Echinacea angustifolia and E. purpurea are commonly used in North America for their antibacterial effects. Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellaria and Fructus Forsythiae are traditional Chinese medicinal herbs commonly used for the treatment of complaints such as pneumonia, acute upper respiratory tract infection, and acute bronchitis. A reproducible, simple, and reliable rapid resolution liquid chromatographic (RRLC) method has been developed to analyze extracts of products formulated containing E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellariae and Fructus Forsythiae simultaneously in one run in less than 6 minutes. The method uses a C18-HST column, a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid solution and acetonitrile, and UV detection at 327 nm and 229 nm. A stability test was performed that revealed that chlorogenic acid is more stable in acidic pH, and hence it is best to keep the extract of E. augustifolia, E. purpurea, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellariae and Fructus Forsythiae in mild acidic conditions at approximately pH 5.
McGregorR.L. (1968) The taxonomy of the genus Echinacea (Compositae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 48, 113–142.
2.
LiT.S.C. (1998) Echinacea: Cultivation and medicinal value. HortTechnology, 8, 122–129.
3.
KindscherK. (1989) Ethnobotany of purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia, Asteraceae) and other Echinacea species. Economic Botany, 43, 498–507.
4.
ShemluckM. (1982) Medicinal and other uses of the Compositae by Indians in the United States and Canada. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 5, 303–358.
5.
BauerR., RemingerP., AlstatE. (1990) Alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives from the roots of Echinacea tennesseensis. Planta Medica, 56, 533–534.
6.
BurgerR.A., TorreA.R., WarrenR.P. (1997) Echinacea purpurea induced cytokine production in human peripheral blood adherent mononuclear cells (PBAC). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 99, 1153.
SchulthessB.H., GingerE., BaumannT.W. (1991) Echinacea: anatomy, phytochemical pattern, and germination of the achene. Planta Medica, 57, 384–388.
9.
ScaglioneF., LundB. (1995) Efficacy in the treatment of the common cold of a preparation containing an Echinacea extract. International Journal of Immunotherapy, 11, 163–166.
10.
CaoY.H., WangL.C., YuX.J., YeJ.N. (2006) Development of the chromatographic fingerprint of herbal preparation Shuang-Huang-Lian oral liquid. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 845–856.
11.
The State Commission of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. (2010) Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China, Part I, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing. 401, 554, 803.
12.
CozzolinoR., MalvagnaP., SpinaE., GioriA., FuzzatiN., AnelliA., GarozzoD., ImpallomeniG. (2006) Structural analysis of the polysaccharides from Echinacea angustifolia radix. Carbohydrate Polymers, 65, 263–272.
13.
Members of the USP dietary supplements and food ingredients expert committees. (2009) USP dietary supplements compendium. The United States Pharmacopoeial Convention. Maryland, USA. 512, 517.
14.
CheminatA., ZawatzkyR., BeckerH., BrouillardR. (1988) Caffeoyl conjugates from Echinaceae species: structures and biological activity. Phytochemistry, 27, 2787–2794.
15.
BauerR. (1998) Echinacea: biological effects and active principles. ACS Symposium Series, 691, 140–157.
RobinsonW.E., ReineckeM.G., Abdel-MalekS., JiaQ., ChowS.A. (1996) Inhibitors of HIV-1 replication that inhibit integrase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 6326–6331.
18.
State Commission of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. (2005) Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China, Part I, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing. 405–406
19.
SantosM.D., AlmeidaM.C., LopesN.P., SouzaG.E.P. (2006) Evaluation of polyphenol chlorogenic acid. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29, 2236–2240.
20.
NakamuraT., NakazawaY., OnizukaS., SatohS., ChibaA., SekihashiK., MiuraA., YasugahiraN., SasakiY. (1997) Antimutagenicity of Tochu tea (an aqueous extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaves): 1. The clastogen-suppressing effects of Tochu tea in CHO cells and mice. Mutation Research, 338, 7–20.
21.
YoshimotoM., YaharaS., OkunoS., IslamM.S., IshiguroK., YamakawaO. (2002) Antimutagenicity of mono-, di-, and tricaffeoyl-quinic acid derivatives isolated from sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaf. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 66, 2336–2341.
22.
TakasakiM., KonoshimaT., KatsukoK., TokudaH., NishnoH. (2000) Antitumor promoting activity of lignans from the aerial part of Saussurea medusa. Cancer Letters, 158, 53–59.
23.
KurataR., AdachiM., YamakawaO., YoshimotoM. (2007) Growth suppression of human cancer cells by polyphenolics from sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 55, 185–190.
24.
MaY.C., WangX.Q., HouF.F., MaJ., LuoM., ChenA., JinP., LuS., XuI. (2010) Rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) analysis and studies on the stability of Shuang –Huang –Lian preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 54, 265–272.
25.
PiettaP., MauriP., BauerR. (1998) MEKC analysis of different Echinacea species. Planta Medica, 64, 649–652.
26.
LienertD., AnklamE., PanneU. (1998) Gas chromatography-mass spectral analysis of roots of Echinacea species and classification by multivariate data analysis. Phytochemical Analysis, 9, 88–98.
27.
BauerR., KhanI.A., WagnerH. (1988) TLC and HPLC analysis of Echinacea pallida and E. angustifolia rootsPlanta Medica, 54, 426–430.
28.
BauerR., RemigerP., WagnerH. (1988) Alkamides from the roots of Echinacea purpurea. Phytochemistry, 27, 2339–2342.
29.
BauerR., RemigerP., WagnerH. (1989) Alkamides from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia. Phytochemistry, 28, 505–508.
30.
BauerR., RemigerP., WagnerH. (1988) New alkamides from Echinacea angustifolia and E. purpurea roots. Planta Medica, 54, 563–564.
31.
HanJ., YeM., YangM., WangB.R., GuoD.A. (2007) Analysis of multiple constituents in a Chinese herbal preparation Shuang-Huang-Lian oral liquid by HPLC-DAD-ESI MS. Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Analysis, 44, 430–438.
32.
LiX.J., ZhangY.P., YuanZ.B. (2002) Determination of baicalin, chlorogenic acid and forsythin in Chinese medicinal preparation by capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia, 55, 453–456.
