Intravenous fluid given to women with pre-eclampsia may be a necessary form of treatment; however, intravenous fluid therapy can also cause iatrogenic pulmonary oedema. The indications for the use of intravenous fluids, the titration of the amount of fluid given and the use of invasive monitoring have not been subject to adequate examination in randomised studies. Clinical experience, combined with available evidence and a reasoned approach are the basis for a suggested management algorithm.
Saving Mothers 2008–2010: fifth report on the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in South Africa. Compiled by the national committee for confidential enquiry into maternal deaths. Department of Health, Republic of South Africa.
2.
VisserWWallenburgHCS. Central haemodynamic observations in untreated severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia. Hypertension1991; 17: 1072–1077.
3.
ClarkSLGreenspoonJSAldahlD. Severe pre-eclampsia with persistent oliguria: management of hemodynamic subsets. Am J Obstet Gynecol1986; 154: 490–494.
4.
DennisATCastroJCarrC. Haemodynamics in women with untreated pre-eclampsia. Anaesthesia2012; 67: 1105–1118.
5.
BosioPMMcKennaPJConroyR. Maternal central hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol1999; 94: 978–984.
6.
FadnesHOOianP. Transcapillary fluid balance and plasma volume regulation: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv1989; 44: 769–773.
7.
MarinoPL. The ICU Book, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
8.
BelfortMAkovicKAnthonyJ. The effect of acute volume expansion and vasodilatation with verapamil on uterine and umbilical artery Doppler indices in severe pre-eclampsia. J Clin Ultrasound1994; 22: 317–325.
9.
EdwardsJDMayallRM. Importance of sampling site for measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation n shock. Crit Care Med1998; 26: 1356–1360.
10.
MohrmanDEHellerLJ. Central venous pressure: an indicator of circulatory hemodynamics. Lange cardiovascular physiology, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
11.
MarikPEBaramMVahidB. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the Tale of Seven Mares. Chest2008; 134: 172–178.
12.
BelfortMAAnthonyJKirshonB. Respiratory function in severe gestational proteinuric hypertension: the effects of rapid volume expansion and subsequent vasodilatation with verapamil. Br J Obstet Gynaecol1991; 98: 964–972.
13.
McGeeWT. Simple physiologic algorithm for managing hemodynamics using stroke volume and stroke volume variation: physiologic optimization program. J Intensive Care Med2009; 24: 352–360.
14.
BelfortMARokeyRSaadeGR. Rapid echocardiographic assessment of left and right heart hemodynamics in critically ill obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol1994; 171: 884–892.
15.
ZileMRBrutsaertDL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation2002; 105: 1387–1393.
16.
Li YH and Novikova N. Pulmonary artery flow catheters for directing management in pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, issue 6. Art No: CD008882. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD008882.pub2.
17.
GilbertWMTownerDRFiledNT. The safety and utility of pulmonary artery catheterization in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol2000; 186: 1397–1403.
18.
WasserstrumNCottonDB. Hemodynamic monitoring in severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Clin Perinatol1986; 13: 781–799.
19.
AnthonyJCoetzeeEJDommisseJ. Pre-eclampsia and CVPs. S Afr Med J1996; 86: 273–273.
SibaiBMMabieWC. Hemodynamics of pre-eclampsia. Clin Perinatol1991; 18: 727–747.
22.
PiraniBBKCampbellDMMacGillivrayI. Plasma volume in normal first pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol1973; 80: 884–887.
23.
SalasSPMarshallGGutierrezBL. Time course of maternal plasma volume and hormonal changes in women with preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Hypertension2006; 47: 203–208.
WallenburgHCSHemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancy. In: BirkenhagerWHReidJLRubinPC (eds). Handbook of Hypertension Vol 21: Hypertension in Pregnancy, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000.
26.
Tihtonen K, Koobi T, Yli-Hankala A, et al. Maternal haemodynamics in pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy during caesarean delivery. BJOG 2006; 113: 657–663.
27.
Drakely AJ, le Roux PA, Anthony J, Penny J. Acute renal failure complicating severe preeclampsia requiring admission to an obstetric intensive care unit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186(2): 253–256.
28.
Stratta P, Canavese C, Colla L, et al. Acute renal failure in preeclampsia-eclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1987; 24: 225–231.
29.
Kirschon B, Lee W, Mauer MB, Cotton DB. Effects of low-dose dopamine therapy in the oliguric patient with pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159(3): 604–607.
30.
Vikse BE, Irgens LM, Leivestad T, Skjaerven R, Iversen BM. Pre-eclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease. N Eng J Med 2008; 359: 800–809.
31.
Soobramoney v Minister of Health, KwaZulu-Natal [1997] ZACC 17, 1998 (1) SA 765 (CC), 1997 (12) BCLR 1696 (CC) (27 November 1997), Constitutional Court (South Africa).
32.
Perel P, Roberts I. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in crtitically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. Art No.: CD000567. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub5.
33.
Negi S, Shigematsu T. Current therapeutic strategies for acute kidney injury. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 16: 672–678.