This article claims that the rapid institutional transformations after 1991 in the Baltic states altered the relationship of memory and power. In order to get an accurate picture of this phenomenon, one needs to take into account not only the national stage but also the international environment, because both neighbouring countries (primarily Russia) and the European institutions play a role in the transformation of the memory figuration.
Council of the European Union (2008) Council framework decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008F0913:en:NOT (accessed 6 January 2013).
11.
CourtoisSWerthNPannéJ-L, et al. (1997) Le Livre Noir Du Communisme: Crimes, Terreur Et Répression. Paris: R. Laffont.
12.
CyrulnikBPeschanskiD (2012) Mémoire Et Traumatisme: L’individu Et La Fabrique Des Grands Récits. Paris: INA.
DaviesN (2007) Europe at War: 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. London: Pan books.
15.
DavoliuteV (2013) The Making and Breaking of Soviet Lithuania: Memory and Modernity in the Wake of War. London; New York: Routledge.
16.
DavoliuteVBalkelisT (2012) Maps of Memory. Trauma, Identity and Exile in Deportation Memoirs from the Baltic States. Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore.
European Parliament (1993) Resolution on European and International Protection for Nazi Concentration Camps as Historical Monuments. Bruxelles: Official Journal of the European Communities (C 72, 118f).
26.
European Parliament (1995) Resolution on a Day to Commemorate the Holocaust. Bruxelles: Official Journal of the European Communities (C 16, 132f).
27.
European Parliament (1996) Resolution on Auschwitz. Bruxelles: Official Journal of the European Communities (C 141, 209f).
FoucaultM (1975) Film and popular memory: An interview with Michel Foucault. Radical Philosophy11(11): 24–29.
39.
GolubevaM (2010) Different history, different citizenship? competing narratives and diverging civil enculturation in majority and minority schools in Estonia and Latvia. Journal of Baltic Studies41(3): 315–329.
40.
HalbwachsM (1968) La Mémoire Collective. Bibliothèque de sociologie contemporaine. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
41.
HalbwachsM (1994) Les Cadres Sociaux De La Mémoire. Bibliothèque de L’Évolution de l’humanité. Paris: Albin Michel.
HiioTMaripuuMPaavleI, et al. (2006) Estonia, 1940-1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity. Tallinn: Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity.
44.
HiioTMaripuuMPaavleI, et al. (2009) Estonia since 1944: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity. Tallinn: Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity.
45.
HilbergR (1986) The Destruction of the European Jews. London: Holmes & Meier Publishers Inc.
JambrekP (2008) Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Crimes and Other Gross and Large Scale Human Rights Violations Committed during the Reign of Totalitarian Regimes in Europe: Cross- National Survey of Crimes Committed and of Their Remembrance, Recognition, Redress, and Reconciliation Reports and Proceedings of the 8 April European Public Hearing On ‘crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes’, Organized by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission. Ljubjana: Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
48.
JaspersK (2000) The Question of German Guilt. 2nd ed.New York: Fordham University Press.
49.
JudtT (2010) Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. London: Vintage Books.
50.
KalnieteS (2013) Song to Kill A Giant. Riga: Publicetava.
51.
KasekampA (2010) A History of the Baltic States (Palgrave essential histories). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
52.
KattagoS (2008) Commemorating liberation and occupation: War memorials along the road to Narva. Journal of Baltic Studies39(4): 431–449.
53.
KattagoS (2009) Agreeing to disagree on the Legacies of recent history memory, pluralism and Europe after 1989. European Journal of Social Theory12(3): 375–395.
KrukS (2009) Wars of statues in Latvia: The history told and made by public sculpture. Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire87(3): 705–721.
61.
KukkM (1993) Political opposition in Soviet Estonia 1940–1987. Journal of Baltic Studies24(4): 369–384.
62.
LangenbacherE (2003) Changing memory regimes in contemporary Germany?German Politics & Society 21, 2(67): 46–68.
63.
LangenbacherEShainY (2010) Power and the Past: Collective Memory and International Relations. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
64.
LehtiMJutilaMJokisipilaM (2008) Never-ending Second World War: public performances of National dignity and the drama of the Bronze soldier. Journal of Baltic Studies39(4): 393.
65.
LevyDSznaiderN (2002) Memory unbound the Holocaust and the formation of cosmopolitan memory. European Journal of Social Theory5(1): 87–106.
LievenA (1994) The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
68.
Littoz-MonnetA (2012) The EU politics of remembrance: can Europeans remember together?West European Politics35(5): 1182–1202.
69.
Littoz-MonnetA (2013) Explaining policy conflict across institutional venues: European union-level struggles over the memory of the Holocaust explaining policy conflict across institutional venues: European union-level struggles over the memory of the Holocaust. Journal of Common Market Studies51(3): 489–504.
70.
MalikeviciusN (2015) Tools of destabilization: Kremlin’s media offensive to Lithuania. Journal of Baltic Security1(1): 117–127.
71.
MälksooM (2010) The Politics of Becoming European: A Study of Polish and Baltic Post-cold War Security Imaginaries. London; New York: Routledge.
72.
MatlockJ (2004) Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. New York: Random House.
73.
MatonyteI (2013) The Elite’s games in the field of memory: insights from Lithuania. In: MinkG (ed.) History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 105–120.
74.
MatzJ (2015) Sweden, the USSR and the early Cold War 1944–47: declassified encrypted cables shed new light on Soviet diplomatic reporting about Sweden in the aftermath of World War II. Cold War History15(1): 27–48.
75.
MazowerM (1995) The Cold War and the appropriation of memory: Greece after Liberation. East European Politics and Societies9(2): 272–294.
76.
MecklMBonnardP (2007) La gestion du double passé nazi et soviétique en Lettonie: impasses et dépassement de la concurrence entre mémoires du Goulag et d’Auschwitz. In: MinkGNeumayerL (eds) L’europe Et Ses Passés Douloureux. Paris: La Découverte, pp. 169–180.
77.
MichelJ (2010) Gouverner Les Mémoires - Les Politiques Mémorielles En France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
NeumayerL (2015) Integrating the central European past into a common narrative: The mobilizations around the ‘crimes of communism’ in the European parliament. Journal of Contemporary European Studies23: 344–363.
85.
NollendorfsVOberländerEinstitūtsL, et al. (2005) The Hidden and Forbidden History of Latvia Under Soviet and Nazi Occupations 1940–1991: Selected Research of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia. Rīga: Institute of the History of Latvia.
86.
NolteE (2000) Der Europäische Bürgerkrieg, 1917–1945: Nationalsozialismus Und Bolschewismus. München: Herbig.
87.
OlickJK (2003) States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection (Politics, history, and culture) [a series from the International Institute at University of Michigan], vol. 1. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p. 19.
88.
OlickJKRobbinsJ (1998) Social memory studies: from ‘collective memory’ to the historical sociology of mnemonic practices. Annual Review of Sociology24: 105–140.
89.
OnkenE-C (2007a) The Baltic states and Moscow’s 9 May commemoration: analyzing memory politics in Europe. Europe-Asia Studies59(1): 23–46.
90.
OnkenE-C (2007b) The politics of finding historical truth: reviewing Baltic history commissions and their work. Journal of Baltic Studies38(1): 109–116.
91.
OnkenE-C (2010) Memory and democratic pluralism in the Baltic states: rethinking the relationship. Journal of Baltic Studies41(3): 277–294.
92.
OveryR (1999) Russia’s War. New ed. London: Penguin Books.
PerchocP (2014) Un passé, deux assemblées. L’assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l’Europe, le Parlement européen et l’interprétation de l’histoire (2004–2009). Revue D’études Comparatives Est-ouest45: 205–235.
95.
PerchocP (2015) Negotiating memory after the enlargement in the European parliament. European Review of International Studies2(2): 2–14.
96.
PerchocP (2016) Les députés européens baltes et les débats mémoriels, entre stratégie politique et engagement personnel (2004–2009). Revue Internationale De Politique Comparée24(4): 477–503.
97.
PlakansA (1995) The Latvians: A Short History. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
98.
PollakMBédaridaF (1993) Une Identité Blessée: Etudes De Sociologie Et D’histoire. Paris: Métailié.
99.
ProcevskaOKapransMUzuleL (2011) Persistence and transformation of cultural trauma: commemoration of soviet deportations in the media of post-soviet Latvia (1987–2010). In: BarretteCHaylockBMortimeD (eds) Trauma Imprints: Performance, Art, Literature and Theoretical Practice. Oxford: Interdisciplinary Press, pp. 245–253.
100.
RaunTU (1991) Estonia and the Estonians. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
SulmaneI (2006) The Russian language media in Latvia. In: MuiznieksNTabunsAZepaB, et al. (eds) Latvian-Russian Relations: Domestic and International Dimensions. Riga: Akademiskais Apgads, pp. 64–74.
114.
TaageperaR (1986) Citizens’ peace movement in the Soviet Baltic republics. Journal of Peace Research23(2): 183–192.
115.
TaageperaR (1993) Estonia: Return to Independence (Westview Series on the Post-Soviet republics). Boulder, CO; San Francisco, CA; Oxford: Westview Press.
116.
TaamM (2008) History as cultural memory: mnemohistory and the construction of the Estonian nation. Journal of Baltic Studies39(4): 499–516.
117.
TchernevaIDenisJ (2011) Je me souviens de tout, Richard (Rolands Kalniņš, Studio de Riga, 1967): une manifestation précoce d’une mémoire concurrente de la Grande Guerre patriotique. The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-soviet Societies. Pipss.org. Available at: http://pipss.revues.org/3875 (accessed 31 May 2015).
VardysS (1979) The case of the Lithuanian Helsinki group leader Viktoras Petkus. Lituanus. Available at: http://www.lituanus.org/1979/79_2_04.htm (accessed 25 May 2015).
WaehrensA (2011) Shared memories? Politics and memory of Holocaust remembrance in the European Parliament 1989–2009. DIIS Working Papers, Danish Institute of International Studies, Copenhagen. Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/122232/1/664119069.pdf
123.
Weiss-WendtA (2008) Why the Holocaust does not matter to Estonians. Journal of Baltic Studies39(4): 475–497.
124.
Weiss-WendtA (2009) Murder without Hatred: Estonians and the Holocaust. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
125.
WolffDMoullecG (2005) Le KGB et les pays Baltes : 1939–1991. Paris: Belin.
126.
WulfMGrönholmP (2010) Generating meaning across generations: the role of historians in the codification of history in soviet and post-Soviet Estonia. Journal of Baltic Studies41(3): 351–382.
127.
WüstenbergJArtD (2008) Using the past in the Nazi successor states from 1945 to the present. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science617: 72–87.
128.
ZielonkaJ (2001) Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.