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Abstract

Objectives:

Many patients with Crohn’s disease on infliximab maintenance therapy have recurrent symptoms despite an initial clinical response. Therefore, concomitant therapies have been studied. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effect of specialized enteral nutrition therapy with infliximab versus infliximab monotherapy in patients with Crohn’s disease.

Methods:

A comprehensive search of multiple databases was performed. All studies of adult patients with Crohn’s disease comparing specialized enteral nutrition therapy (elemental or polymeric diet with low-fat or regular diet) with infliximab versus infliximab monotherapy without dietary restrictions were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel–Haenszel (fixed effect) model with odds ratio (OR) to assess for clinical remission.

Results:

Four studies (n = 342) met inclusion criteria. Specialized enteral nutrition therapy with infliximab resulted in 109 of 157 (69.4%) patients reaching clinical remission compared with 84 of 185 (45.4%) with infliximab monotherapy [OR 2.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73–4.31, p < 0.01]. Similarly, 79 of 106 (74.5%) patients receiving enteral nutrition therapy and infliximab remained in clinical remission after one year compared with 62 of 126 (49.2%) patients receiving infliximab monotherapy (OR 2.93; 95% CI: 1.66–5.17, p < 0.01). No publication bias or heterogeneity was noted for either outcome.

Conclusions:

The use of specialized enteral nutrition therapy in combination with infliximab appears to be more effective at inducing and maintaining clinical remission among patients with Crohn’s disease than infliximab monotherapy.

Keywords

Crohn’s disease enteral nutrition infliximab meta-analysis

Introduction

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder involving the entire gastrointestinal tract from oropharynx to anus. Although not fully defined, the pathogenesis for the development of CD is likely a result of environmental triggers resulting in chronic inflammation in the genetically susceptible patient. Until the advent of the first biologic therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (i.e. infliximab) in late 1998, patients with CD were usually treated with conventional therapy or a combination of therapies such as corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylates, thiopurines and enteral nutrition. Specifically, several studies have demonstrated that in patients with mild CD, enteral nutrition monotherapy may be sufficient to induce and maintain clinical remission [Fell et al. 2000; Breese et al. 1995; Yamamoto et al. 1995]. Though these conventional therapies have shown to be effective at inducing and maintaining clinical remission in patients with mild to moderate disease, only infliximab has been consistently shown to be effective for patients with more aggressive perianal, internal penetrating, and fistulizing CD [Hanauer et al. 2002; Sands et al. 2004].

Specialized nutrition-based therapy for direct treatment of CD was first proposed in the 1970s. The exact role of specialized enteral nutrition in modulating the inflammatory process in CD is uncertain. Several mechanisms have been proposed including improving mucosal permeability, decreasing antigentic effects of regular food proteins, altering intestinal flora, improving cell-mediated immunity, and reducing production of inflammatory cytokines [Fell et al. 2000; Breese et al. 1995; Yamamoto et al. 1995]. Voitk and colleagues reported 13 patients treated with an elemental formulation orally over 22 days appeared to have improvement in inflammatory indices [Voitk et al. 1973]. Navarro and colleagues studied the efficacy of continuous exclusive enteral nutrition comprising peptides, monosaccharides and medium chain triglycerides through nasogastric tubes in pediatric patients over 4 months, which appeared to be effective in inducing remission in active CD [Navarro et al. 1982]. Despite early positive results, a recent Cochrane meta-analysis compared the efficacy of corticosteroids to exclusive specialized enteral nutrition in CD adults and found that steroids were superior to enteral nutrition monotherapy at inducing remission [Zachos et al. 2007]. A recent study by Takagi and colleagues examined 51 patients with CD in clinical remission who were assigned to either receive half of their daily calories from elemental formulation and regular diet versus receiving 100% of their daily caloric intake from a regular diet [Tagaki et al. 2009]. During a two-year follow up, patients on the half-elemental diet had a two-fold higher rate of clinical remission compared with the group receiving a regular diet, suggesting that there may be a role for enteral nutrition in maintenance of CD remission [Tagaki et al. 2009].

The introduction of infliximab, a chimeric antitumor necrosis factor-α (TNR-α) antibody, has altered the treatment paradigm, aiming at not only reducing clinical symptoms but also inducing mucosal healing [Hanauer et al. 2002; Sands et al. 2004]. Despite its strong efficacy for the treatment of more severe CD, 25–60% of the patients with CD who showed a good initial clinical response will eventually lose response during maintenance therapy, occurring mostly within the first months of initiation of treatment [Gisbert and Panes, 2009; Ben-Horin and Chowers, 2011]. The loss of response to infliximab is thought, in part, to be due to low trough serum concentrations as well as neutralizing antibodies to infliximab produced by the patient’s immune system that occur during the maintenance phase [Colombel et al. 2010].

Concomitant use of immunomodulators has been associated with reduced risk of losing clinical response to infliximab [Colombel et al. 2010; Vermeire et al. 2007]. Several proposed mechanisms by which immunomodulators may improve efficacy include reduced risk for formation of antibodies to infliximab and additive immunosuppressive effects through inducing apoptosis of the lamina propria T lymphocytes and monocytes [Colombel et al. 2010; Vermeire et al. 2007]. Increasing doses of infliximab or shortening the interval of infliximab infusion have been employed as strategies to recapture patients who have lost clinical response [Schnitzler et al. 2009; Kopylov et al. 2011]. It is preferable, though, to prevent loss of response.

Though the concomitant use of immunomodulators is considered an effective option for increasing the long-term therapeutic effect of infliximab, there are serious complications associated with this approach such as an increased risk for hepato-splenic T-cell lymphoma [Mackey et al. 2009]. Therefore, several studies have been published evaluating the efficacy of the combination of specialized enteral nutrition and infliximab. The results, however, have varied. The goal of this meta-analysis is to further evaluate the overall efficacy of this therapeutic strategy in maintaining clinical remission in CD patients.

Materials and methods

Literature search

A comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane databases, CINAHL, Scopus and Google Scholar was performed in August 2014. Search terms included “enteral nutrition and infliximab” and “elemental diet and infliximab”. Abstracts from major conferences – Digestive Disease Week (DDW) and American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) national meetings from 2003 to the present – were also searched. References of the retrieved articles and reviews were manually searched for any additional articles. If data were incomplete, missing or required clarification, the authors were contacted.

Data extraction

All studies of adult patients that compared infliximab monotherapy with specialized enteral nutrition therapy combination with infliximab during the maintenance of disease remission were included in the analysis. Two reviewers (M.L.B. and D.L.N.) independently assessed the trials and extracted the appropriate data to be included in the analysis. Any disagreements were evaluated and settled by consensus or a third party (L.B.P.).

Study quality assessment

The quality of studies was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project model [Armijo-Olivo et al. 2010]. This scale assesses study quality as strong, moderate or weak based upon criteria ratings for selection bias, study design, confounders, blinding, data collection methods, withdrawal and dropout descriptions, intervention integrity and analysis. The quality of the study is based upon the number of weak ratings per category (⩾2 weak ratings = weak, 1 weak rating = moderate, 0 weak ratings = strong).

Statistical analysis

The effects of infliximab compared with combination therapy of infliximab and specialized enteral nutrition were analyzed by calculating pooled estimates of maintaining short-term and long-term clinical remission. The results were reported using odds ratio (OR) with a Mantel–Haenszel fixed effect model (if no heterogeneity was present) or a DerSimonian and Laird random effects model (if heterogeneity was present). Heterogeneity was analyzed by calculating the I² measure of inconsistency and was considered significant if p < 0.10 or I² > 50%. If heterogeneity was statistically significant, a sensitivity analysis was utilized to examine for heterogeneity when certain studies were excluded from the analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.1 (Review Manager, Version 5.1, Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012). Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots.

Results

Study selection

The initial literature search identified a total of 46 articles and abstracts (Figure 1). Of the 46 citations found, we excluded 36 duplicate articles, case reports, reviews, or letters to the editor. Among the 10 remaining articles identified, six were excluded because they did not address the primary clinical question. One study [Matsumoto et al. 2005] was excluded because it evaluated only effect of combination therapy of enteral nutrition and infliximab during the induction phase only. A total of four studies ultimately met inclusion criteria [Hirai et al. 2013; Sazuka et al. 2010; Tanaka et al. 2006; Yamamoto et al. 2010]. All of the studies included in the meta-analysis compared effectiveness of infliximab monotherapy to infliximab in combination with specialized enteral nutrition support at maintaining clinical remission in patients with CD.

Figure 1.

Algorithm demonstrating article search.

Study details

Details of the four included studies are summarized in Table 1. The mean length of follow up reported in the studies was 355 days (range: 112–712 days). The minimum amount of enteral nutrition support was reported to be ⩾600 kcal/day in the study by Sazuka and colleagues [Sazuka et al. 2012]. In all the studies, patients were allowed to receive an oral diet to supplement their daily caloric requirement, but only two studies reported requiring their patients to be on a low-fat diet while the other studies do not report the type of diets their patients ingested. The type of enteral formulation utilized in the included studies was predominantly elemental, but semi-elemental and polymeric formulations were also reported. Using the Effective Public Health Practice Project model [Armijo-Olivo et al. 2012], four of the five studies [Matsumoto et al. 2005; Hirai et al. 2013; Sazuka et al. 2010; Tanaka et al. 2006] were given an overall global grade of ‘moderate’, while the fifth study [Yamamoto et al. 2010] was given a score of ‘strong’ because of its prospective nature (Table 2).

Table 1.

Summary of studies included in meta-analysis.

Author	Study type	Mean length of follow up	Location	No. of patients	Type of enteral formula	Total mean daily calorie from formula	Diet while not on enteral formula	Definition of remission
Hirai et al. [2013]	Retrospective	544 days	Japan	102	Elemental or Semi-Elemental	1,233 kcal/day	Not reported	No CD-related hospitalization, escalation of treatment, shortening interval of infliximab, and subsequent rebound in CRP
Sazuka et al. [2012]	Retrospective	712 days	Japan	74	Elemental or Polymeric	⩾600 kcal/day	Not reported	Reduction in CDAI by >70 or CDAI <150
Tanaka et al. [2006]	Retrospective	112 days	Japan	119	Elemental	3762 KJ/day (equivalent to 899 kcal/day)	Low fat diet	Reduction in HBI by 3 points or HBI < 4
Yamamoto et al. [2010]	Prospect	392 days	Japan	56	Elemental	17.5-20 kcal/kg/day (ideal body weight)	Low fat diet	CDAI <150 at Week 56

CDAI, Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; CRP, C-reactive protein; HBI, Harvey–Bradshaw index.

Table 2.

Quality assessment of studies included in meta-analysis.

Study	Study design	Selection bias	Confounders	Blinding	Data collection methods	Withdrawals and dropouts	Intervention integrity	Analyses	Overall quality assessment grade
Hirai et al. [2013]	Retrospective cohort	Limited	Moderate	None	Moderate	None	Strong	Strong	Moderate
Sazuka et al. [2012]	Retrospective cohort	Limited	Moderate	None	Moderate	None	Strong	Strong	Moderate
Tanaka et al. [2006]	Retrospective cohort	Limited	Moderate	None	Moderate	None	Strong	Strong	Moderate
Yamamoto et al. [2010]	Prospective cohort	Limited	Limited	None	Strong	None	Strong	Strong	Strong

Overall clinical remission

The overall rate of clinical remission was assessed in four studies [Hirai et al. 2013; Sazuka et al. 2010; Tanaka et al. 2006; Yamamoto et al. 2010]. Specialized enteral nutrition therapy with infliximab resulted in 109 of 157 (69.4%) patients reaching clinical remission compared with 84 of 185 (45.4%) with infliximab monotherapy. The use of combination therapy of infliximab with specialized enteral nutrition therapy resulted in a statistically significant higher odds of maintaining overall clinical remission compared with infliximab alone [OR 2.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73–4.31, p < 0.01] (Figure 2). The number needed-to-treat with combination therapy of infliximab and specialized enteral nutrition to maintain clinical remission is four patients. No publication bias or heterogeneity was noted (I² = 0%, p = 0.76).

Figure 2.

Forest plot of overall clinical remission among patients on combination therapy with infliximab and enteral nutrition compared with infliximab monotherapy.

Long-term clinical remission

Of the four included studies, three studies provided long-term clinical remission rates beyond 1 year [Hirai et al. 2013; Sazuka et al. 2010; Yamamoto et al. 2010]. Specialized enteral nutrition therapy with infliximab resulted in 79 of 106 (74.5%) patients remaining in clinical remission after 1 year compared with 62 of 126 (49.2%) patients receiving infliximab monotherapy. The use of specialized nutrition therapy with infliximab demonstrated a statistically significant higher odds of long-term clinical remission compared with infliximab alone (OR 2.93; 95% CI: 1.66–5.17, p < 0.01) (Figure 3). The number needed-to-treat with combination therapy of infliximab and enteral nutrition to maintain clinical remission remained at four patients. No publication bias or heterogeneity was noted (I² = 0%, p = 0.61).

Figure 3.

Forest plot of long-term clinical remission among patients on combination therapy with infliximab and enteral nutrition compared with infliximab monotherapy.

Discussion

In this meta-analysis, there appears to be over a two-fold increase in the odds of achieving clinical remission among patients on combination therapy with specialized enteral nutrition and infliximab compared with infliximab monotherapy. Furthermore, the probability of maintaining clinical remission on combination therapy appears to extend beyond 1 year. It is difficult to conclude from our meta-analysis whether or not the type of enteral formula (elemental versus polymeric) made a clinical difference in achieving clinical remission in patients on infliximab. All studies evaluated patients who were on elemental formulation, but two of the five studies also included patients on polymeric formulation. In a prior meta-analysis evaluating the clinical difference between elemental compared with polymeric formulas as primary therapies for inducing and maintain remission in CD patients, the efficacy of the two formulations were similar [Zachos et al. 2007]. Therefore, the effect of enteral nutrition therapy among CD patients on infliximab may be independent of the type of enteral formulation utilized.

The included studies in our meta-analysis varied in the amount of enteral formulation given. The daily caloric intake from enteral formulation ranged from 600 kcal to 1500 kcal/day. In previous studies evaluating enteral nutrition as monotherapy in maintaining clinical remission CD patients, it appears that higher amounts of formula (⩾1200 kcal/day) were associated with higher clinical remission rates [Eskai et al. 2006; Koga et al. 1993]. However, this strategy of higher enteral nutrition support is probably only applicable when enteral nutrition is monotherapy for maintaining clinical remission in CD patients. Based on the data included here, it appears that ⩾600 kcal/day of enteral formula [Sazuka et al. 2012] may be sufficient to augment the therapeutic effect of infliximab therapy.

Among CD patients on infliximab therapy, the number needed-to-treat using enteral nutrition to maintain long-term clinical remission beyond a year is four patients. However, a major limitation of the studies to date is that they only assessed the efficacy of this combination strategy based on the patient’s clinical response as measured by clinical indices. Only one study used an objective endpoint [C-reactive protein (CRP)] to define remission and they do not address whether combination therapy improves the more rigorous treatment endpoints of mucosal and histologic remission as was seen in a study of enteral nutrition therapy versus corticosteroid therapy in pediatric CD [Borrelli et al. 2006]. It is unclear by which mechanisms enteral nutrition may be augmenting the clinical effect of infliximab therapy. Previous studies on monotherapy of enteral nutrition and CD have demonstrated that, mechanistically, enteral nutrition appears to improve mucosal permeability, decrease antigenic effects of food proteins, improve cell-mediated immunity, reduce production of inflammatory cytokines and alter the intestinal microbiome [Fell et al. 2000; Breese et al. 1995; Yamamoto et al. 1995]. Furthermore, it is not fully understood if enteral nutrition actually increases the serum drug levels of infliximab or decreases immunogenicity through the reduction of anti-infliximab antibody formation, similar to the mechanism of immunomodulators [Colombel et al. 2010]. Finally, it is unclear how long this strategy of combination therapy needs to be continued to maximize the efficacy of infliximab and whether this strategy can be employed with other anti-TNF α or biologic agents.

There are several additional limitations to the trials included in this meta-analysis that should be noted. All of the studies were conducted in Japan and it is unclear if the results can be generalized to the Western population. Additionally, four of the five studies are retrospective in nature. The included studies do not fully document patient’s compliance with the prescribed enteral nutrition formulation, nor do they define the optimal diet regimen (low-fat diet versus unrestricted diet) to make up the remaining daily required caloric intake. Additionally, there are no studies to date that evaluate the role of enteral nutrition in combination with other approved biologics in the treatment of CD including adalimumab, certilizumab pegol and vedolizumab.

In conclusion, among CD patients with moderate to severe disease requiring infliximab therapy, supplemental specialized enteral nutrition of at least 600 kcal/day appears to be an effective strategy at enhancing both short-term and long-term clinical remission rates. Pooling the current studies, it still remains unclear if the type of enteral formulations (i.e. elemental versus semi-elemental versus polymeric) makes a difference in achieving long-term clinical remission. However, Zachos and colleagues clearly demonstrated that the type of enteral formulation does not appear to make a difference with regard to the induction or maintenance of clinical remission among adult CD patients [Zachos et al. 2007]. Given the limitations of the existing trials, further randomized placebo controlled studies are needed to evaluate the effect of specialized enteral nutrition on infliximab drug levels, the optimal amount of daily calories needed from enteral nutrition therapy, and the effect of adjunctive specialized enteral nutrition on mucosal and histologic healing. Future studies are also necessarily to confirm the findings of Matsumoto and colleagues [Matsumoto et al. 2005] if this combination therapy of enteral nutrition and infliximab is also effective at induction of clinical remission among CD patients.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest in preparing this article.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Specialized enteral nutrition therapy in Crohn’s disease patients on maintenance infliximab therapy: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Objectives:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Literature search

Data extraction

Study quality assessment

Statistical analysis

Results

Study selection

Study details

Overall clinical remission

Long-term clinical remission

Discussion

Footnotes

Conflict of interest statement

Funding

References