Free accessResearch articleFirst published online 2009-11
Characterization of Mandarin ( Citrus deliciosa Ten.) Essential Oil. Determination of Volatiles,Non-Volatiles,Physico-Chemical Indices and Enantiomeric Ratios
An investigation of 27 samples of mandarin essential oils (Citrus deliciosa Tenore), industrially produced in Sicily during the 2007-2008 season, was performed to determine the composition of the volatile fraction by GC/FID and GC/MS-LRI, the enantiomeric distribution of some monoterpene hydrocarbons and linalol by Es-GC, the non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic components by RP-HPLC/PDA and the physicochemical indices (relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, residue on evaporation, and UV spectroscopic CD value). This study up-dates the information available in the literature on Sicilian mandarin (C. deliciosa Ten.) essential oils, and provides information on the composition and quality parameters for the evaluation of this product.
WebberHJ. (1943) Cultivated varieties of Citrus. In The Citrus Industry vol. 1, WebberHJ, BatchelorLD. (Eds), University of California, USA, 475–642.
2.
TanakaT. (1954) Species Problems in Citrus. Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Ueno, Tokyo, 152.
3.
SwingleWT. (1943) The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives of the orange subfamily. In The Citrus Industry vol. 1, WebberHJ, BatchelorLD (Eds), University of California, USA. 129–474;
4.
SwingleWT. (1967) The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives. In The Citrus Industry vol. 1, ReutherW, WebberHJ, BatchelorLD. (Eds), University of California, USA. 190–430.
5.
HodgsonRW. (1967) Horticultural varieties of Citrus. In The Citrus Industry vol. 1, ReutherW, WebberHJ, BatchelorLD. (Eds), University of California, USA.431–591;
6.
ColettaFilho HD, MachadoMA, TargonMLPN, MoreiraMCPQDG, PompeuJ.Jr. (1998) Analysis of the genetic diversity among mandarins (Citrus spp.) using RAPD markers. Euphytica, 102133–139.
7.
OrtizJM. (2002) Botany: taxonomy, morphology and physiology of fruits, leaves and flowers. In Citrus Dugo G, Di Giacomo A. (Eds), Taylor & Francis, London, 16–35;
8.
DugoG., CotroneoA, VerzeraA, BonaccorsiI. (2002) Composition of the volatile fraction cold pressed citrus peel oils. In Citrus Dugo G, Di GiacomoA. (Eds), Taylor & Francis, London, 201–317.
9.
OberhoferB, NikiforovA, BuchbauerG, JirovetzL, BicchiC. (1999) Investigation of the alteration of the composition of various essential oils used in aroma lamp applications. Flavour Fragrances Journal, 14293–299
10.
NaefR, VelluzA. (2001) Volatile constituents in extracts of mandarin and tangerine peel. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13154–157;
11.
FegerW, BrandauerH, ZieglerH. (2001) Germacrenes in citrus peel oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13274–277;
12.
FegerW, BrandauerH, ZieglerH. (2003) Analytical investigation of murcott (Honey) tangerine peel oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15143–147;
13.
FrizzoCD, LorenzoD, DellacassaE. (2004) Composition and seasonal variation of the essential oils from two mandarin cultivars of southern Brazil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 523036–3041;
14.
CatalfamoM, GionfriddoF, MangiolaC, ManganaroR, CastaldoD. (2004) Determinazione delle caratteristiche analitiche e della composizione enantiomerica di oli essenziali agrumari ai fini dell'accertamento della purezza e della qualità. Nota III- Essenza di mandarino. Essenze Derivati Agrumari, 7457–62;
15.
PinoJA, MuñozY, Quijano-CelísCE. (2006) Analysis of cold pressed mandarin peel oil from Cuba. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 9271–276;
16.
PinoJA, Quijano-CelísCE. (2007) Chromatographic determination of mandarin cold pressed oil. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 10504–509;
17.
MondelloL, CasilliA, TranchidaPQ, CiceroL, DugoP, DugoG. (2003) Comparison of fast and conventional GC analysis for citrus essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 515602–5606;
18.
MondelloL, CasilliA, TranchidaPQ, CostaR, DugoP, DugoG. (2004) Fast GC for the analysis of citrus oils. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 42410–416;
19.
LotaM-L, de RoccaSerra D, TomiF, CasanovaJ. (2001) Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils of 15 species of mandarins. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2977–104;
20.
LotaM-L, de RoccaSerra D, TomiF, CasanovaJ. (2000) Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils of mandarins from Citrus reticulata Blanco. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2861–78;
21.
VeriottiT, SacksR. (2002) Highspeed characterization and analysis of orange oils with tandem-column stop-flow GC and time-of-flight MS. Analytical Chemistry, 745635–5640;
22.
SteuerB, SchulzH, LägerE. (2001) Classification and analysis of citrus oils by NIR spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 72113–117;
23.
SchulzH, SchraderB, QuilitzschR, SteuerB. (2002) Quantitative analysis of various citrus oils by ATR/FT-IR and NIR-FT Raman spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy, 56117–124;
24.
ReeveD, ArthurD. (2002) Riding the citrus trail: when is a mandarin a tangerine?Perfumer and Flavourist27(4), 20–23.
25.
MondelloL, DugoP, DugoG. (2002) The chiral compounds of citrus essential oils. In Citrus. DugoG, Di GiacomoA. (Eds), Taylor & Francis, London, 461–49;
26.
DugoG, MondelloL, CotroneoA, BonaccorsiI, LamonicaG. (2001) Enantiomeric distribution of volatile components of Citrus oils by MDGC, Perfumer and Flavourist, 2620–35;
27.
ZimbalattiV. (2006) Enantioselective gas chromatography: analytical technique for the analysis of mandarin essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1871–76;
28.
LiS, PanM-H, LoC-Y, TanD, WangY, ShahidiF, HoC-T. (2009) Chemistry and health effects of polynmethoxyflavones and hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones. Journal of Functional Foods, 12–12.
29.
DugoP, McHaleD. (2002) The oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus essential oils. In Citrus Dugo G, Di GiacomoA. (Eds), Taylor & Francis, London, 355–390.
30.
DugoP, PipernoA, RomeoR, CambriaM, RussoM, CarnovaleC, MondelloL. (2009) Determination of oxygen heterocyclic components in citrus products by HPLC with UV detection. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry57, 6543–6551.
31.
ISO - International Organization for Standardization (1997). Oil of mandarin, Italian type (Citrus reticulata Blanco) ISO 3528:1997(e);
32.
ISO - International Organization for Standardization (2002) Oil of Citrus – Determination of CD value by ultraviolet spectrometric analysis ISO 4735:2002 (e);
33.
AdamsRP. (2007) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 4th edn. Allured, Carol Stream, IL.
34.
CostaR, De FinaMR, ValentinoMR, DugoP, MondelloL. (2007) Reliable identification of terpenoids and related compounds by using linear retention indices interactively with mass spectrometry search. Natural Products Communications, 2413–418.
35.
DugoG, Stagno d'AlcontresI, CotroneoA, DugoP. (1992) On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XXXV. Detection of added reconstituted mandarin oil in genuine cold pressed mandarin essential oil by high resolution gas chromatography with chiral capillary columns. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4589–594.
36.
MondelloL, CatalfamoM, ProteggenteAR, BonaccorsiI, DugoG. (1998) Multidimensional capillary GC-GC for the analysis of real complex samples. 3. Enantiomeric distribution of monoterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene alcohols of mandarin oils. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 4654–61;
37.
DugoP, MondelloL, CogliandroE, Stagno d'AlcontresI, CotroneoA. (1994) On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XLVI. Polymethoxylated flavones of the non-volatile residue of Italian sweet orange and mandarin essential oil. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 9105–111.
