This review is devoted to structural and serological characteristics of the O-antigens (O-polysaccharides) of the lipopolysaccharides of various Proteus species, which provide the basis for classifying Proteus strains to Oserogroups. The antigenic relationships of Proteus strains within and beyond the genus as well as their O-antigenrelated bioactivities are also discussed.
O’Hara CM, Brenner FW, Steigerwalt AG et al. Classification of Proteus vulgaris biogroup 3 with recognition of Proteus hauseri sp. nov., nom. rev. and unnamed Proteus genomospecies 4, 5 and 6. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol2000; 50: 1869-1875.
Penner JLThe genera Proteus, Providencia and Morganella. In: Balows A Truper HG, Harder W, Schleider KH, (eds) The Prokaryotes, Vol. III. Springer: Berlin, 1992; 2849-2853.
4.
Coker C., Poore A., Li X., Mobley HLTPathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infections. Microbes Infect2000; 2: 1497-1505.
5.
Ebringer A., Rashid T.Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease triggered by Proteus urinary tract infection. Clin Dev Immunol2006; 13: 41-48.
Senchenkova SN , Shashkov AS, Toukach FV et al. Structure of the acid-labile galactosyl phosphate-containing O-antigen of Proteus vulgaris OX19 (serogroup O1) used in the Weil-Felix test. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 1997; 62: 461-468.
16.
Ziolkowski A., Shashkov AS, Swierzko A. et al. Structures of the O-antigens of Proteus bacilli belonging to OX group (serogroups O1-O3) used in Weil-Felix test. FEBS Lett1997; 411: 221-224.
17.
Kaca W., Swierzko AS, Ziolkowski A., Amano KI, Senchenkova SN, Knirel YASerological studies of an acid-labile O-polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris OX19 lipopolysaccharide using human and rabbit antibodies. Microbiol Immunol1998; 42: 669-675.
18.
Vinogradov EV, Kaca W., Rozalski A. et al. Structural and immunochemical studies of O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris 5/43 belonging to OX19 group (O-variants). Eur J Biochem1991; 200: 195-201.
19.
Cedzynski M. , Ziolkowski A., Swierzko AS et al. The serological specificity of Proteus vulgaris OX2 and Rickettsia japonica surface antigens. In: Kazar J , Toman R., (eds) Proc Vth Int Symp Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases, Stara Lesna, Slovakia, 1-6 September 1996. Bratislava : Veda, 1996; 261-265.
20.
Sidorczyk Z. , Zych K., Toukach FV et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide and classification of Proteus mirabilis strain G1 in Proteus serogroup O3. Eur J Biochem2002 ; 269: 1406-1412.
21.
Gromska W., Mayer H.The linkage of lysine in the O-specific chains of Proteus mirabilis 1959. Eur J Biochem1976; 62: 391-399.
22.
Kaca W., Kotelko K.Lipopolysaccharide phage receptor of Proteus mirabilis 1959 strain . Site of phage-mediated hydrolysis in O-specific polysaccharide.Arch Immunol Ther Exp1983; 31: 691-700.
23.
Kaca W., Knirel YA, Vinogradov EV, Kotelko K.Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis S 1959. Arch Immunol Ther Exp1987; 35: 431-437.
24.
Vinogradov EV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK, Kholodkova EV, Stanislavsky ESAntigenic polysaccharides of bacteria. 22. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus hauseri. Bioorg Khim1987; 13: 660-669.
25.
Kaca W., Amano KI, Chernyak AY, Knirel YAHuman anti-scrub typhus rickettsia antibodies and rabbit anti-Proteus antibodies recognize similar epitopes in the O-polysaccharide part of Proteus mirabilis OXK lipopolysaccharide. Microbios2000; 130: 151-161.
26.
Swierzko A. , Cedzynski M., Knirel YA et al. Structural and serological studies of the O-antigen of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis OXK (serogroup O3) used in the Weil-Felix text. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 1997; 62: 21-27.
27.
Perepelov AV , Babicka D., Senchenkova SN et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O4 containing a new component of bacterial polysaccharides, 4,6-dideoxy-4-{N[(R)-3-hydroxybutyryl]-L-alanyl}amino-D-glucose . Carbohydr Res2001; 331: 195-202.
28.
Shashkov AS , Arbatsky NP, Cedzynski M., Kaca W., Knirel YAStructure of an acidic O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O5. Carbohydr Res1999 ; 319: 199-203.
29.
Perepelov AV , Zablotni A., Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis CCUG 10705 (OF) containing an amide of D-galacturonic acid with Lalanine. Carbohydr Res2006; 341: 1969-1974.
Cedzynski M. , Swierzko AS, Ziolkowski A. et al. Structural and immunochemical studies of two cross-reactive Proteus mirabilis Oantigens, O6 and O23, containing β1→3-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose residues. Microbiol Immunol1998; 42: 7-14.
32.
Kondakova AN , Lindner B., Fudala R. et al. New structures of the O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus. Part 4. Polysaccharides containing unusual acidic N-acyl derivatives of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 2004; 69: 1034-1043.
33.
Sieberth V. , Jann B., Jann K.Structure of the K10 capsular antigen from Escherichia coli O11:K10:H10, a polysaccharide containing 4,6-dideoxy-4-malonylamino-D-glucose . Carbohydr Res1993; 246: 219-228.
34.
Perepelov AV , Babicka D., Shashkov AS et al. Structure and cross-reactivity of the O-antigen of Proteus vulgaris O8. Carbohydr Res1999; 318: 186-192.
35.
Zych K., Perepelov AV, Siwinska M., Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-polysaccharides and classification of Proteus genomospecies 4, 5 and 6 into respective Proteus serogroups. FEBS J2005; 272: 5536-5543.
36.
Kondakova AN , Fudala R., Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kaca W.Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O-9. Carbohydr Res2003 ; 338: 1191-1196.
37.
Vinogradov EV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK, Sidorczyk Z., Swierzko A.The structure of the Proteus penneri strain 14 O-specific polysaccharide containing D- and L-alanine. Carbohydr Res1991; 219: C1-C3.
38.
Knirel YA, Kaca W., Paramonov NA et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O25 containing 3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-D-glucose. Eur J Biochem1997; 247: 951-954.
39.
Shashkov AS , Senchenkova SN, Toukach FV et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis O10 containing L-altruronic acid, a new component of O-antigens. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 1996; 61: 1100-1105.
40.
Swierzko A. , Shashkov AS, Senchenkova SN et al. Structural and serological studies of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis O10 containing L-altruronic acid, a new component of O-antigens . FEBS Lett1996; 398: 297-302.
41.
Hermansson K., Kenne L., Lindberg B., Arie B., Brown G., Stewart JEStructural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from Aerococcus viridans var. homari. Carbohydr Res1990; 208: 145-152.
42.
Arbatsky NP , Shashkov AS, Literacka E., Widmalm G., Kaca W., Knirel YAStructure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O11, another Proteus O-antigen containing an amide of D-galacturonic acid with L-threonine. Carbohydr Res2000; 323: 81-86.
43.
Sidorczyk Z. , Swierzko A., Knirel YA et al. Structure and epitope specificity of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri strain 12 (ATCC 33519) containing the amide of D-galacturonic acid with L-threonine . Eur J Biochem1995; 230: 713-721.
44.
Perepelov AV , Torzewska A., Shashkov AS, Senchenkova SN, Rozalski A., Knirel YAStructure of a glycerol teichoic acid-like O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O12. Eur J Biochem2000; 267: 788-793.
45.
Perepelov AV , Senchenkova SN, Wang Q. et al. Structure of a glycerol teichoic-acid like O-specific polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O29. Carbohydr Res2006 ; 341: 2176-2180.
46.
Shashkov AS , Toukach FV, Senchenkova SN et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis O13 containing a novel amide of D-galacturonic acid with Nε-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine . Biochemistry ( Moscow) 1997; 62: 509-513.
47.
Perepelov AV , Senchenkova SN, Cedzynski M. et al. Isolation using triflic acid solvolysis and identification of Nε-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-Nα-(D-galacturonoyl)-L-lysine as a component of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O13. Carbohydr Res2000; 328: 441-444.
48.
Swierzko AS , Cedzynski M., Ziolkowski A. et al. Structure and serological characterization of an Nε-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine-containing O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O13. Arch Immunol Ther Exp2001; 49: 163-169.
49.
Sidorczyk Z. , Kondakova AN, Zych K. et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus myxofaciens. Classification of the bacterium into a new Proteus O-serogroup . Eur J Biochem2003; 270: 3182-3188.
50.
Kocharova NA , Shcherbakova OV, Shashkov AS et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Providencia alcalifaciens serogroup O23 containing a novel amide of D-glucuronic acid with Nε-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine . Biochemistry (Moscow) 1997; 62: 501-508.
51.
Torzewska A. , Kocharova NA, Maszewska A., Knirel YA, Rozalski A.Serological characterization of the O-specific polysaccharide of Providencia alcalifaciens O23. Arch Immunol Ther Exp2004; 52: 43-49.
52.
Kocharova NA , Zatonsky GV, Torzewska A. et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Providencia rustigianii O14 containing Nα-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-Nε-(D-galacturonoyl)L-lysine . Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 1009-1016.
53.
Perepelov AV , Ujazda E., Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Kaca W., Knirel YAStructural and serological studies on the O-antigen of Proteus mirabilis O14, a new polysaccharide containing 2-[(R)-1-carboxyethylamino]ethyl phosphate. Eur J Biochem1999; 261: 347-353.
54.
Vinogradov EV, Kaca W., Shashkov AS et al. The structure of Proteus mirabilis O3 O-specific polysaccharide containing N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-D-alanine . Eur J Biochem1990; 188: 645-651.
55.
Vinogradov EV, Kaca W., Shashkov AS et al. Structure of O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O3 containing N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-D-alanine . Bioorg Khim1989; 15: 1431-1434.
56.
Perepelov AV , Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Rozalski A., Knirel YAStructure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus vulgaris O15 containing a novel regioisomer of N-acetylmuramic acid. Carbohydr Res2002; 337: 2463-2468.
57.
Kondakova AN , Fudala R., Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kaca W.Structure of a lactic acid ether-containing and glycerol phosphate-containing O-polysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis O40. Carbohydr Res2005; 340: 1612-1617.
58.
Shashkov AS , Arbatsky NP, Toukach FV et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of a serologically separate strain of Proteus penneri 2 from a new proposed serogroup O66. Eur J Biochem1999; 261: 392-397.
59.
Toukach FV, Arbatsky NP, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Zych K., Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O16 containing ethanolamine phosphate and ribitol phosphate. Carbohydr Res2001; 331: 213-218.
60.
Toukach FV, Kondakova AN, Arbatsky NP et al. New structures of the O-specific polysaccharides of bacteria of the genus Proteus. Part 1. Phosphate-containing polysaccharides. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2002 ; 67: 265-276.
61.
Vinogradov EV, Sidorczyk Z., Swierzko A. et al. The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Proteus penneri strain 16 lipopolysaccharide . Eur J Biochem1991; 197: 93-103.
62.
Kondakova AN , Toukach FV, Senchenkova SN et al. New structures of the O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus. Part 2. O-Acetylated polysaccharides . Biochemistry (Moscow) 2002; 67: 201-211.
63.
Sidorczyk Z. , Toukach FV, Zych K. et al. Structural and serological characterization of the lipopolysaccharide from Proteus penneri 20 and classification of the cross-reacting Proteus penneri strains 10, 16, 18, 20, 32 and 45 in Proteus serogroup O17. Arch Immunol Ther Exp2002; 50: 345-350.
64.
Torzewska A. , Grabowski S., Kondakova AN et al. Structures and serology of the O-antigens of Proteus strains classified into serogroup O17 and former serogroup O35 . Arch Immunol Ther Exp2006; 54: 277-282.
65.
Fudala R., Kondakova AN, Bednarska K. et al. Structure and serological characterization of the O-antigen of Proteus mirabilis O18 with a phosphocholine-containing oligosaccharide phosphate repeating unit. Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 1835-1842.
66.
Vinogradov EV, Kaca W., Knirel YA, Rozalski A., Kotelko K., Kochetkov NKThe structure of O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O19 lipopolysaccharide. Adv Exp Med Biol1990; 256: 127-130.
67.
Vinogradov EV, Kaca W., Knirel YA, Rozalski A., Kochetkov NKStructural studies on the fucosamine-containing O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O19. Eur J Biochem1989; 180: 95-99.
68.
Kondakova AN , Zych K., Senchenkova SN et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide leads to classification of Proteus penneri 31 in Proteus serogroup O19. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2003; 39: 73-79.
69.
Kondakova AN , Fudala R., Bednarska K., Senchenkova SN, Knirel YA, Kaca W.Structure of the neutral O-polysaccharide and biological activities of the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O20 . Carbohydr Res2004; 339: 623-628.
70.
Bartodziejska B., Toukach FV, Vinogradov EV et al. Structural and serological studies of two related O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus vulgaris O21 and Proteus mirabilis O48 having oligosaccharide-phosphate repeating units . Eur J Biochem2000; 267: 6888-6896.
71.
Petersson C. , Jachymek W., Klonowska A., Lugowski C., Niedziela T., Kenne L.Structural studies of the O-specific chains of Hafnia alvei strains 744, PCM 1194 and PCM 1210 lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Biochem1997; 245: 668-675.
72.
Toukach FV, Bartodziejska B., Senchenkova SN et al. Structure of a new acidic O-antigen of Proteus vulgaris O22 containing O-acetylated 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. Carbohydr Res1999; 318: 146-153.
73.
Zablotni A. , Perepelov AV, Kołodziejska K., Zych K., Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Classification of Proteus mirabilis TG 115 and CCUG 10701 into the Proteus O23 serogroup based on chemical and serological studies of O-polysaccharides. Arch Immunol Ther Exp2007; 54: 411-417.
74.
Uhrín D., Chandan V., Altman E.Structural characterization of the O-chain polysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis strain 7570. Can J Chem1995; 73: 1600-1604.
75.
Rozalski A. , Perepelov AV, Bartodziejska B. et al. Immunochemical studies on the O-antigens of Proteus mirabilis O23 and Proteus vulgaris O23 . Arch Immunol Ther Exp2003; 51: 69-73.
76.
Perepelov AV , Shashkov AS, Babicka D. et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus vulgaris O23. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 2000; 65: 1055-1059.
77.
Perepelov AV , Zablotni A., Zych K. et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis CCUG 10701 (OB) classified into a new Proteus serogroup, O74. Carbohydr Res2004; 339: 1395-1398.
78.
Senchenkova SN , Zatonsky GV, Ujazda E., Shashkov AS, Kaca W., Knirel YAStructure of the neutral O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis O24 . Biochemistry ( Moscow) 1997; 62: 1444-1447.
79.
Literacka E. , Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN et al. Structures of the O-specific polysaccharides and a serological cross-reactivity of the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis O24 and O29 . FEBS Lett1999; 456: 227-231.
80.
Shashkov AS , Senchenkova SN, Vinogradov EV et al. Full structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O24 containing 3,4-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethylidene]-D-galactose . Carbohydr Res2000; 329: 453-457.
81.
Knirel YA, Vinogradov EV, Shashkov AS et al. The structure of O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus. Dokl Akad Nauk1992; 324: 333-338.
82.
Gorshkova RP , Nazarenko EL, Zubkov VA et al. Structure of the repeating unit of the acidic polysaccharide of Alteromonas haloplanktis KMM 156. Bioorg Khim1993; 19: 327-336.
83.
Shashkov AS , Toukach FV, Paramonov NA, Senchenkova SN, Kaca W., Knirel YAStructure of a new lysine-containing O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis O26. Biochemistry (Moscow ) 1996; 61: 15-22.
84.
Shashkov AS , Toukach FV, Paramonov NA et al. Structures of new acidic O-specific polysaccharides of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis serogroups O26 and O30 . FEBS Lett1996; 386: 247-251.
85.
Vinogradov EV, Krajewska-Pietrasik D., Kaca W., Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NKStructure of Proteus mirabilis O27 O-specific polysaccharide containing amino acids and phosphoethanolamine. Eur J Biochem1989; 185: 645-650.
86.
Vinogradov EV, Pietrasik D., Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NKStructure of the Proteus mirabilis O27 O-specific polysaccharide, containing amino acids and phosphoethanolamine. Bioorg Khim1988 ; 14: 1282-1286.
87.
Radziejewska-Lebrecht J., Shashkov AS, Grosskurth H. et al. Structure and epitope characteristic of O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O28 containing amides of D-galacturonic acid with L-serine and L-lysine. Eur J Biochem1995; 230: 705-712.
88.
Vinogradov EV, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J., Kaca W.Structural study of the O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis O28 and 3/6 containing amides of D-galacturonic acid with L-amino acids; C-methylation and βelimination in L-serine and L-threonine in methylation analysis. Bioorg Khim1993; 19: 1132-1136.
89.
Perepelov AV , Shashkov AS, Senchenkova SN, Knirel YA, Literacka E., Kaca W.Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis O29. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 2000; 65: 176-179.
90.
Perepelov AV , Zablotni A., Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-polysaccharide and serological studies of the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis2002 . Carbohydr Res2005; 340: 2305-2310.
91.
Shashkov AS , Toukach FV, Ziolkowski A. et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis O30. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 1996; 61: 575-579.
92.
Shashkov AS , Arbatsky NP, Widmalm G., Knirel YA, Zych K., Sidorczyk Z.Structure and serological specificity of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri strain 26. Eur J Biochem1998; 253: 730-733.
93.
Kondakova AN , Toukach FV, Senchenkova SN et al. New structures of the O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus. Part 3. Polysaccharides containing non-sugar organic acids. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 2003; 68: 446-457.
94.
Kondakova AN , Zych K., Senchenkova SN et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 28 and Proteus vulgaris O31 and classification of P. penneri 26 and 28 in Proteus serogroup O31. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2003; 39: 87-93.
95.
Zych K., Siwinska M., Sidorczyk Z.Serological classification and epitope specificity of Proteus penneri S29 lipopolysaccharide. Arch Immunol Ther Exp2005; 53: 540-545.
96.
Bartodziejska B., Shashkov AS, Babicka D. et al. Structural and serological studies on a new acidic O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O32. Eur J Biochem1998; 256: 488-493.
97.
Dmitriev BA , Knirel YA, Sheremet OK, Shashkov AS, Kochetkov NK, Hofman ILSomatic antigens of Shigella. The structure of the specific polysaccharide of Shigella newcastle (Sh. flexneri type 6) lipopolysaccharide. Eur J Biochem1979; 98: 309-316.
98.
Zych K., Toukach FV, Arbatsky NP et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis D52 and typing of this strain to Proteus serogroup O33. Eur J Biochem2001; 268: 4346-4351.
Perepelov AV, Kolodziejska K., Kondakova AN et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus serogroup O34 containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyl phosphate . Carbohydr Res2004; 339: 2145-2149.
101.
Kolodziejska K., Siwinska M., Zych K., Rozalski A., Sidorczyk Z.Characterization and serological classification of O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis TG 276-90 from Proteus serogroup O34. Arch Immunol Ther Exp2006; 54: 223-226.
102.
Arabski M. , Grabowski S., Konieczna I. et al. Serotyping of clinical isolates belonging to Proteus mirabilis serogroup O36 and structural elucidation of the O36-antigen polysaccharide. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2008; 53: 395-403.
103.
Ratnayake S., Weintraub A., Widmalm G.Structural studies of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) O153 O-antigenic polysaccharide . Carbohydr Res1994; 265: 113-120.
104.
Torzewska A., Kondakova AN, Perepelov AV et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O37 and close serological relatedness of the lipopolysaccharides of P. vulgaris O37 and P. vulgaris O46. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2001; 31: 227-234.
105.
Perepelov AV, Babicka D., Shashkov AS, Senchenkova SN, Rozalski A., Knirel YAStructure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus vulgaris O46. Carbohydr Res2008; 328: 229-234.
106.
Kondakova AN, Senchenkova SN, Gremyakov AI et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O38 containing 2-acetamidoethyl phosphate and N-linked D-aspartic acid. Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 2387-2392.
107.
Kocharova NA, Senchenkova SN, Kondakova AN et al. D- and L-Aspartic acids: new non-sugar components of bacterial polysaccharides. Biochemistry ( Moscow) 2004; 69: 103-107.
108.
Kocharova NA, Torzewska A., Zatonsky GV et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Providencia stuartii O4 containing 4(N-acetyl-L-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose . Carbohydr Res2004; 339: 195-200.
109.
Torzewska A., Kocharova NA, Zatonsky GV et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide and serological cross-reactivity of the Providencia stuartii O33 lipopolysaccharide containing 4-(N-acetyl-D-aspart-4-yl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose . FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2004; 41: 133-139.
110.
Kondakova AN , Perepelov AV, Bartodziejska B. et al. Structure of the acidic O-specific polysaccharide from Proteus vulgaris O39 containing 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glyceroL-manno-non-2-ulosonic acid. Carbohydr Res2001; 333: 241-249.
111.
Senchenkova SN , Perepelov AV, Cedzynski M. et al. Structure of a highly phosphorylated O-polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O41. Carbohydr Res2004; 339: 1347-1352.
112.
Perepelov AV , Bartodziejska B., Shashkov AS, Wykrota M., Knirel YA, Rozalski A.Structure of a glucosyl phosphate-containing O-polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O42. J Carbohydr Chem2007; 342: 2826-2831.
113.
Cedzynski M. , Knirel YA, Rozalski A., Shashkov AS, Vinogradov EV, Kaca W.The structure and serological specificity of Proteus mirabilis O43 O-antigen . Eur J Biochem1995; 232: 558-562.
114.
Toukach FV , Perepelov AV, Bartodziejska B. et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O44: a new O-antigen that contains an amide of D-glucuronic acid with L-alanine. Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 1431-1435.
115.
Perepelov AV, Bartodziejska B., Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Rozalski A., Knirel YAStructure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O45 containing 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose . Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 327-331.
116.
Bartodziejska B., Shashkov AS, Torzewska A. et al. Structure and serological specificity of a new acidic O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O45. Eur J Biochem1999; 259: 212-217.
117.
Kolodziejska K., Kondakova AN, Zych K. et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide of a serologically separate Proteus mirabilis strain, TG332, from a new proposed Proteus serogroup O50. Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 2105-2109.
118.
Perepelov AV, Rozalski A., Bartodziejska B., Senchenkova SN, Knirel YAStructure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O19 and reclassification of certain Proteus strains that were formerly classified in serogroup O19. Arch Immunol Ther Exp2004; 52: 188-196.
119.
Perry MB, MacLean LLThe structure of the polysaccharide produced by Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 49990) . Carbohydr Res1994; 253: 257-263.
120.
Zych K., Kowalczyk M., Toukach FV et al. Structural and immunochemical studies of O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri strain 15. Arch Immunol Ther Exp1997; 45: 435-441.
121.
Arbatsky NP , Kondakova AN, Senchenkova SN et al. Structure of a new ribitol teichoic acid-like O-polysaccharide of a serologically separate Proteus vulgaris strain, TG 276-1, classified into a new Proteus serogroup O53. Carbohydr Res2007; 342: 2061-2066.
122.
Kolodziejska K., Perepelov AV, Zablotni A. et al. Structure of the glycerol phosphate-containing O-polysaccharides and serological studies of the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis CCUG 10704 (OE) and Proteus vulgaris TG 103 classified into a new Proteus serogroup, O54. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2006; 47: 267-274.
123.
Kondakova AN, Zych K., Senchenkova SN, Sidorczyk Z., Shashkov AS, Knirel YAStructure of the N-acetyl-L-rhamnosamine-containing O-polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris TG 155 from a new Proteus serogroup, O55. Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 1999-2004.
124.
Uhrín D., Brisson JR, MacLean LL, Richards JC, Perry MBApplication of 1D and 2D NMR techniques to the structure elucidation of the O-polysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis O:57 . J Biomol NMR1994; 4: 615-630.
125.
Zablotni A. , Zych K., Kondakova NA, Siwiñska M., Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Serological and structural characterization of the O-antigens of the unclassified Proteus mirabilis strains TG 83, TG 319, and CCUG 10700 (OA). Arch Immunol Ther Exp2006; 55: 347-352.
126.
Sidorczyk Z., Swierzko A., Vinogradov EV, Knirel YA, Shashkov ASStructural and immunochemical studies of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri strain 14. Arch Immunol Ther Exp1994; 42: 209-215.
127.
Sidorczyk Z., Swierzko A., Lipinska M., Vinogradov EV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YAImmunochemical studies of O-specific polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide of Proteus penneri 14. Med Dosw Mikrobiol1993; 45: 85-87.
128.
Dmitriev BA , L’vov VL, Tokhtamysheva NV et al. Cell-wall lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O114:H2. Structure of the polysaccharide chain. Eur J Biochem1983; 134: 517-521.
129.
Sidorczyk Z., Zych K., Swierzko A., Vinogradov EV, Knirel YAThe structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 52. Eur J Biochem1996; 240: 245-251.
130.
Zych K., Knirel YA, Paramonov NA et al. Structure of the Ospecific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri strain 41 from a new proposed serogroup O62. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol1998; 21: 1-9.
131.
Knirel YA, Paramonov NA, Vinogradov EV, Kochetkov NK, Sidorczyk Z., Zych K.2-Acetamido-4-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2deoxy-D-glucose, a new natural isomer of N-acetylmuramic acid from the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 35. Carbohydr Res1994; 259: C1-C3.
132.
Arbatsky NP , Shashkov AS, Mamyan SS, Knirel YA, Zych K., Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of a serologically separate Proteus penneri strain 22. Carbohydr Res1998; 310: 85-90.
133.
Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kochetkov NK, Zych K., Sidorczyk Z.Structure of a new N-acetylisomuramic acid-containing O-specific polysaccharide from Proteus penneri 19 and 35. Carbohydr Res1996; 293: 71-78.
134.
Knirel YA, Paramonov NA, Vinogradov EV et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Proteus penneri 62 containing 2acetamido-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (N-acetylisomuramic acid). Carbohydr Res1992; 235: C19-C23.
135.
Sidorczyk Z., Swierzko A., Zych K. et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain and serological characterization of the Proteus penneri 62 lipopolysaccharide compared with the lipopolysaccharides of the related P. penneri strains. Arch Immunol Ther Exp1996; 44: 179-185.
136.
Zych K., Kocharova NA, Kowalczyk M. et al. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 71 and classification of cross-reactive P. penneri strains to a new proposed serogroup O64. Eur J Biochem2000; 267: 808-814.
137.
Toukach FV , Arbatsky NP, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Zych K., Sidorczyk Z.Structure of a neutral O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 34. Carbohydr Res1998; 312: 97-101.
138.
Knirel YA, Zych K., Vinogradov EV, Shashkov AS, Sidorczyk Z.Structure of a 2-aminoethyl phosphate-containing O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 8 from a new serogroup O67. Eur J Biochem2000; 267: 815-820.
139.
Shashkov AS , Kondakova AN, Senchenkova SN et al. Structure of a 2-aminoethyl phosphate-containing O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 63 from a new serogroup O68. Eur J Biochem2000; 267: 601-605.
140.
Arbatsky NP , Shashkov AS, Widmalm G., Knirel YA, Zych K., Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus penneri strain 25 containing N-(L-alanyl) and multiple O-acetyl groups in a tetrasaccharide repeating unit. Carbohydr Res1997; 298: 229-235.
141.
Zych K., Perepelov AV, Baranowska A. et al. Structure of the O-polysaccharide and serological studies of the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus penneri 60 classified into a new Proteus serogroup O70. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2005; 43: 351-356.
142.
Feng L., Senchenkova SN, Yang J. et al. Structural and genetic characterization of the Shigella boydii type 13 O-antigen. J Bacteriol2004; 186: 383-392.
143.
Landersjö C., Weintraub A., Widmalm G.Structural analysis of the O-antigen polysaccharide from the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O172. Eur J Biochem2001; 268: 2239-2245.
144.
Knirel YA, Shashkov AS, Vinogradov EV, Swierzko A., Sidorczyk Z.The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of Proteus penneri strain 42 lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res1995; 275: 201-206.
145.
Bartodziejska B., Radziejewska-Lebrecht J., Lipinska M. et al. Structural and immunochemical studies on the lipopolysaccharide of the ’T-antigen’-containing mutant Proteus mirabilis R14/ 1959. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol1996; 13: 113-121.
146.
Sidorczyk Z., Toukach FV, Zych K. et al. Structural and serological relatedness of the O-antigens of Proteus penneri 1 and 4 from a novel Proteus serogroup O72. Eur J Biochem2002; 269: 358-363.
147.
Drzewiecka D., Toukach FV, Arbatsky NP, Zych K., Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the bacterium Proteus penneri 103, containing ribitol and 2-aminoethyl phosphates. Carbohydr Res2002; 337: 1535-1540.
148.
Zych K., Perepelov AV, Baranowska A., Zablotni A., Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structure and serological studies of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus penneri 75. Epitopes and subgroups of Proteus serogroup O73. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2005; 43: 141-148.
149.
Zablotni A. , Perepelov AV, Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis OC (CCUG 10702) from a new proposed Proteus serogroup O75. Carbohydr Res2005 ; 340: 1908-1913.
150.
Kocharova NA, Kondakova AN, Ovchinnikova OG, Perepelov AV, Shashkov AS, Knirel YAN-(1-Carboxyethyl)alanine (alanopine), a new non-sugar component of lipopolysaccharides of Providencia and Proteus. Carbohydr Res2009; 344: 2060-2062.
151.
Vinogradov E., Perry MBStructural analysis of the core region of lipopolysaccharides from Proteus mirabilis serotypes O6, O48 and O57. Eur J Biochem2000; 267: 2439-2446.
152.
Drzewiecka D., Arbatsky NP, Shashkov AS, Staczek P., Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structure and serological properties of the O-antigen of two clinical Proteus mirabilis strains classified into a new Proteus O77 serogroup. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2008; 54: 185-194.
153.
Drzewiecka D., Arbatsky NP, Staczek P., Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Sidorczyk Z.Structural and serological studies of the O-polysaccharide of strains from a newly created Proteus O78 serogroup prevalent in Polish patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol2010; DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00632.x.
154.
Grabowski S.Serological methods on identification of Proteus mirabilis strains and Helicobacter pylori infections. PhD Thesis, University of Lodz, Lodz , poland, 2006.
155.
Kondakova AN, Vinogradov EV, Lindner B., Knirel YA, Amano K.Structural studies on the lipopolysaccharide core of Proteus OX strains used in Weil-Felix test: a mass spectrometric approach . Carbohydr Res2003; 338: 2697-2709.
156.
Vinogradov E., Sidorczyk Z., Knirel YAStructure of the lipopolysaccharide core region of the bacteria of the genus Proteus. Aust J Chem2002; 55: 61-67.
157.
Kocharova NA, Blaszczyk A., Zatonsky GV et al. Structure and cross-reactivity of the O-antigen of Providencia stuartii O18 containing 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose . Carbohydr Res2004; 339: 409-413.
158.
Raoult D., Roux V.Rickettsiosis as paradigm of new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev1997; 10: 694-714.
159.
Mizushiri S., Amano K., Fujii S., Fukushi K., Watanabe M.Chemical characterization of lipopolysaccharides from Proteus strains used in Weil-Felix test. Microbiol Immunol1990; 34: 121-133.
160.
Rozalski A.Molecular basis of the pathogenicity of Proteus bacteria. Adv Clin Exp Med2002; 11: 3-18.
161.
Rozalski A.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Proteus bacteria - chemical structure, serological specificity and the role in the pathogenicity. Folia Biol Oecol2008; 4: 5-24.
162.
Stickler DJBacterial biofilms in patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Nat Clin Pract Urol2008 ; 5: 598-608.
Verstreaten N., Braeken K., Debkumari B. et al. Living on the surface: swarming and biofilm formation. Trends Microbiol2008; 16: 496-506.
165.
Gygi D., Rahman MM, Lai HC, Carlson R., Guard-Petter J., Hughes C.A cell surface polysaccharide that facilitates rapid population migration by differentiated swarm cell of Proteus mirabilis. Mol Microbiol1995; 17: 1167-1175.
166.
Dumanski AJ , Hedelin H., Edin-Liljegren A., Beachemin D., McLean RJC.Unique ability of Proteus mirabilis capsule to enhance mineral growth in infectious urinary calculi . Infect Immune1994; 62: 2998-3003.
167.
Torzewska A., Staczek P., Rozalski A.The crystallization of urine mineral components may depend on the chemical nature of Proteus endotoxin polysaccharides. J Med Microbiol2003; 52: 471-477.