AbstractKeywordsChatbotsconversation designexperience designlanguage-based interfacesuser interfacesvoice assistantsGet full access to this articleView all access options for this article.Get accessReferences1. Nielsen J (2023) AI: First New UI Paradigm in 60 Years. Available at: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ai-paradigm/2. Pütz O Esposito E (2024) Performance without understanding: How ChatGPT relies on humans to repair conversational trouble. Discourse and Communication 18(6): 859–868.3. Stokoe E (2018) Talk: The Science of Conversation. London: Little, Brown.