ur-Rahman, SupuranC.T. (2005) Synthesis and inhibitory potential towards acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase of some variably substituted chalcones. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 20, 41–47.
23.
Rice-EvansC. (2004) Flavonoids and isoflavones: absorption, metabolism, and bioactivity. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 36, 827–828.
24.
YoudimK.A., Shukitt-HaleB., JosephJ.A. (2004) Flavonoids and the brain: Interactions at the blood brain barrier and their physiological effects on the CNS. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 37, 1683–1693.
25.
LiY., LuJ., LiQ., ZhaoY., PuX. (2008) Pedicularioside A from Buddleia lindleyana inhibits cell death induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (MPP+) in primary cultures of rat mesencephalic neurons. European Journal of Pharmacology, 579, 134–140.
MabryT.J., MarkhamK.R., ThomasM.B. (1970) The systematic identification of flavonoids.Springer, New York.
28.
MarkhamK.R. (1982) Techniques of flavonoid identification.Academic Press, London.
29.
MenichiniF., TundisR., BonesiM., LoizzoM.R., ConfortiF., StattiG., de CindioB., HoughtonP.J., MenichiniF. (2009) The influence of fruit ripening on the phytochemical content and biological activity of Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv Habanero. Food Chemistry, 114, 553–560.
30.
GalvezM., Martin-CorderoC., HoughtonP.J., AyusoM.J. (2005) Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts obtained from Plantago species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 1927–1933.
31.
AdamsR.P. (2001) Identification of essential oil components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.Allured, Carol Stream, IL.
