Meta-Analysis of Menstrual Cycle Effects on Women’s Mate Preferences

Abstract

In evolutionary psychology predictions, women’s mate preferences shift between fertile and nonfertile times of the month to reflect ancestral fitness benefits. Our meta-analytic test involving 58 independent reports (13 unpublished, 45 published) was largely nonsupportive. Specifically, fertile women did not especially desire sex in short-term relationships with men purported to be of high genetic quality (i.e., high testosterone, masculinity, dominance, symmetry). The few significant preference shifts appeared to be research artifacts. The effects declined over time in published work, were limited to studies that used broader, less precise definitions of the fertile phase, and were found only in published research.

Keywords

culture gender roles mate preferences menstrual cycle meta-analysis

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Alvergne

Lummaa

(2010). Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 171–179. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.003

Baird

D. D.

Weinberg

C. R.

Wilcox

A. J.

McConnaughey

D. R.

Musey

P. I.

(1991). Using the ratio of urinary oestrogen and progesterone metabolites to estimate day of ovulation. Statistics in Medicine, 10, 255–266. doi:10.1002/sim.4780100209

*Beaulieu

(2007). Avoiding costly mating mistakes: The evolution of female reproductive safeguards (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=03-26-2017&FMT=7&DID=1408927821&RQT=309&attempt=1&cfc=1. Also reported in: Beaulieu

D. A.

(2007). Avoiding costly mating mistakes: Ovulatory shifts in personal mate value assessment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 441–455. doi: 10.1177/0265407507077232

Borenstein

Hedges

L. V.

Higgins

J. P. T.

Rothstein

H. R.

(2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester, UK: Wiley.

Boxer

C. F.

Noonan

M. C.

Whelan

C. B.

(2013). Measuring mate preferences: A replication and extension. Journal of Family Issues. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13490404

Boyd

Richerson

P. J.

Henrich

(2011). The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (Suppl. 2), 10918–10925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100290108

*Bressan

Stranieri

(2008). The best men are (not always) already taken: Female preference for single versus attached males depends on conception risk. Psychological Science, 19, 145–151. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02060.x

*Bullock

(2001). Multiple components of facial attractiveness in humans (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (AAT MQ55892)

Buss

D. M

Schmitt

D. P.

(2011). Evolutionary psychology and feminism. Sex Roles, 64, 768–787. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9987-3

10.

Buss

D. M.

Shackelford

T. K.

Kirkpatrick

L. A.

Larsen

R. J.

(2001). A half century of mate preferences: The cultural evolution of values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 491–503. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00491.x

11.

Cann

V. S.

Valentine

J. C.

Cooper

H. M.

Rantz

M. J.

(2003). Grey literature in meta-analyses. Nursing Research, 52, 256–261.

12.

*Cárdenas

R. A.

Harris

L. J.

(2007). Do women’s preferences for symmetry change across the menstrual cycle? Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 96–105. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.08.003

13.

*Caryl

P. G.

Bean

J. E.

Smallwood

E. B.

Barron

J. C.

Tully

Allerhand

(2009). Women’s preference for male pupil-size: Effects of conception risk, sociosexuality and relationship status. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 503–508. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.024

14.

Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2.2.05) [Computer software]. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.

15.

Cornwell

R. E.

Boothroyd

Burt

D. M.

Feinberg

D. R.

Jones

B. C.

Little

A. C.

… Perrett

D. I.

(2004). Concordant preferences for opposite-sex signals? Human pheromones and facial characteristics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 271, 635–640.

16.

DeBruine

L. M.

Jones

B. C.

Frederick

D. A.

Haselton

M. G.

Penton-Voak

I. S.

Perrett

D. I.

(2010). Evidence for menstrual cycle shifts in women’s preferences for masculinity: A response to Harris (2011) “Menstrual cycle and facial preferences reconsidered.” Evolutionary Psychology, 8, 768–775.

17.

DeBruine

L. M.

Jones

B. C.

Little

A. C.

Crawford

J. R.

Welling

L. L. M.

(2011). Further evidence for regional variation in women’s masculinity preferences. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 813–814. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2200

18.

Duval

Tweedie

(2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56, 455–463. doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x

19.

Dwan

Gamble

Williamson

P. R.

Kirkham

J. J.

(2013). Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias – An updated review. PloS One, 8, e66844. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066844

20.

Eagly

A. H.

Wood

(1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54, 408–423. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.54.6.408

21.

Eagly

A. H.

Wood

(2013). The nature–nurture debates: 25 years of challenges in understanding the psychology of gender. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 340–357. doi:10.1177/1745691613484767

22.

*Eastwick

P. W.

Finkel

E. J.

(2012). The evolutionary armistice: Attachment bonds moderate the function of ovulatory cycle adaptations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 174–184. doi:10.1177/0146167211422366

23.

Eaton

S. B.

Pike

M. C.

Short

R. V.

Lee

N. C.

Trussell

Hatcher

R. A., …

Hurtado

A. M

. (1994). Women’s reproductive cancers in evolutionary context. Quarterly Review of Biology, 69, 353–367. doi:10.1086/418650

24.

Eurostat. (2012). Total fertility rate. Population and social conditions. Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsdde220&plugin=0=

25.

Farage

M. A.

Osborn

T. W.

MacLean

A. B.

(2008). Cognitive, sensory, and emotional changes associated with the menstrual cycle: A review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 278, 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00404-008-0708-2

26.

*Feinberg

D. R.

Jones

B. C.

Law Smith

M. J.

Moore

F. R.

DeBruine

L. M.

Cornwell

R. E.

… Perret

D. I.

(2006). Menstrual cycle, trait estrogen level, and masculinity preferences in the human voice. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 215 – 222. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.004

27.

Ferguson

C. J.

Brannick

M. T.

(2012). Publication bias in psychological science: Prevalence, methods for identifying and controlling, and implications for the use of meta-analyses. Psychological Methods, 17, 120–128. doi:10.1037/a0024445

28.

*Finkel

E. J.

Slotter

Luchies

(n.d.). [Romantic partner survey.] Unpublished raw data.

29.

Folstad

Karter

A. J.

(1992). Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist, 139, 603–622.

30.

*Franklin

(2010). Female perception of testosteronized male facial images: Evidence of a co-evolutionary tradeoff responsive to conditions for both competition and cooperation (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (AAT 3422377)

31.

Frost

(1994). Preference for darker faces in photographs at different phases of the menstrual cycle: Preliminary assessment of evidence for a hormonal relationship. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 507–514. doi:10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.507

32.

Gangestad

S. W.

Cousins

A. J.

(2001). Adaptive design, female mate preferences, and shifts across the menstrual cycle. Annual Review of Sex Research, 12, 145–185. doi: 10.1080/10532528.2001.10559797

33.

Gangestad

S. W.

Garver-Apgar

C. E.

Simpson

J. A.

Cousins

A. J.

(2007). Changes in women’s mate preferences across the ovulatory cycle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 151–163. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.151

34.

Gangestad

S. W.

Simpson

J. A.

(2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 573–644. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0000337X

35.

Gangestad

S. W.

Simpson

J. A.

Cousins

A. J.

Garver-Apgar

C. E.

Christensen

P. N.

(2004). Women’s preferences for male behavioral displays change across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 15, 203–207.

36.

*Gangestad

S. W.

Thornhill

(1998). Menstrual cycle variation in women’s preferences for the scent of symmetrical men. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 265, 927–933. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0380

37.

Gangestad

S. W.

Thornhill

(2008). Human oestrus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275, 991–1000. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1425

38.

Gildersleeve

DeBruine

Haselton

M. G.

Frederick

D. A.

Penton-Voak

I. S.

Jones

B. C.

Perrett

D. I.

(2013). Shifts in women’s mate preferences across the ovulatory cycle: A critique of Harris (2011) and Harris (2012). Sex Roles, 69, 516–524. doi: 10.1007/s11199-013-0273-4

39.

Gladwell

(2000, March 13). John Rock’s error. The New Yorker, 52–63.

40.

*Harris

C. R.

(2011). Menstrual cycle and facial preferences reconsidered. Sex Roles, 64, 669–681. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9772-8

41.

Harris

C. R.

(2013). Shift in masculinity preferences across the menstrual cycle: Still not there. Sex Roles, 69, 507–515. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0229-0

42.

Harris

C. R.

Chabot

Mickes

(2013). Shifts in methodology and theory in menstrual cycle research on attraction. Sex Roles, 69, 525–535. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0302-3

43.

*Havlicek

Roberts

S. C.

Flegr

(2005). Women’s preference for dominant male odour: Effects of menstrual cycle and relationship status. Biology Letters, 1, 256–259. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332

44.

Heatherton

T. F.

(2011). Neuroscience of self and self-regulation. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 363–390. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131616

45.

*Hodges-Simeon

C. R.

Gaulin

S. J. C.

Puts

D. A.

(2010). Different vocal parameters predict perceptions of dominance and attractiveness. Human Nature, 21, 406–427. doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9101-5

46.

*Hromatko

Tadinac

Prizmić

(2006). Women’s hormonal status and mate value influence relationship satisfaction and perceived male attractiveness. Psychological Topics, 15, 315–330.

47.

*Izbicki

E. V.

Johnson

K. J.

(2010, June). Dark, tall, and handsome: Evidence for a female increase in openness to other-race partners during periods of high conception risk. Poster presented at the 22nd annual conference of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Eugene, OR.

48.

Jöchle

(1973). Coitus induced ovulation. Contraception, 7, 523–564.

49.

Johnson

B. T.

Eagly

A. H.

(in press). Quantitative synthesis in personality and social psychology. In Reis

H. T.

Judd

C. M.

(Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

50.

*Johnston

V. S.

Hagel

Franklin

Fink

Grammer

(2001). Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone-mediated adaptive design. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 251–267. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00066-6

51.

Jones

B. C.

DeBruine

L. M.

Perrett

D. I.

Little

A. C.

Feinberg

D. R.

Law Smith

M. J.

(2008). Effects of menstrual cycle phase on face preferences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 78–84. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9268-y

52.

*Jones

B. C.

Little

A. C.

Boothroyd

DeBruine

L. M.

Feinberg

D. R.

Smith

M. J.

… Perrett

D. I.

(2005). Commitment to relationships and preferences for femininity and apparent health in faces are strongest on days of the menstrual cycle when progesterone level is high. Hormones and Behavior, 48, 283–290. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.03.010

53.

*Jones

B. C.

Perrett

D. I.

Little

A. C.

Boothroyd

Cornwell

R. E.

Feinberg

D. R.

… Moore

F. R.

(2005). Menstrual cycle, pregnancy and oral contraceptive use alter attraction to apparent health in faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 347–354. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2962

54.

Jones

(1955). Sigmund Freud life and work: Years of maturity 1901–1919 (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Basic Books.

55.

Kenrick

D. T.

Maner

J. K.

N. P.

(2005). Evolutionary social psychology. In Buss

(Ed.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 803–827). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

56.

*Koehler

Chisholm

J. S.

(2009). Does early psychosocial stress affect mate choice? Human Nature, 20, 52–66. doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9057-5

57.

*Koehler

Rhodes

Simmons

L. W.

(2002). Are human female preferences for symmetrical male faces enhanced when conception is likely? Animal Behaviour, 64, 233–238. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3063

58.

*Koehler

Rhodes

Simmons

L. W.

Zebrowitz

L. A.

(2006). Do cyclic changes in women’s face preferences target cues to long-term health? Social Cognition, 24, 641–656. doi:10.1521/soco.2006.24.5.641

59.

Lassek

W. D.

Gaulin

S. J. C.

(2009). Costs and benefits of fat-free muscle mass in men: Relationship to mating success, dietary requirements, and native immunity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 322–328. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.04.002

60.

Lehrer

(2010, December 13). The truth wears off: Is there something wrong with the scientific method? The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/12/13/101213fa_fact_lehrer?currentPage=all

61.

*Li

N. P.

Haselton

M. G.

(n.d.). [Menstrual cycle influences on mate preferences]. Unpublished raw data.

62.

Little

A. C.

Cohen

D. L.

Jones

B. C.

Belsky

(2007). Human preferences for facial masculinity change with relationship type and environmental harshness. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 61, 967–973. doi: 10.1007/s00265-006-0325-7

63.

*Little

A. C.

Jones

B. C.

Burriss

R. P.

(2007). Preferences for masculinity in male bodies change across the menstrual cycle. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 633–639. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.03.006

64.

*Little

A. C.

Jones

B. C.

Burt

D. M.

Perrett

D. I.

(2007). Preferences for symmetry in faces change across the menstrual cycle. Biological Psychology, 76, 209–216. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.003

65.

*Little

A. C.

Jones

B. C.

DeBruine

L. M.

(2008). Preferences for variation in masculinity in real male faces change across the menstrual cycle: Women prefer more masculine faces when they are more fertile. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 478–482. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.024

66.

Little

A. C.

Jones

B. C.

Penton-Voak

I. S.

Burt

D. M.

Perrett

D. I.

(2002). Partnership status and the temporal context of relationships influence human female preferences for sexual dimorphism in male face shape. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: B, 269, 1095–1100. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1984

67.

*Lueveno

V. X.

Zebrowitz

L. A.

(2005, June). When fighters are lovers too: Predictors of attractiveness as a function of partner-type and fertility level. Poster presented at 17th Annual HBES Conference, Austin, TX.

68.

*Lukaszewski

A. W.

Roney

J. R.

(2009). Estimated hormones predict women’s mate preferences for dominant personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 191–196. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.019

69.

*McDonald

M. M.

Asher

B. D.

Kerr

N. L.

Navarrete

C. D.

(2011). Fertility and intergroup bias in racial and minimal group contexts: Evidence for shared architecture. Psychological Science, 22, 860–865. doi:10.1177/0956797611410985

70.

Mesoudi

(2009). How cultural evolutionary theory can inform social psychology and vice versa. Psychological Review, 116, 929–952. doi:10.1037/a0017062

71.

*Moore

F. R.

(n.d.). [Menstrual cycle influences on long-term mate preferences]. Unpublished raw data.

72.

*Moore

F. R.

Al Dujaili

E. A.

Cornwell

R. E.

Law Smith

M. J.

Lawson

J. F.

Sharp

Perrett

D. I.

(2011). Cues to sex- and stress-hormones in the human male face: Functions of glucocorticoids in the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 60, 269–274. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.010

73.

*Moore

F. R.

Cornwell

R. E.

Law Smith

M. J.

Al Dujaili

E. A.

Sharp

Perrett

D. I.

(2011). Evidence for the stress-linked immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in human male faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 774–780. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1678

74.

*Morrison

E. R.

Clark

A. P.

Gralewski

Campbell

Penton-Voak

I. S.

(2010). Women’s probability of conception is associated with their preferences for flirtatious but not masculine facial movement. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1297–1304. doi: 10.1007/s10508-009-9527-1

75.

*Navarrete

C. D.

(n.d.). [Menstrual cycle and social judgments.] Unpublished raw data.

76.

*Navarrete

C. D.

Fessler

D. M. T.

Fleischman

D. S.

Geyer

(2009). Race bias tracks conception risk across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 20, 661–665. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02352.x

77.

Neave

Laing

Fink

Manning

J. T.

(2003). Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270, 2167–2172.

78.

*Oinonen

K. A.

Mazmanian

(2007). Facial symmetry detection ability changes across the menstrual cycle. Biological Psychology, 75, 136–145. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.01.003. Also reported in: Oinonen

K. A.

(2003). The effects of hormones on symmetry detection and perceptions of facial attractiveness (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (AAT NQ85019)

79.

Palmer

A. R.

(1999). Detecting publication bias in meta-analysis: A case study of fluctuating asymmetry and sexual selection. The American Naturalist, 154, 220–233. doi:10.1086/303223

80.

Panksepp

J. B.

(2000). The seven sins of evolutionary psychology. Evolution and Cognition, 6, 108–131.

81.

*Pawlowski

Jasienska

(2005). Women’s preferences for sexual dimorphism in height depend on menstrual cycle phase and expected duration of relationship. Biological Psychology, 70, 38–43. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.02.002

82.

Penton-Voak

I. S.

Chen

J. Y.

(2004). High salivary testosterone is linked to masculine male facial appearance in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.04.003

83.

*Penton-Voak

I. S.

Perrett

D. I.

(2000). Female preference for male faces changes cyclically: Further evidence. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 39–48. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00033-1

84.

*Penton-Voak

I. S.

Perrett

D. I.

Castles

D. L.

Kobayashi

Burt

D. M.

Murray

L. K.

Minamisawa

(1999). Menstrual cycle alters face preference. Nature, 399, 741–742. doi:10.1038/21557

85.

*Peters

Rhodes

Simmons

L. W.

(2008). Does attractiveness in men provide clues to semen quality? Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21, 572–579. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01477.x

86.

Peters

Simmons

L. W.

Rhodes

(2008). Testosterone is associated with mating success but not attractiveness or masculinity in human males. Animal Behaviour, 76, 297–303. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.02.008

87.

*Peters

Simmons

L. W.

Rhodes

(2009). Preferences across the menstrual cycle for masculinity and symmetry in photographs of male faces and bodies. PLoS ONE, 4, 1–7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004138

88.

*Provost

M. P.

Troje

N. F.

Quinsey

V. L.

(2008). Short-term mating strategies and attraction to masculinity in point-light walkers. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 65–69. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.007

89.

*Puts

D. A.

(2005). Mating context and menstrual phase affect women’s preferences for male voice pitch. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 388–397. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.001

90.

Puts

D. A.

(2006). Cyclic variation in women’s preferences for masculine traits. Human Nature, 17, 114–127. doi:10.1007/s12110-006-1023-x

91.

Puts

D. A.

(2010). Beauty and the beast: Mechanisms of sexual selection in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 157–175. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.005

92.

*Putz

D. A.

(2004). Female choice, male dominance, and the evolution of low voice pitch in men. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (AAT 3139711)

93.

Rantala

M. J.

Coetzee

Moore

F. R.

Skrinda

Kecko

Krama

Krams

(2013). Adiposity, compared with masculinity, serves as a more valid cue to immunocompetence in human mate choice. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 280. Advance online publication. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2495

94.

*Rantala

M. J.

Eriksson

C. J. P.

Vainikka

Kortet

(2006). Male steroid hormones and female preference for male body odor. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 259–269. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.11.002

95.

*Rantala

M. J.

Pölkki

Rantala

L. M.

(2010). Preference for human male body hair changes across the menstrual cycle and menopause. Behavioral Ecology, 21, 419–423. doi:10.1093/beheco/arp206

96.

Rhodes

(2006). The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 199–226. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208

97.

Richerson

P. J.

Boyd

(2005). Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

98.

*Rikowski

Grammer

(1999). Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 266, 869–874. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0717

99.

*Roney

J. R.

Simmons

Z. L.

(2008). Women’s estradiol predicts preference for facial cues of men’s testosterone. Hormones and Behavior, 53, 14–19. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.008

100.

*Roney

J. R.

Simmons

Z. L.

Gray

P. B.

(2011). Changes in estradiol predict within-women shifts in attraction to facial cues of men’s testosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 742–749. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.010

101.

Rothstein

H. R.

(2006). Use of unpublished data in systematic review in the Psychological Bulletin, 1995–2005. Unpublished manuscript cited in Rothstein

H. R.

Hopewell

(2009). The grey literature. In Cooper

Hedges

Valentine

(Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 103–125). New York, NY: Russell-Sage.

102.

Rothstein

H. R.

Bushman

B. J.

(2012). Publication bias in psychological science: Comment on Ferguson and Brannick (2012). Psychological Methods, 17, 129–136. doi:10.1037/a0027128

103.

Rothstein

H. R.

Hopewell

(2009). The grey literature. In Cooper

Hedges

Valentine

(Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 103–125). New York, NY: Russell-Sage.

104.

Rupp

Librach

G. R.

Feipel

N. C.

Ketterson

E. D.

Sengelaub

D. R.

Heiman

J. R.

(2009). Partner status influences women’s interest in the opposite sex. Human Nature, 20, 93–104. doi: 10.1007/s12110-009-9056-6

105.

*Rupp

H. A.

(n.d.). [Eyetracking and mate preferences]. Unpublished raw data.

106.

*Rupp

H. A.

James

T. W.

Ketterson

E. D.

Sengelaub

D. R.

Janssen

Heiman

J. R.

(2009). Neural activation in women in response to masculinized male faces: Mediation by hormones and psychosexual factors. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.08.006

107.

Sakaki

Mather

(2012). How reward and emotional stimuli induce different reactions across the menstrual cycle. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00415.x

108.

*Scarbrough

P. S.

Johnston

V. S.

(2005). Individual differences in women’s facial preferences as a function of digit ratio and mental rotation ability. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 509–526. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.002

109.

Scott

I. M. L.

Clarke

A. P.

Boothroyd

L. G.

Penton-Voak

I. S.

(2013). Do men’s faces really signal heritable immunocompetence? Behavioral Ecology, 24, 579–589. doi:10.1093/beheco/ars092

110.

Sellen

D. W.

(2007). Evolution of infant and young child feeding: Implications for contemporary public health. Annual Review of Nutrition, 27, 123–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092557

111.

Simmons

J. P.

Nelson

L. D.

Simonsohn

(2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359–1366. doi:10.1177/0956797611417632

112.

*Singh

Bailey

(2007, June). Do women’s judgments of male attractiveness based on testosterone-mediated body parts depend on menstrual cycle phase? Poster presented at 19th Annual Human Behavior and Evolution Society Conference, Williamsburg, VA.

113.

*Soler

Núñez

Gutiérrez

Núñez

Medina

Sancho

… Núñez, A . (2003). Facial attractiveness in men provides clues to semen quality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 199–207. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00013-8

114.

Sutton

A. J.

(2009). Publication bias. In Cooper

Hedges

Valentine

(Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 435–452). New York, NY: Russell-Sage.

115.

Swaddle

J. P.

Reierson

G. W.

(2002). Testosterone increases perceived dominance but not attractiveness in human males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 269, 2285–2289. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2165

116.

*Teatero

(2009). Mating strategies, across the menstrual cycle: Preferences, jealously, and masculinity (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (AAT MR64010)

117.

*Thornhill

Gangestad

S. W.

(1999). The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness? Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 175–201. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00005-7

118.

*Thornhill

Gangestad

S. W.

Miller

Scheyd

McCollough

J. K.

Franklin

(2003). Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women. Behavioral Ecology, 14, 668–678. doi:10.1093/beheco/arg043

119.

Trivers

R. L.

(1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell

(Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871–1971 (pp. 136–179). Chicago, IL: Aldine.

120.

Tybur

J. M.

Gangestad

S. W.

(2011). Mate preferences and infectious disease: Theoretical considerations and evidence in humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 366, 3375–3388. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0136

121.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). The 2012 statistical abstract: The national data book. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/births_deaths_marriages_divorces/births.html

122.

van Dongen

Gangestad

S. W.

(2011). Human fluctuating asymmetry in relation to health and quality: A meta-analysis. Evolution & Human Behavior, 32, 380–398. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.03.002

123.

*Vaughn

J. E.

Bradley

K. I.

Byrd-Craven

Kennison

S. M.

(2010). The effect of mortality salience on women’s judgments of male faces. Evolutionary Psychology, 8, 477–491.

124.

Vitzhum

V. J.

(2009). The ecology and evolutionary endocrinology of reproduction in the human female. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 140, 95–136. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21195

125.

Wagenmakers

E. J.

Wetzels

Borsboom

van der Maas

H. L.

Kievit

R. A.

(2012). An agenda for purely confirmatory research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(6), 632–638. doi: 10.1177/1745691612463078

126.

*Welling

L. L. M

Jones

B. C.

DeBruine

L. M.

Conway

C. A.

Law Smith

M. J.

Little

A. C.

… Al Dujaili

E. A. S.

(2007). Raised salivary testosterone in women is associated with increased attraction to masculine faces. Hormones and Behavior, 52, 156–161. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.010.

127.

Wilcox

A. J.

Dunson

D. B.

Baird

D. D.

(2000). The timing of the “fertile window” in the menstrual cycle: Day specific estimates from a prospective study. British Medical Journal, 321, 1259–1262. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7271.1259

128.

Wilcox

A. J.

Dunson

D. B.

Weinberg

C. R.

Trussell

Baird

D. D.

(2001). Likelihood of conception with a single act of intercourse: Providing benchmark rates for assessment of post-coital contraceptives. Contraception, 63, 211–215. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00191-3

129.

Wood

Eagly

A. H.

(2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699–727. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699

130.

Wood

Eagly

A. H.

(2007). Social structural origins of sex differences in human mating. In Gangestad

S. W.

Simpson

J. A.

(Eds.), The evolution of mind: Fundamental questions and controversies (pp. 383–390). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

131.

Wood

Eagly

A. H.

(2009). Testing theories and conducting research from meta-analytic syntheses. In Cooper

Hedges

Valentine

(Eds.), Handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 455–472). New York, NY: Russell Sage.

132.

Wood

Eagly

A. H.

(2010). Gender. In Fiske

Gilbert

D. T.

Lindzey

(Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 5th ed., pp. 629–667). New York, NY: John Wiley.

133.

Wood

Eagly

A. H.

(2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. In Zanna

M. P.

Olson

J. M.

(Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 55–124). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

134.

Zentner

Mitura

(2012). Stepping out of the caveman’s shadow: Nations’ gender gap predicts degree of sex differentiation in mate preferences. Psychological Science, 23, 1176–1185. doi:10.1177/0956797612441004

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.86 MB