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Abstract

Background:

The use of PARP inhibitor (PARPi) has shown a considerable benefit in progression-free survival (PFS) in relapsed, platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer (OC).

Objective:

Our study aimed to investigate the impact of the last platinum-based chemotherapy treatment in response to PARPi.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients and methods:

The study involved 96 consecutive, pretreated, platinum-sensitive advanced OC patients. Demographics and clinical data were retrieved from clinical records. PFS and overall survival (OS) were calculated from the start of PARPi.

Results:

Germline BRCA mutation was investigated in all cases. Platinum-based chemotherapy before PARPi maintenance therapy included pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-oxaliplatin (PLD-Ox) in 46 patients (48%) and other platinum-based chemotherapy in 50 patients (52%). During a median follow-up of 22 months from the beginning of PARPi therapy, 57 patients relapsed (median PFS: 12 months) and 64 patients died (median OS: 23 months). During multivariable analysis, receiving PLD-Ox before PARPi was associated with improved PFS [hazard ratio (HR): 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26–0.82] and OS (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27–0.83). In 36 BRCA-mutated patients, PLD-Ox was associated with improved PFS (2-year PFS: 70.0% versus 25.0%, p = 0.02).

Conclusion:

Receiving PLD-Ox before PARPi may improve prognosis in platinum-sensitive advanced OC patients and may provide advantages in the BRCA-mutated subgroup.

Keywords

BRCA mutated PARP inhibitors oxaliplatin pegylated liposomal doxorubicin platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer

Introduction

According to the European Institute of Women’s Health, ovarian cancer (OC) results in more than 42,700 deaths annually in Europe.¹ In Italy, there were approximately 3260 deaths recorded in 2016 and 5300 new cases of OC in 2019.^2,3 Approximately 80% of patients with new diagnosis of OC have a response to taxane-platinum chemotherapy. However, recurrent disease develops in high percentage of patients⁴ and brings need for new knowledge and innovative therapeutic approaches.

The introduction of novel class drugs, namely PARP inhibitor (PARPi), plays an important role in BRCA-mutated OC, as PARPi eliminates an alternative DNA repair pathway leading to tumor cell death. Olaparib is the first oral PARPi that induces synthetic lethality in BRCA one-half deficient tumor cells.^5,6 Niraparib is a highly selective inhibitor of polyadenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2. These nuclear proteins detect DNA damage.⁷

Olaparib and niraparib are the most used PARP inhibitors.^8–10 While olaparib demonstrated an improved progression-free survival (PFS) exceeding 49.8 months in maintenance therapy, first line in BRCA-mutated OC patients in SOLO1 trial,⁸ bevacizumab-olaparib showed a PFS of 37.2 months in the Platine, Avastin and OLAparib in 1st Line (PAOLA-1) trial⁹ and niraparib showed a PFS of 22.1 months in the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) study¹¹ (Table 1).

Table 1.

Median PFS in maintenance therapy in first-line OC: review of the literature.

Study	Year	BRCA genotype	Therapeutic arm PFS (months)	Maintenance	Comparator arm PFS (months)	Type of comparator	p-Value
Markmann et al.¹²	2009	All patients	22	12 Paclitaxel cycles	14	3 Paclitaxel cycles	0.006
Burger et al.¹³	2011	All patients	14.1	Bevacizumab	10.3	Placebo	<0.001
AGO-OVAR16¹⁴	2019	All patients	17.9	Pazopanib	12.3	Placebo	0.002
PAOLA1⁹	2019	All patients	26.1	Bevacizumab + Olaparib	18.3	Bevacizumab	<0.001
PRIMA¹¹	2019	All patients	21.9	Niraparib	10.4	Placebo	<0.001
BRCA wild-type OC patients
PAOLA1⁹	2019	BRCA−	18.9	Bevacizumab + Olaparib	16.0	Bevacizumab	<0.001
PRIMA¹¹	2019	BRCA−	19.6	Niraparib	8.2	Placebo	<0.001
Only BRCA mutation OC patients
SOLO 1⁸	2018	BRCA +	>49.8	Olaparib	13.8	Placebo	<0.001
PAOLA1⁹	2019	BRCA +	37.2	Bevacizumab + Olaparib	21.7	Bevacizumab	<0.001
PRIMA¹¹	2019	BRCA+	22.1	Niraparib	10.9	Placebo	<0.001

All patients, platinum-sensitive patients (with or without BRCA mutation); BRCA+, patients with BRCA mutation; BRCA−, patients without BRCA mutation; OC, ovarian cancer; PFS, progression-free survival.

Table 2 offers a literature overview of PFS after PARPi maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive OC as second line. Other non-comparative studies with olaparib and niraparib maintenance in poly-treated population showed PFS between 5.5 and 7 months.^21–23

Table 2.

Median PFS in maintenance therapy with PARPi in platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer as second line: review of the literature.

	Year	Patients	Therapeutic arm PFS (months)	Maintenance	Placebo arm PFS (months)	p-Value
OCEANS¹⁵	2012	All patients	12.4	Bevacizumab	8.4	<0.001
ICON6¹⁶	2016	All patients	11	Cediranib	8.7	<0.001
NOVA¹⁰	2016	BRCA−	9.3	Niraparib	3.9	<0.001
BRCA-mutated only patients
Ledermann et al.¹⁷	2014	BRCA+	11.2	Olaparib	4.3	<0.001
NOVA¹⁰	2016	BRCA+	21	Niraparib	5.5	<0.001
SOLO2¹⁸	2017	BRCA+	19.1	Olaparib	5.5	<0.001
ARIEL 3¹⁹	2017	BRCA+	16.6	Rucaparib	5.4	<0.001
SOLO3²⁰	2020	BRCA+	13.4	Olaparib	CT* = 9.2	0.013

All patients, platinum-sensitive patients (with or without BRCA mutation); BRCA+, patients with BRCA mutation; BRCA−, patients without BRCA mutation; CT*, non-platinum chemotherapy; PFS, progression-free survival.

Oxaliplatin is a common antiblastic different from carboplatin and cisplatin, with a mechanism of action that allows efficacy in platinum-resistant patients, and without dose-limiting toxicity such as neurological and renal which may occur in patients treated with carboplatin or cisplatin.^24,25 The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines includes the use of oxaliplatin as an active drug in the therapy of recurrent OC.²⁶ Given the heterogeneous results in literature, it is reasonable to wonder whether treatment options before PARPi may contribute to such heterogeneity. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the last platinum-based chemotherapy treatment in response to PARPi. We hypothesized that oxaliplatin may provide some advantages in BRCA-mutated OC as shown in other genetic neoplasms such as colon cancer in Lynch’s syndrome,²⁷ and in a previous study reporting improved survival in patients with a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and/or positive cancer family history.²⁸

Materials and methods

Study design

This is a retrospective, single-institutional, cohort study on the impact of the last platinum-based chemotherapy treatment (PLD-Ox versus other platinum-based chemotherapy) in response to PARPi in platinum-sensitive advanced OC patients. The comparison between the chemotherapy regimens was planned a priori and was not the result of selective reporting. The study included all consecutive patients treated with PARPi maintenance between April 2014 and March 2020 at the IOV-IRCCS in Padua (Italy).

Patients

Eligible patients had histologically diagnosed ovarian, fallopian tube cancer predominantly high-grade serous pathology. The stage was III or IV, with or without BRCA mutation determined with genetic analysis (Myriad Genetics). All patients were platinum-sensitive and had received at least two such regimens with platinum with/without bevacizumab and/or trabectedin. Platinum-based chemotherapy consisted of carboplatin or cisplatin-gemcitabine, or platinum (cisplatin/carboplatin)-paclitaxel, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-oxaliplatin (PLD-Ox) or cisplatin/carboplatin alone according to professional treatment dosage.

Treatment

PARPi treatment started within 8 weeks after last platinum cycle: olaparib for BRCA-positive OC patients,⁸ 800 mg capsules and then 600 mg tablets, was reduced to 500 mg in case of severe anemia or persistent nausea G3 (ECOG). Niraparib dose was 300 mg daily for patients, without BRCA mutation, >77 kg and/or with platelet count >150,000/mm³, and it was reduced to 200 mg for patients <77 kg and/or with platelet count ⩽150,000.¹⁰ Dose reduction was mandatory in cases of developing thrombocytopenia or anemia grade 3 or 4 ECOG, and additional reduction up to 100 mg niraparib/400 mg olaparib was permitted in case of anemia or nausea grade 3 or 4 ECOG.

Safety for niraparib was monitored weekly in the first month and then monthly, while for olaparib monthly.

Niraparib or olaparib were continued until disease progression or unacceptable grade 4 toxicity according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0. Treatment could be interrupted for up to 28 days for hematological adverse events; after the resolution of toxicity treatment could be restarted at reduced dose according to criteria to manage adverse events and minimize drug discontinuation.^8,10,11,18

Assessment

Baseline imaging with the use of abdominopelvic CT scan, MRI, or abdominal echography was to be performed within 30 days from the start of chemotherapy for relapse. Disease measures were evaluated after four cycles of platinum chemotherapy; if responsive, the patient would start PARPi; if stable, she would continue with another 3–4 cycles and start PARPi after a minimal response. Physical examination was performed at the beginning of each chemotherapy cycle, then during PARPi every month in the first 6 months of maintenance, then every 3 months. Disease progression was determined according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.²⁹ Toxicity was graded according to CTCAE 5.0.

Data collection

Data collection included age; BRCA mutation status; pre-PARPi Ca 125 serum level; neoplastic residuum; pretreatment with bevacizumab and/or with trabectedin; last chemotherapy with platinum prior to PARPi and number of cycles; date of start of PARPi; disease progression and date of occurrence; patient status (alive/deceased) and date of last follow-up or death. All data were retrieved from clinical records.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were summarized as median and interquartile range (IQR), and categorical variables as frequency and percentage. Baseline characteristics were compared between patients receiving PLD-Ox and those receiving other platinum-based chemotherapy using Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables) and Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test (categorical variables). PFS and overall survival (OS) were evaluated from the beginning of PARPi therapy to any radiologically confirmed progression, or to last follow-up or death from any cause, respectively. Survival curves were calculated with the Kaplan–Meier method and compared between groups using the log-rank test. Multivariable analyses of survival were performed using Cox regression models that included receiving PLD-Ox versus other platinum-based chemotherapy before PARPi and clinically relevant factors. Effect sizes were reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval. Adjusted survival curves were calculated using the marginal approach with inverse probability weighting.³⁰ The logistic regressions used to derive the weights included BRCA mutation, residual disease, Ca125, pretreatment with trabectedin and/or bevacizumab, and pretreatment lines as covariates. All tests were two-sided and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. No adjustment for multiple testing was applied given the exploratory purpose of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using R 4.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).³¹

Results

The analysis included all consecutive 96 platinum-sensitive OC patients treated with 4–6 cycles of platinum in second, third, or further line, after CT scan or MRI, who began PARPi maintenance therapy during the study period. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 3. Complete response was achieved in two non-BRCA-mutated patients treated with PLD-Ox and one BRCA-mutated patient treated with other platinum-based chemotherapy (Gem-Jm8), while the others showed partial response or minimal change before starting PARPi.

Table 3.

Baseline characteristics of all consecutive OC patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy before PARPi maintenance therapy.

Variable	All patients (n = 96)	Patients treated with PLD-Ox^a (n = 46)	Patients treated with other platinum-based chemotherapy^b (n = 50)	p-Value
Age at start of PARPi, years^c	64 (57–69)	64 (58–70)	64 (55–67)	0.43
Previous treatment with bevacizumab (%)	30 (31)	11 (24)	19 (38)	0.21
Previous treatment with trabectedin (%)	28 (29)	13 (28)	15 (30)	0.99
Residual disease >1 cm (%)	62 (65)	28 (61)	34 (68)	0.61
CA125 before PARPi (%)
⩽35 U/ml	42/95 (44)	18 (39)	24/49 (49)	0.45
>35 U/ml	53/95 (56)	28 (61)	25/49 (51)
Germline BRCA mutation (%)
Negative	52 (54)	21 (45)	31 (62)	0.42
BRCA1	19 (20)	10 (22)	9 (18)
BRCA2	17 (18)	10 (22)	7 (14)
Variants	8 (8)	5 (11)	3 (6)
N of platinum-based lines before PARPi (%)
2–3 lines	63 (66)	29 (63)	34 (68)	0.77
>3 lines	33 (34)	17 (37)	16 (32)
N of platinum-based cycles before PARPi (%)
4 cycles	27 (28)	18 (39)	9 (18)	0.04
>4 cycles	69 (72)	28 (61)	41 (82)
PARPi (%)
Niraparib	60 (63)	26 (57)	34 (68)	0.34
Olaparib	36 (37)	20 (43)	16 (32)

Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-oxaliplatin. ^bCarboplatin or cisplatin-gemcitabine, or platinum (cisplatin/carboplatin)-paclitaxel, or cisplatin/carboplatin alone. Data summarized as n (%) or ^cmedian (IQR).

OC, ovarian cancer; PARPi, PARP inhibitor.

Platinum-based chemotherapy before PARPi maintenance therapy included PLD-Ox in 46 patients (48%) and other platinum-based chemotherapy in 50 patients (52%). The treatments in the non-PLD-Ox cohort are reported in Supplemental Table S1. Baseline characteristics were comparable between these two groups, apart from the number of platinum-based cycles before PARPi (Table 3). In the 36 patients with BRCA-mutated OC, baseline characteristics were comparable between patients receiving PLD-Ox (n = 20) and those receiving other platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 16), apart from the number of platinum-based cycles before PARPi and a small imbalance regarding the prior lines of therapy (Supplemental Table S2). In the 60 patients with non-BRCA-mutated OC, baseline characteristics were comparable between patients receiving PLD-Ox (n = 26) and those receiving other platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 34) (Supplemental Table S3).

Median duration of follow-up from the beginning of PARPi therapy was 22 months (IQR 14–34) in all patients, 27 months (IQR 18–50) in BRCA-mutated OC patients, and 20 months (IQR 12–28) in non-BRCA-mutated OC patients.

During the follow-up, 57 patients relapsed (20 BRCA-mutated and 37 non-BRCA-mutated) and median PFS was 12 months (22 months in BRCA-mutated and 8 months in non-BRCA-mutated OC). Overall, 2-year PFS was 52.2% in patients receiving PLD-Ox and 33.0% in those receiving other platinum-based chemotherapy [p = 0.06; Figure 1(a)]. Of note, PLD-Ox was associated with improved PFS in BRCA-mutated OC patients (2-year PFS: 70.0% versus 25.0%, p = 0.02) but not in non-BRCA-mutated patients (2-year PFS: 38.5% versus 37.2%, p = 0.70) (Supplemental Figure S1). During multivariable analysis, PLD-Ox before PARPi (HR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26–0.82; p = 0.008), receiving ⩽3 pretreatment lines (HR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28–80; p = 0.02) and Ca125 ⩽ 35 U/mL (HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16–0.59; p = 0.0003) were associated with improved PFS (Table 4). Adjusted survival curves for patients who received PLD-Ox and those who received other platinum-based chemotherapy are shown in Figure 2(a).

Figure 1.

Progression-free survival (a) and overall survival (b) in OC patients who received PLD-Ox and in those who received other platinum-based chemotherapy.

Table 4.

Multivariable analysis of progression-free survival and overall survival in consecutive OC patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy before PARPi maintenance therapy.

	Progression-free survival			Overall survival
Variables	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	p-Value	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	p-Value
PLD-Ox^a	0.46	0.26–0.82	0.008	0.48	0.27–0.83	0.009
BRCA mutated	0.86	0.49–1.52	0.61	0.58	0.32–1.04	0.07
Residuum >1 cm	0.88	0.47–1.64	0.69	1.00	0.54–1.84	0.99
Ca125 ⩽ 35 U/mL	0.31	0.16–0.59	0.0003	0.29	0.16–0.54	<0.0001
Pretreatment with trabectedin and/or bevacizumab	1.49	0.83–2.65	0.18	1.49	0.86–2.57	0.15
⩽3 Pretreatment lines	0.50	0.28–0.89	0.02	0.68	0.39–1.17	0.16

The proportional hazards assumption was satisfied in both models. ^aCarboplatin or cisplatin-gemcitabine, or platinum (cisplatin/carboplatin)-paclitaxel, or cisplatin/carboplatin alone. PARPi, PARP inhibitors.

Figure 2.

Adjusted survival curves for progression-free survival (a) and overall survival (b) in OC patients who received PLD-Ox and in those who received other platinum-based chemotherapy.

During the follow-up, 64 patients died (20 BRCA-mutated and 44 non-BRCA-mutated) and median OS was 23 months (40 months in BRCA-mutated and 20 months in non-BRCA-mutated). Overall, 2-year OS was 56.1% in patients receiving PLD-Ox and 38.7% in those receiving other platinum-based chemotherapy [p = 0.06; Figure 1(b)]. Of note, PLD-Ox was closely associated with improved OS in BRCA-mutated OC (2-year OS: 79.2% versus 43.8%, p = 0.06) but not in non-BRCA-mutated (2-year OS: 38.5% versus 36.8%, p = 0.60) (Supplemental Figure S2). During multivariable analysis, PLD-Ox before PARPi (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27–0.83; p = 0.009) and Ca125 ⩽ 35 U/mL (HR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.16–0.54; p < 0.0001) were associated with improved OS (Table 4). Adjusted survival curves for patients who received PLD-Ox and those who received other platinum-based chemotherapy are shown in Figure 2(b).

The number of platinum-based cycles before PARPi was not included in the survival models due to collinearity with PLD-OX (p = 0.03) and BRCA mutation (p = 0.01).

There were no on-treatment deaths in either group. Thirteen patients receiving olaparib (36%) and 13 patients receiving niraparib (22%) had dose reduction. Side effects stratified by BRCA mutation and pre-PARPi treatment are summarized in Supplemental Table S4. During the follow-up, three patients in niraparib developed myelodysplastic syndrome: after 6 months of PARPi therapy, two of them presented early signs of myelodysplasia at the first subsequent gemcitabine-carboplatin and cisplatin monotherapy. They died from progression disease associated with myelodysplasia after 6 and 12 months, respectively. The third patient, after 12 months with 300 mg niraparib, presented persistent thrombocytopenia (70,000 platelets/mm³) for 3 months, when fever and anemia appeared and bone marrow biopsy showed an acute myeloid leukemia, therefore the patient started hypomethylating therapy.

Among patients who received other platinum-based chemotherapy before PARPi, 2-year PFS was 27.3% in those who received PLD across any prior line and 34.4% in those who did not (p = 0.20); 2-year OS was 27.3% in those who received PLD across any prior line and 44.6% in those who did not (p = 0.06).

Discussion

To our knowledge, available literature offers no information on the relationship between pre-PARPi exposure to platinum agents and survival in OC patients. Our findings suggest that receiving PLD-Ox before PARPi may improve prognosis in platinum-sensitive advanced OC patients.

In our previous phase II study, we had described the efficacy of PLD-Ox for platinum-sensitive, BRCA-mutated OC patients or high risk for family history.^28,32 This ‘old’ treatment followed by the novel PARPi therapies showed a significant benefit in survival of BRCA-mutated epithelial OC patients, with a median PFS of 27 months and a median OS of 54 months, data in line with the survival of the patients who were part of the SOLO2/ENGOT-ov21 trial.³³

Different from carboplatin or cisplatin, oxaliplatin in OC is known to be advantageous and to lack cross-resistance with cisplatin and carboplatin.³⁴ In a previous study, we showed that PLD-Ox combination can be active and feasible in this group of bone marrow often-frail women.³⁵ Other research confirmed the advantage of PLD in BRCA-mutated OC,^36–38 and the PLD-Ox combination has shown a favorable toxicity profile for low incidence of anemia.^28,32 PARPi after PLD-Ox caused anemia in only 15% BRCA-mutated OC patients, whereas occurrence of anemia was 43% in SOLO2 and 51% in SOLO3.^18,20

We also confirmed previous reporting of improved survival in patients with lower level of Ca-125.³⁹

This study has some limitations. First, the retrospective design precludes any causal association; hence, further prospective trials using a third type of platinum are warranted to confirm our results. Second, the single-center data collection limits the generalizability of the findings to similar settings. Third, the limited sample size suggests caution in the interpretation of the results. For example, the small number of BRCA-mutated patients prevented any meaningful discussion on the clinical relevance of the observed differences between treatment subgroups. Nonetheless, the reader should note that BRCA-mutated patients in the PLD-Ox group received fewer prior lines and cycles of therapy before PARPi, which might be related to better outcome with PLD-Ox because it is more chemosensitive. A comparison between PLD-Ox and carboplatin-PLD might have been interesting, but unfortunately, the latter was administered only to few patients. Further studies with larger size may strengthen our findings and may also investigate a possible effect of the interaction between PLD-Ox followed by PARPi and BRCA mutation status on prognosis.

Conclusion

The results of our study highlight the benefit of PLD combined with oxaliplatin, the latter characterized by a broad spectrum of anticancer activity and a better safety profile than cisplatin, being an important alternative for platinum hypersensitivity, especially after multiple infusions.⁴⁰ Future prospective studies/clinical trials could be useful to investigate oxaliplatin in BRCA-mutated OC patients versus other combinations to show the advantage of oxaliplatin pre-PARPi.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-tam-10.1177_17588359231173181 – Supplemental material for Oxaliplatin prior to PARP inhibitor in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tam-10.1177_17588359231173181 for Oxaliplatin prior to PARP inhibitor in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer by Maria Ornella Nicoletto, Alessandra Baldoni, Francesco Cavallin, Andrea Grego, Cristina Falci, Margherita Nardin, Enzo Mammano, Eleonora Lai and Valter Torri in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Giulia Tasca for the collaboration in the provision of the drug, and Szabo Beata for her help in revising the manuscript for grammar and syntax.

Declarations

Supplemental material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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