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Abstract

Introduction

We aimed to synthesise the experiences of people living with hand osteoarthritis (HOA) and the perceptions of clinicians and carers relating to the quality of life and treatment services.

Methods

We undertook a systematic search on MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL electronic databases for qualitative studies in HOA. We used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist to assess methodological quality and thematically-synthesise the findings. We used GRADE-CERQual (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation- Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research) to assess the quality of the evidence.

Results

We identified 13 studies involving people with HOA (288 women and 39 men, average age 61.4 years) and clinicians. Five themes were identified from studies involving people with HOA: i) My hands are painful whenever I use them; ii) It stops me doing everyday activities; iii) It stops me doing things I value; iv) It’s psychologically challenging and v) I find ways of doing things. The quality of evidence was moderate except for pain with low quality of evidence. Most studies were conducted in Europe and the United Kingdom with participants recruited predominantly from hospital settings. We were not able to synthesise the three studies that involved clinicians as each explored different topics of HOA. There were no studies that involved carers.

Conclusions

Our findings highlighted the impact of HOA in various areas of life and the need for personalised psychological support in practice.

Keywords

Hand osteoarthritis Qualitative synthesis Pain Actvities Coping strategies

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disability and socio-economic burden worldwide.^1–3 This condition is caused by progressive cartilage and bone destruction, with narrowing of joint space.³ Hand OA (HOA) typically involves the proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP), distal inter-phalangeal (DIP) and the first carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ).^2,4 Depending on the joints affected, there are subgroups including nodal OA, erosive HOA (when the subchondral bone is eroded) and CMCJ OA.² HOA is defined by clinical or radiological criteria. The American College of Rheumatology^4,5 definition includes hand pain or ache, stiffness and three of the other four clinical criteria: i) hard tissue enlargements in two or more DIP and PIP joints of the index and middle fingers, and CMCJ of both hands, ii) hard tissue enlargements in two or more DIP joints, iii) less than three swollen metacarpophalangeal joints, and iv) deformity in at least one of the DIP joints of the index and middle fingers, third PIP joints and CMCJ of both hands.⁴ Radiologically, the Kellgren-Lawrence grading for the presence of osteophytes, joint space narrowing, and number of joints affected is used.⁴

For patients, HOA is characterised by pain, joint stiffness and deformity, and reduced range of motion, grip strength, ability to perform activities of daily living, and quality of life.^5,6

The severity of the condition is often increased by risk factors such as increasing age, women at menopause, genetic heritability, white population, obesity and smoking.^4,6,8,9

Hand osteoarthritis (HOA) is highly prevalent between 40 and 60 years, especially in women.^5–8 In a 2022 study involving 3588 adults with or at risk of symptomatic knee OA,¹⁰ women were at greater risk (Prevalence Ratio, PR 2.16 [95% CI 1.76–2.64]). They had a modestly increased risk of radiographic hand OA (PR 1.18 [95% CI 1.10–1.27]) compared to men. There was no increased risk of incident radiographic hand OA (Risk Ratio 1.05 [95% CI 0.73–1.51]).

Treatment for HOA includes oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, patient education, exercise, self-management, and splints.^11–15 Surgery is considered for severe joint instability and deformity.^16,17

Many qualitative studies have explored the experiences of people living with HOA.^18–27 For an even better understanding of HOA, it is important to know the perspectives of clinicians, family members or carers of people with HOA. Carers are from the patients' immediate social environment (spouse or a family member) who could provide insight into patients’ experiences of living with HOA and how they cope and self-manage. We aimed to review the qualitative literature on the experiences of people living with HOA and the perceptions of clinicians and carers relating to the quality of life (physical, social and psychological well-being) and treatment services available.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of qualitative research and reported in accordance with the ENTREQ guidelines.²⁸ The review protocol was prospectively registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42019153378).²⁹ A patient representative was involved in the design and planning of the review.

A comprehensive search strategy was developed in collaboration with a health sciences librarian (NT) and was designed to capture all relevant articles about qualitative research on hand osteoarthritis (Supplementary file 1). In an initial search, the search strategy was applied to Medline (OvidSP), Embase (OvidSP) and CINAHL (EBSCO) from inception to 16^th September 2022. An updated search was conducted on 21st February 2023. The search comprised title/abstract keywords and subject headings for osteoarthritis, hand and qualitative. References were exported to EndNote 20 (Clarivate, Philadelphia PA) for de-duplication.

Qualitative or mixed-method studies containing qualitative interviews relating to patient experiences and perceptions about treatment services, reported either by people with any type of HOA or clinicians or main carers were considered for inclusion. Systematic reviews, surveys, and studies not published as full article (conference abstracts, theses and dissertations), or those published in languages other than English were excluded.

Duplicates were removed and relevant studies identified from the search were imported into EndNote 20 referencing software for screening. Studies were independently screened by the title and abstract by two reviewers (BD & AB). This was followed by a full-text evaluation of the selected studies. References of relevant studies and review articles were also screened for studies that may potentially have met the inclusion criteria. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer (CS) to include the relevant papers.

BD & AB independently assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) qualitative studies checklist.³⁰ Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion with another reviewer (CS) to reach a consensus.

Contextual information about the included studies (author, title, date, country of origin, research question, data collection, analytic method, sample and setting) was extracted by BD & AB. The data were cross-checked for accuracy and tabulated. The results sections of all included studies were imported into NVivo qualitative data analysis software version 12³¹ for analysis.

BD & CS independently analysed the data following the three steps of thematic synthesis adapted from Sandelowski and Barroso³²: (i) familiarisation with data involved reading and re-reading the study findings; (ii) line-by-line coding of the data within the results section including themes, sub-themes and quotes from the included studies; (iii) grouping of similar codes (from a minimum of two studies), abstracted inductively to final themes that were labelled to reflect the content of the data. A fourth reviewer (FT) reviewed the coding of each study to comment on any missed nuance and to reach a consensus about the final themes.

The confidence in each of the themes was assessed using the four components i) methodological limitations, ii) relevance, iii) coherence, and iv) adequacy of data of the GRADE-CERQual (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation- Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach.³³ Methodological limitations refer to any concerns around the design and conduct of the primary studies that contribute to the review. Relevance refers to the applicability of the studies. Coherence refers to the extent of fit between the data from the primary studies and findings. Adequacy refers to the volume and richness of data supporting each finding. For each component, various levels of concern (none or very minor, minor, moderate and serious) that might influence the review findings were applied. Finally, an overall judgement of the quality of evidence in relation to the four components was made. The confidence ratings range from ‘Very low (when findings are less likely a reasonable representation of the topic of interest), ‘Low’, ‘Moderate’ and ‘High (when findings are highly likely a reasonable representation of the topic of interest).

Results

After reviewing 37 full-text citations, we identified 10 published reports from seven studies in people with HOA^18–27 and three studies in clinicians.^34–36 We didn’t find any qualitative studies that explored carers’ perceptions of HOA. Figure 1 shows the study selection process.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow diagram.

The three studies that involved clinicians^34–36 were from the UK and South Africa (Table 1). We were not able to synthesise the findings as each study explored different concepts of HOA such as joint instability and occupational therapy in CMCJ OA. In a UK study,³⁴ 10 occupational therapists were interviewed to understand the scope of occupational therapy in treating OA in general. Only one hand therapist participated in the interviews. Therefore, descriptions specific to HOA were very limited. In another UK study,³⁵ nine physiotherapists and occupational therapists were interviewed using a semi-structured schedule to explore the concept of joint instability in CMCJ OA. Findings indicated differing perspectives in terms of instability and laxity and the role of exercises as an intervention. Therapists prioritised assessing the symptoms and functional ability and their treatment practices focused on reducing instability and progression. In the South Africa study,³⁶ seven occupational therapists were interviewed twice using a semi-structured guide to explore the occupational therapy practices for CMCJ OA in the South African context. Therapists mainly received referrals from general practitioners rather than orthopaedic surgeons. They discussed how doctors had a limited understanding of the role of occupational therapy while good relationships with them positively influenced the frequency of referrals. Several patient-related factors such as treatment costs, motivation and knowledge about the condition influenced the course of occupational therapy. Assessments were mainly through history taking and observations and therapy was based on the progression stage of the OA.

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies involving clinicians.

No.	Author & country	Participants	Purpose	Sample size Mean years of work experience	Work settings	Data collection	Analysis method
1	Grant 2005³⁴ United Kingdom	Occupational therapists from one region in the UK, experience in their fields and member of National association of rheumatology occupational therapists, British association of hand therapists, occupational therapists in Trauma and orthopaedics	To explore the scope of occupational therapy in treating OA	10 18.5 years	Rheumatology, orthopaedics, hand therapy, primary care and social services	Semi-structured interviews	Content analysis
2	Jansen 2017³⁵ United Kingdom	Physiotherapists and occupational therapists with a special interest in CMCJ OA	To explore therapists’ understanding of joint stability in CMCJ OA and effects of exercises in its management	8 occupational therapists and one physiotherapist 14.6 years	Rheumatology, MSK and hand therapy departments	Semi-structured interviews by telephone or recorded Skype calls	Thematic analysis using a framework method
3	Teuchert 2017³⁶ South Africa	Occupational therapists with a minimum of 2 years experience in hand therapy	To explore factors that impact the occupational therapy for CMCJ OA and what intervention practices would work in South African context	7 No data available	Government and private practice settings	Semi-structured interviews followed by second interviews to reflect on the information shared during the first interview	First interviews analysed using content analysis Second interviews analysed through member checking (however, due to time limitations, authors were unable to check the accuracy of their interpretation)

UK: United Kingdom; OA: Osteoarthritis; CMCJ OA: Carpo-metacarpal joint Osteoarthritis; MSK: Musculoskeletal.

Table 2 shows the characteristics of the seven studies that include people with HOA. One study from New Zealand¹⁸ interviewed people with CMCJ OA. There were six reports from three individual studies^19–24 that included people with HOA from Europe, Denmark^19,20 and the UK. Two reports from a study in Denmark focused on understanding the range of activity problems in people with HOA¹⁹ and further explored the meaning of activity and participation with a combination of semi-structured interviews and interviews using participant-generated photographs of activities and events of daily life.²⁰ Two reports from a UK-based study aimed to understand the impact of functional impairments in day-to-day life²¹ through semi-structured interviews and treatment²² of HOA with focus group interviews. Two reports from a multinational study^23,24 conducted in Austria, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK explored the difficulties with activities of daily living due to HOA²³ and concepts that are important for patients in outcome measurements²⁴ via focus groups. There was one mixed-method study from Norway that explored self-management strategies in HOA.²⁵ Two other studies, one from Singapore²⁶ and another from the United States of America (USA)²⁷ explored peoples’ perspectives of HOA.

Table 2.

Characteristics of included studies involving people with hand osteoarthritis.

No.	Author & country	Condition	Sample size Mean age or range Mean duration of condition	Recruitment settings	Data collection	Analysis method
1	Buhler 2021¹⁸ New Zealand	Clinician diagnosed CMCJ OA or specific questions on hand pain	30 (11 men, 19 women) 64.5 years 5.7 years	Community and health settings such as general practices and hospitals	Semi-structured interviews, field notes and diaries	Thematic analysis
2	Bukhave 2014 a¹⁹ Denmark	Clinician diagnosis of HOA with duration >2 years	31 (5 men, 26 women) Age range 38 to 89 years (51 years) Most were 3 to 6 years	Doctors surgeries and via Rheumatism magazine	Semi-structured and photograph interviews (total 43 interviews)	Interpretive phenomenology
2	Bukhave 2014 b²⁰ Denmark	Clinician diagnosis of HOA with duration >2 years	11	Doctors surgeries and via Rheumatism magazine	Additional interviews based on photographs	Interpretive phenomenology
3	Hill 2010²¹ United Kingdom	Diagnosis of HOA by general practitioner or rheumatologist and patients aged >50 years	29 (4 men, 25 women) 63.6 years 9.5 years	Primary (general practice) and secondary care (hospital-based rheumatology centre)	Semi-structured interviews based on disease Repercussion profile	Inductive thematic analysis and constant comparison method
3	Hill 2011²² United Kingdom		Four focus groups (3 men, 14 women) 64.9 years		Focus groups	Inductive thematic analysis and constant comparison method
4	Stamm 2008²³ 5 European countries	ACR criteria for HOA	56 (51 women) 62.7 years7 years	Outpatient departments	Focus groups	Meaning condensation (modified form of content analysis)
4	Stamm 2014²⁴ 5 European countries	ACR criteria for HOA	56 (51 women) 63 years 7 years	Outpatient departments	10 focus groups	Comparison of similar concepts between different rheumatic conditions
5	Kjeken 2012²⁵ Norway	Diagnosis of HOA by rheumatologist or orthopaedic surgeon and meet ACR criteria	125 (3 men, 122 women) 64.5 years 14.1 years	Rheumatology departments	Short semi-structured interviews without audio taping; responses written by hand	Coding and categorising of descriptions
6	Thumboo 2017²⁶ Singapore	ACR criteria of HOA	26 (3 men, 23 women) 62.9 years Disease duration not reported	Rheumatology outpatient clinic at a general hospital	7 focus groups	Thematic analysis
7	Panter 2021²⁷ United States of America	Diagnosis of erosive or non-erosive HOA by clinician using ACR criteria	30 (8 men, 22 women) 61 years Disease duration not reported	Various geographical locations	Telephone interviews	Thematic analysis

CMCJ: Carpo-metacarpal joint; HOA: Hand Osteoarthritis; ACR: American College of Rheumatology.

288 women and 39 men (total 327; men to women ratio: one to 7.4) with an average age of 61.4 years participated in the included studies. They were mostly recruited from primary care or rheumatology clinics in hospital settings. Four studies used ACR criteria for diagnosing HOA.^23–27 Others were based on the clinicians’ diagnosis or asking specific questions about hand pain.^18–22

Data collection was through face-to-face semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Duration of semi-structured interviews in the included studies ranged from 40 to 150 min. Focus groups ranged from 57 to 120 min. One study added diary entries and field notes,¹⁸ another used participant-generated photographs of daily activities to guide the interviews¹⁹ and another conducted interviews via telephone.²⁷ Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim in six out of seven studies.^{18–21,23,24,26,27} Focus group interviews²¹ were both audio and video recorded in another report.²² In one study²⁵ interviewers took written notes instead of audio recording. In the study that was conducted in five European countries,^23,24 the focus group interview questions were formulated in German language that were forward and back-translated to local languages. In the Singapore-based study, focus groups were conducted either in English or Mandarin.²⁶ Interviews were audio taped, transcribed, and translated into English.

Thematic analysis was undertaken in four studies.^{18,21,22,26,27} The study that was conducted in five European countries^23,24 used an adapted form of content analysis called ‘meaning condensation’ where the interview data were divided into meaning units and common concepts within the meaning units were then combined. Another study from Denmark^19,20 used theoretical frameworks from social practice theory and critical psychology and was analysed using interpretative phenomenology.

Table 3 shows the CASP findings for the included studies. The reviewers agreed that the methodological quality across the studies was satisfactory for inclusion, although no study considered the relationship between researcher and participant. Initial coding of the included studies resulted in 30 codes that were abstracted into nine categories and five themes (Table 4).

Table 3.

The CASP quality assessment of studies involving people with hand osteoarthritis.

Author and published year	1. Was there a clear statement of the aims of the research?	2. Is a qualitative methodology appropriate?	3. Was the research design appropriate to address the aims of the research?	4. Was the recruitment strategy appropriate to the aims of the research?	5. Was the data collected in a way that addressed the research issue?	6. Has the relationship between researcher and people been adequately considered?	7. Have ethical issues been taken into consideration?	8. Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous?	9. Is there a clear statement of findings?	10. How valuable is the research?
Buhler 2021¹⁸	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bukhave 2014 a¹⁹	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bukhave 2014 b²⁰	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	No	No	Yes
Hill 2010²¹	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hill 2011²²	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Stamm 2008²³	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Stamm 2014²⁴	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	No	No	Yes
Kjeken 2012²⁵	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	No	No	Yes
Thumboo 2017²⁶	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Panter 2021²⁷	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Cannot tell	Yes	Yes	No	Yes

Questions one to six consider whether the results are valid; Questions seven to nine relate to the results; Question 10 checks whether the results would help locally.

Table 4.

Identification of emergent themes from the included studies assessment.

Codes	Categories	Themes
• Different pain sensations	The nature of pain	My hands are painful whenever I use them
• Pain during activities
• Cold weather worsening the pain
• Difficulty cooking/preparing food	Activity limitations	It stops me doing everyday activities
• Difficulty with personal care
• Difficulty with household tasks
• Difficulty with driving
• Altered sense of self	Psychological impact	It’s psychologically challenging
• Social embarrassment
• Frustration
• Fear
• Anger
• Worry about the future
• Negative thoughts
• Restrictions in recreational activities		It stops me doing things I value
• Restrictions in family activities	Restricted participation in social and recreational activities
• Restrictions in social engagement
• Restrictions in physical activities	Restricted participation in work
• Restrictions in work-related tasks
• Use of topical creams, gloves		I find ways of doing things
• Use of splints	Problem-solving strategies
• Avoiding painful tasks
• Alternative ways to do tasks
• Activity pacing
• Assistive devices	Support from others
• Role reversal
• Support from family and others
• Self-determination	Emotion-based strategies
• Acceptance of the condition
• Comparison with other people

The themes identified were labeled as: i) My hands are painful whenever I use them; ii) It stops me doing everyday activities; iii) It stops me doing things I value; iv) It’s psychologically challenging and v) I find ways to keep doing things. The supportive quotes for each theme are presented in Supplementary file 2 (online only).

My hands are painful whenever I use them

This theme describes the pain experienced by people with HOA in the included studies.

There were five studies^{18,19,23,26,27} that captured peoples’ experiences with various symptoms such as pain, stiffness, swelling,^26,27 reduced dexterity¹⁸ and grip strength.^18,27 However, these studies did not fully and richly cover these symptoms (including pain) with verbatim quotes. Pain was the most frequently reported problem.^{18,19,23,26,27} The types of pain sensations varied, with common descriptors such as ‘dull-ache’, ‘sore’, ‘knife-like’ or ‘burning’ or ‘killing pain’.^18,23 Pain occurred throughout the activity^18,23 and was unpredictable and fluctuating.^18,19,26 Cold weather increased the intensity.^18,23,26

It stops me doing everyday activities

This theme describes the difficulties that people with HOA had in activities relating to self-care and domestic and work life. HOA redefined what people were able to do, and people found a wide range of day-to-day activities (from self-care to work) either difficult or unable to perform.

The impact of HOA on activities of daily life was identified in six studies,^{18,19,21,24,26,27} prominently, personal care activities such as washing and bathing,^18,21 dressing^18,19,26 doing housework,^18,21,26,27 using cutlery^19,21,26 and driving.^18,19,23 Difficulty cutting meat or vegetables^19,21,27 or opening lids^18,26 were also reported.

Activity limitations at work led to indirect consequences such as poor work productivity, early retirement, quitting the job and eventually, financial burden. Difficulty with job-related tasks due to functional difficulties, reduced work productivity and the need to change careers, retire earlier or even leave jobs were commonly reported.^{18,19,21,26,27} These indirectly led to financial stress on the individual and meant a change in their financial independence status.^21,26

It stops me doing things I value

This theme describes the restrictions in taking part in hobbies, leisure and recreational activities as reported in five studies.^{18–21,26,27} People with HOA had restrictions participating in their own personal, family and social activities due to pain and disability. They gave up activities that were valued and meaningful to them such as fishing, bicycling, and going out with friends.

Hobbies such as gardening were restricted.^18,19 People had difficulties participating in family activities such as caring for grandchildren or other family members^18,19,26 and cooking for family.²⁶ Studies reported problems participating in social events such as dinners, skiing, going out and maintaining friendships.^18,19,26,27 Activities such as biking were also restricted.^18,19

It’s psychologically challenging

This theme refers to the psychological impact of HOA highlighted in five studies.^{18,19,21,22,26,27} HOA has a significant impact on psychological well-being. Pain and disability led to a variety of psychological responses such as anger, frustration, lack of confidence, worry, and suicidal thoughts. An altered sense of one’s self due to pain and inability to do things that they could do before was reported in three studies.^18,21,26 Fear of becoming dependent on others due to functional difficulties led to frustration.^18,19,21,26 Anger due to pain and disability^18,26 and worry about the future^18,21,26 were reported.

Two studies^18,26 described negative thinking, including thoughts of self-harm due to pain and disability from HOA. People were embarrassed in public due to an inability to use a knife and fork or carry a shopping bag.^21,26 Similarly, they were prone to dropping things that led to loss of confidence.^18,19,26,27 Some felt shame and stigma (negative feelings and beliefs) about their finger deformities,^21,24,26 although there were those who were not concerned about their hand appearance OA.¹⁸

Three studies^18,21,22,26 reported frustration as the major emotional response to the inability to carry out a task, pain, or the need to depend on others. Some people with HOA^18,22,26 were frustrated due to a lack of support and understanding from their doctors/general practitioners (GPs). HOA was not always perceived as a serious problem and was often framed as part of ageing that has no cure.

Four studies^18,19,21,26 reported that people chose not to ask for help for fear of losing their independence, or becoming dependent on others in simple tasks of daily living.

People with HOA were concerned about their future due to the disease's progressive nature and their reduced ability to carry out day-to-day activities.^18,21,26

I find ways of doing things

This theme refers to the experiences of using coping strategies^{18–21,23,25,26} to manage pain and to achieve functional independence. People with HOA use a wide range of self-help strategies to manage pain and disability in their everyday lives. Strategies were mainly problem-solving (avoiding painful activities, finding alternate ways, using assistive devices) and less often, emotion-based (acceptance, faith, determination).

People wanted to be self-reliant and independent and avoided tasks that caused more pain.^18,19,21 They used alternative ways to do a task^{18,19,21,23,26}; used assistive devices^19,20,23; or accepted assistance from others.^19,21,25 Activity pacing or slowing down were reported in two studies.^19,23 Some used emotion-focused strategies such as determination and faith,^18,26 and acceptance and positive thinking to persevere despite pain.²³

People purchased assistive devices to maintain independence in cooking, eating, self-care, dressing and participation in social and leisure activities.^19,22 However, some felt their knowledge and information needs on the availability and use of devices was unmet.^19,21

People with HOA reported receiving support from family members²⁶ or others^18,19 to assist them in daily activities. Some^18,21 compared themselves positively to other people with worse arthritis symptoms. However, it is not clear if their perceptions helped inform decisions in adapting to HOA.

Level of confidence in the review findings

We applied the CERQual criteria³³ to determine confidence in our findings (Table 5). Two reviewers (BD and CS) agreed that the quality of evidence was ‘moderate’ for all the themes except pain. The quality of evidence for pain was low because of a serious concern with adequacy (lack of volume and richness of descriptive data) across all the studies that contributed to its evidence. Pain experience was vaguely reported leading to moderate concerns with coherence. Three studies^20,24,25 contributing to the other themes had moderate concerns with methodological limitations (lack of rigorous data analysis and statement of results). One study that contributed to coping strategies²⁵ had moderate concerns regarding adequacy. Another reason for downgrading all the themes was the limited number of studies and concerns around relevance as all studies except for one²⁶ were from Europe, New Zealand, the United States of America and the UK with participants recruited predominantly from hospital settings.

Table 5.

CERQual Assessment of the quality of evidence.

Themes	Primary studies that contributed to themes	Methodological limitations	Relevance	Coherence	Adequacy	Level of confidence
My hands are painful whenever I use them	18, 19, 23, 26, 27	Moderate concern	Minor concern	Moderate concern	Serious concern	Low
It stops me doing everyday activities	18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 27	Moderate concern	Minor concern	Minor concern	Minor concern	Moderate
It’s psychologically challenging	18, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27	Moderate concern	Minor concern	Minor concern	Minor concern	Moderate
It stops me doing things I value	18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27	Moderate concern	Minor concern	Minor concern	Minor concern	Moderate
I Find ways of doing things	18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26	Moderate concern	Minor concern	Minor concern	Moderate concern	Moderate

The review is reported as per ENTREQ guidelines (Supplementary file 3).

Discussion

This review aimed to synthesise the experiences of people living with HOA and the perceptions of carers and clinicians concerning the quality of life and treatment services. Following a systematic search, we identified seven (with 10 published reports) qualitative studies on people with HOA^18–27 that were thematically synthesised. Three studies included clinicians who treat hand arthritis conditions.^34–36 There were no qualitative studies that involved carers of people with HOA.

Studies in people with HOA indicated that HOA affects the person as a whole. Several issues that reduced their quality of life were pain, inability to do everyday tasks and participate in activities of personal value, and psychological challenges. People with HOA used various strategies to control their symptoms and to be functional inside and outside of the home. They also had feelings of shame, self-stigma and social embarrassment due to aesthetic issues from the joint deformities. Our review found that common impairments of HOA such as reduced grip strength, stiffness, fatigue and loss of dexterity and joint mobility were not explored from the patients’ perspective.

A few studies^{18,19,23,26,27} reported pain as the most troublesome symptom of HOA, requiring different coping strategies and living with it. However, we were not able to synthesise them due to a lack of in-depth exploration and patient quotes (for example nature of pain; how pain affects sleep, mental health, etc.). Chronic musculoskeletal pain (that includes arthritis pain) is no longer perceived as a single physical problem but rather a complex overlap of emotional, cultural, cognitive and neurological aspects interplaying with the joint pathology.^37,38 Therefore, a broader understanding of the patients’ experience of HOA pain is required to provide holistic management in the context of patients’ expectations, beliefs, preferences and lifestyles. The variety of self-made coping strategies highlights how people were self-reliant and autonomous from their lived experiences with pain. These strategies are similar to people coping with OA in other joints.^39,40

Studies in hip or knee OA^41,42 have shown a significant association between psychological well-being and disability. The psychological impact of HOA from the patients’ perspective closely resonates with previous studies⁴³ and the experiences of people living with OA in other joints.^39,40 Recent guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology¹³ strongly recommend the use of structured self-efficacy and self-management programmes in building skills such as positive thinking, problem-solving and goal setting in HOA. Our findings highlight the need for a better understanding of the psychological impact of HOA and to consider a holistic treatment approach to help with the psychological symptoms.

Our review has some limitations. Firstly, we included studies published in the English language only. Secondly, we were able to identify only a small number of relevant studies (with three studies having six reports) with limited data for synthesis. Thirdly, the studies on people with HOA were from Europe and the UK, except one,²⁶ and were mainly recruited from hospital settings. Therefore, the overall findings might not reflect the experiences of living with HOA and health services in other ethnic groups, cultures and countries. Fourthly, the average age of participants in the included studies was 61.4 years and the symptom duration was above 5 years in four of the seven studies. The perspectives may differ in those who are newly diagnosed. Finally, studies used interviews with written notes, photographs, semi-structured interviews or focus groups for data collection. Hence there is a possibility that the nuances and essence of meanings are lost during synthesis. These limitations may impact the internal validity and transferability of the review findings.

Our review recommends that clinicians should appreciate the wide range of problems people have due to HOA in terms of individual and social life, and psychological well-being. The psychological impact of HOA must be acknowledged to facilitate personalised and ongoing formal support for those at risk. More qualitative work is required in the following areas: understanding pain experience, sleep problems, and other impairments such as reduced grip strength and dexterity; experiences of male participants with HOA; and perceptions of clinicians and carers or family members.

Conclusions

Our qualitative synthesis strengthens the evidence bases for the profound impact of HOA in terms of pain, being unable to do everyday tasks and things of value, and the psychological consequences from patients’ perspective. We recommend a personalised treatment approach to address the psychological challenges and provision of accessible and ongoing support for those in need.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material - Experiences of people with hand osteoarthritis and perceptions of clinicians and carers on quality of life and treatment services: A qualitative synthesis

Supplemental Material for Experiences of people with hand osteoarthritis and perceptions of clinicians and carers on quality of life and treatment services: A qualitative synthesis by Cynthia Srikesavan, Benjamin Dean, Francine Toye, Alex Bolt and Neal Thurley in Hand Therapy

Footnotes

Author contributions

CS and BD: conceptualisation, methodology, writing, Reviewing and editing of the manuscript versions; FT: review and consultation of themes and editing of the manuscript versions; AB: methodology, writing, reviewing and editing of the manuscript versions.

NT: developed the search strategy and syntax, advised on the databases to use, ran and re-ran the searches, identified papers for inclusion, and reviewed the pre-submission manuscript.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr Benjamin Dean discloses receipt of financial support for research, authorship, and publication from British Medical Association Doris Hiller grant.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Cynthia Srikesavan

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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