Multiple sclerosis is the most common disabling neurological disease of young adults. The ability to impact the quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis should not only incorporate therapies that are disease modifying, but should also include a course of action for the global multidisciplinary management focused on quality of life and functional capabilities.
BamerA.M.JohnsonK.L.AmtmannD.KraftG.H. (2008) Prevalence of sleep problems in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler14: 1127–1130.
4.
BarnesM.P.KentR.M.SemlynJ.K.McMullenL.M. (2003) Spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair17: 66–70.
5.
BeckA.T.WardC.H.MendelsonM.MockJ.ErbaughJ. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry4: 561–571.
6.
BeckR.W.ClearyP.A.AndersonM.M.Jr.KeltnerJ.L.ShultsW.T.KaufmanD.I. (1992) A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. N Engl J Med326: 581–588.
7.
BeckR.W.TrobeJ.D.MokeP.S.GalR.L.XingD.BhattiM.T. (2003) High- and low-risk profiles for the development of multiple sclerosis within 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Arch Ophthalmol121: 944–949.
8.
BenedictR.CookfairD.GavettR.GuntherM.MunschauerF.GargN. (2006) Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc12: 549–558.
9.
Borello-FranceD.LengW.O'LearyM.XavierM.EricksonJ.ChancellorM.B. (2004) Bladder and sexual function among women with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler10: 455–461.
10.
BradyC.M.DasGuptaR.DaltonC.WisemanO.J.BerkleyK.J.FowlerC.J. (2004) An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler10: 425–433.
11.
BuysseD.J.HallM.L.StrolloP.J.KamarchT.W.OwensJ.LeeL. (2008) Relationships between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and clinical/polysomnographic measures in a community sample. J Clin Sleep Med4: 563–571.
12.
CampbellJ.D.GriesK.S.WatanabeJ.H.RaveloA.DmochowskiR.R.SullivanS.D. (2009) Treatment success for overactive bladder with urinary urge incontinence refractory to oral antimuscarinics: A review of published evidence. BMC Urol9: 18–18.
13.
ChancellorM.B.BlaivasJ.G. (1994) Urological and sexual problems in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurosci2: 189–195.
14.
ChristodoulouC.MelvilleP.ScherlW.MacAllisterW.ElkinsL.KruppL. (2006) Effects of donepezil on memory and cognition in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci245: 127–136.
15.
ChungF.YegneswaranB.LiaoP.ChungS.A.VairavanatghanS.KhejaehdehlA. (2008) Validation of the Berlin questionnaire and American Society of Anesthesiologists checklist as screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea in surgical patients. Anesthesiology108: 822–830.
16.
ClarkC.M.FlemingJ.A.LiD.OgerJ.KlonoffH.PatyD. (1992) Sleep disturbance, depression, and lesion site in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol49: 641–643.
17.
CorrealeJ.YsrraelitM.C.GaitM.I. (2009) Immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D multiple sclerosis. Brain132: 1146–1160.
18.
DasGuptaR.FowlerC.J. (2003) Bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Management strategies. Drugs63: 153–166.
19.
DavisS.L.WilsonT.E.WhiteA.T.FrohmanE.M. (2010) Thermoregulation in multiple sclerosis. J Appl Physiol109: 1531–1537.
20.
DeLucaJ.CheluneG.TulskyD.LengenfelderJ.ChiaravallotiN. (2004) Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis?J Clin Exp Neuropsychol26: 550–562.
FischerJ. (2001) Cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis. In: CookS.D. (ed.). Handbook of Multiple Sclerosis, Marcel Dekker: New York, 233–256.
23.
FlemingW.E.PollakC.P. (2005) Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol25: 64–68.
24.
FrohmanE.M.FrohmanT.C.ZeeD.S.McCollR.GalettaS. (2005) The neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol4: 111–121.
25.
FrohmanE.M.KramerP.D.DeweyR.B.KramerL.FrohmanT.C. (2003) Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo in multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapeutic techniques. Mult Scler9: 250–255.
26.
FrohmanE.M.ShahA.EggenbergerE.MetzL.ZivadinovR.StuveO. (2007) Corticosteroids for multiple sclerosis: I. Application for treating exacerbations. Neurotherapeutics4: 618–626.
27.
FrohmanE.M.ZhangH.DeweyR.B.HawkerK.S.RackeM.K.FrohmanT.C. (2000) Vertigo in MS: Utility of positional and particle repositioning maneuvers. Neurology55: 1566–1569.
28.
GoodmanA.D.BrownT.R.EdwardsK.R.KruppL.B.SchapiroR.T.CohenR. (2010) A phase 3 trial of extended release oral dalfampridine in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol68: 494–502.
29.
GreenB.G.MartinS. (2000) Clinical assessment of sildenafil in the treatment of neurogenic male sexual dysfunction: After the hype. NeuroRehabilitation15: 101–105.
30.
GutierrezG.M.ChowJ.W.TillmanM.D.McCoyS.D.CastellanoV.WhiteL.J. (2005) Resistance training improves gait kinematics in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil86: 1824–1829.
31.
HandunnetthiL.RamagopalanS.V.EbersG.C. (2010) Multiple sclerosis, vitamin D, and HLA-DRB1*15. Neurology74: 1905–1910.
32.
HaselkornJ.K.BalsdonR.C.FryW.D. (2005) Overview of spasticity management in multiple sclerosis. Evidence-based management strategies for spasticity treatment in multiple sclerosis. J Spinal Cord Med2: 167–199.
33.
HolickM.F. (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med357: 266–281.
34.
HulterB.M.LundbergP.O. (1995) Sexual function in women with advanced multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry59: 83–86.
35.
JohnsM.W. (1991) A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness – the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep14: 540–545.
36.
KarsentyG.DenysP.AmarencoG.De SezeM.GamÈ.X.HaabF. (2008) Botulinum toxin A (Botox) intradetrusor injections in adults with neurogenic detrusor overactivity/neurogenic overactive bladder: a systematic literature review. Eur Urol53: 275–287.
37.
KatoT.KanbayashiT.YamamotoK. (2003) Hypersomnia and low CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentration in a patient with multiple sclerosis showing bilateral hypothalamic lesions. Intern Med42: 743–745.
38.
KeltnerJ.L.JohnsonC.A.SpurrJ.O.BeckR.W. (1993) Baseline visual field profile of optic neuritis. The experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Optic Neuritis Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol111: 231–234.
39.
KragtJ.J.HoogervorstE.L.UitdehaagB.M.PolmanC.H. (2004) Relation between objective and subjective measures of bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Neurology63: 1716–1718.
40.
KruppL.ChristodoulouC.MelvilleP.ScherlW.F.MacAllisterW.S.ElkinsL.E. (2004) Donezepil improved memory in multiple sclerosis in a randomized clinical trial. Neurology63: 1579–1585.
41.
LapierreY.HumS. (2007) Treating fatigue. Int MS J14: 64–71.
42.
LienauF.S.FullgrafH.MoserA.FeuersteinT.J. (2007) Why do cannabinoids not show consistent effects as analgetic drugs in multiple sclerosis?Eur J Neurol14: 1162–1169.
43.
LincolnN.DentA.HardingJ.WeymanN.NichollC.BlumhardtL.D. (2002) Evaluation of cognitive assessment and cognitive intervention for people with people with MS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry72: 93–98.
44.
LitwillerS.E.FrohmanE.M.ZimmernP.E. (1999) Multiple sclerosis and the urologist. J Urol161: 743–757.
45.
ManconiM.Ferini-StrambiL.FilippiM.BonnaniE.IudiceA.MurriL. (2008) Multicenter case–control study on restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis: the REMS study. Sleep31: 944–952.
46.
MattsonD.PetrieM.SrivastavaD.K.McDermottM. (1995) Multiple sclerosis. Sexual dysfunction and its response to medications. Arch Neurol52: 862–868.
47.
MerlinoG.FratticciL.LenchigC.ValenteM.CargneluttiD.PicelloM. (2009) Prevalence of 'poor sleep' among patients with multiple sclerosis: An independent predictor of mental and physical status. Sleep Med10: 26–34.
48.
MorrowS.KaushikT.ZarevicsP.ErlangerD.BearM.F.MunschauerF.E. (2009) The effects of L-amphetamine sulfate on cognition in MS patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Neurol256: 1095–1102.
49.
MutuayF.K.DemirR.OzyilmazS.CaglarA.T.AltinatasA.GursesH.N. (2007) Breathing-enhanced upper extremity exercises for patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehab21: 595–602.
50.
NewmanM.A.DawesH.van den BergM.WadeD.T.BurridgeJ.IzadiH. (2007) Can aerobic treadmill training reduce the effort of walking and fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Mult Scler13: 113–119.
51.
O'ConnorA.B.SchwidS.R.HerrmannD.N.MarkmanJ.D.DworkinR.H. (2008) Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and proposed classification. Pain137: 96–111.
52.
OkaY.KanbayashiT.MezakiT.IsekiK.MatsubayashiJ.MurakamiG. (2003) Decreased CSF hypocretin-1 level in hypersomnia with bilateral hypothalamic lesion. Sleep26: A349–A349.
53.
OlggiatiR.BurgunderJ.M.MumenthalerM. (1988) Increased energy cost of walking in multiple sclerosis: Effect of spasticity, ataxia, and weakness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil69: 846–849.
54.
Optic Neuritis Study Group. (2007) Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis: A final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Ophthalmology115: 1079–1082.
55.
PlazziG.MontagnaP. (2002) Remitting REM sleep behavior disorder as the initial sign of multiple sclerosis. Sleep Med3: 437–439.
56.
RamagopalanS.V.HanwellH.E.GiovannoniG.KnappskogP.M.NylandH.I.MyhrK.M. (2010) Vitamin D-dependent rickets, HLA-DRB1, and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol67: 1034–1035.
57.
RampelloA.FranceschiniM.PiepoliM.AntenucciR.LentiG.OlivieriD. (2007) Effect of aerobic training on walking capacity and maximal exercise tolerance in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized crossover controlled study. Phys Ther87: 545–555, discussion 555–559.
58.
RaoS.M.GrafmanJ.DiGiulioD.MittenbergW.BernardinL.LeoG.J. (1993) Memory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Its relation to working memory, semantic encoding, and implicit learning. Neuropsychology7: 364–374.
59.
RasovaK.BrandejskyP.HavrdovaE.ZalisovaM.RexovaP. (2005) Spiroergometric and spirometric parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis: Are there any links between these parameters and fatigue, depression, neurological impairment, disability, handicap and quality of life in multiple sclerosis?Mult Scler11: 213–221.
60.
RasovaK.HavrdovaE.BrandejskyP.ZalisovaM.FoubikovaB.MartinkovaP. (2006) Comparison of the influence of different rehabilitation programmes on clinical, spirometric and spiroergometric parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler12: 227–234.
61.
RizzoM.A.HadjimichaelO.C.PreiningerovaJ.VollmerT.L. (2004) Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler10: 589–595.
62.
SabapathyN.M.MinahanC.L.TurnerG.T.BroadleyS.A. (2011) Comparing endurance- and resistance-exercise training in people with multiple sclerosis: A randomized pilot study. Clin Rehabil25: 14–24.
63.
SadovnickA.D.EbersG.C. (1993) Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: A critical overview. Can J Neurol Sci20: 17–29.
64.
SchmidtE.Z.HofmannP.NiederwieserG.KapfhammerH.P.BonelliR.M. (2005) Sexuality in multiple sclerosis. J Neural Transm112: 1201–1211.
65.
SchulzK.H.GoldS.M.WitteJ.BartschK.LangU.E.HellwegR. (2004) Impact of aerobic training on immune-endocrine parameters, neurotrophic factors, quality of life and coordinative function in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci225: 11–18.
66.
SiokaC.KyritsisA.P.FotopoulosA. (2009) Multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, and vitamin D. J Neurol Sci287: 1–6.
67.
StarckM.AlbrechtH.PollmannW.StraubeA.DieterichM. (1997) Drug therapy for acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol244: 9–16.
68.
StruppM.BrandtT. (2006) Pharmacological advances in the treatment of neuro-otological and eye movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol19: 33–40.
69.
SyndulkoK.JafariM.WoldanskiA.BaumhefnerR.W.TourtellotteW.W. (1996) Effects of temperature in multiple sclerosis: A review of literature. J Neurol Rehabil10: 23–34.
70.
TachibanaN.HowardR.S.HirschN.P.MillerD.H.MoseleyI.F.FishD. (1994) Sleep problems in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol34: 320–323.
71.
Terre-BoliartR.Orient-LopezF.Guervara-EspinosaD.Ramon-RoaS.Bernabeu-GuitartM.Clave-CivitP. (2004) Oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol39: 707–710.
72.
TomassiniV.PozzilliC.OnestiE.PasqualettiP.MarinelliF.PisaniA. (2004) Comparison of the effects of acetyl L-carnitine and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: Results of a pilot, randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. J Neurol Sci218: 103–108.
73.
TraishA.M.GoldsteinI.KimN.N. (2007) Testosterone and erectile function: From basic research to a new clinical paradigm for managing men with androgen insufficiency and erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol52: 54–70.
74.
VahteraT.HaaranenM.Viramo-KoskelaA.L.RuutiainenJ. (1997) Pelvic floor rehabilitation is effective in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Rehabil11: 211–219.
WunderlinB.W.KesselingJ.GinzlerH. (1997) Fatigue in multiple sclerosis is not due to sleep apnoea. Eur J Neurol4: 72–78.
77.
YangC.C.BowenJ.R.KraftG.H.UchioE.M.KrommB.G. (2000) Cortical evoked potentials of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris and female sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Urol164: 2010–2013.
78.
YangC.C.BowenJ.D.KraftG.H.UchioE.M.KrommB.G. (2001) Physiologic studies of male sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler7: 249–254.
79.
ZivadinovR.ZorzonM.LocatelliL.StivalB.MontiF.NasuelliD. (2003) Sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A MRI, neurophysiological and urodynamic study. J Neurol Sci210: 73–76.
80.
ZorzonM.ZivadinovR.BoscoA.BragadinL.M.MorettiR.BonfigliL. (1999) Sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A case–control study. I. Frequency and comparison of groups. Mult Scler5: 418–427.