The ankle and foot are functionally important and complex joints. Bony fractures and ligamentous injuries are common. In this review paper we will discuss the functional anatomy, imaging, classification and the management of common ankle and foot injuries including ankle fractures, Achilles tendon ruptures, Lisfranc joint injuries, calcaneo fractures and fractures of the metatarsals and phalanges.
Al-RashidM, KhanWS, VermulapaliK2010Principles of fracture fixation in orthopaedic trauma surgeryJournal of Perioperative Practice20113–117
2.
BairdRA, JacksonST1987Fractures of the distal part of the fibula with associated disruption of the deltoid ligament. Treatment without repair of the deltoid ligamentJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery691346–1352
3.
BankartASB1942Fractures of the os calcisLancet2175
4.
BhandariM, GuyattGH, SiddiquiF2002Treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a systematic overview and metaanalysisClinical Orthopaedics & Related Research400190–200
5.
BohlerL1931Diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of fractures of the calcaneusJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery1375–89
6.
CossHS, ManosRE, BuoncristianiA, MillsWJ1998Abduction stress and AP weightbearing radiography of purely ligamentous injury in the taros-metatarsal jointFoot and Ankle International19537–41
7.
Essex-LoprestiP1993The mechanism, reduction technique, and results in fractures of the os calcisClinical Orthopaedics2903–16
8.
GissaneW1947Discussion on “Fractures of the os calcis.” In Proceedings of the British Orthopaedic AssociationJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery829254–255
9.
GougouliasN, KhannaA, McBrideDJ, MaffulliN2009Management of calcaneal fractures: systematic review of randomized trialsBritish Medical Bulletin92153–167
10.
HatemSF2008Imaging of lisfranc injury and midfoot sprainRadiology Clinics of North America461045–1060
11.
JonesR1902Fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone by indirect violenceAnnal of Surgery35697–700
12.
KhanWS, AgarwalM, Warren-SmithC2005Management of fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsals distal to the tuberosityThe Foot Journal15141–145
13.
KhanWS, JainR, AgarwalM, Warren-SmithC2006Fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal- a review of 322 patientsThe Surgery Journal165–68
14.
KhanWS, MalikAA, AgarwalM, DalalR2007Delayed open reduction and internal fixation of a neglected ankle fracture dislocationInternational Journal of Clinical Practice61594–595
15.
KuoRS, TejwaniNC, DigiovanniCW2000Outcome after open reduction and internal fixation of Lisfranc joint injuriesJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery82A1609–1618
16.
Lauge-HansenN1950Fractures of the ankle. II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigationsArchives of Surgery60957–985
17.
LundbergA, GoldieI, KalinB1989Kinematics of the ankle/foot complex: plantarflexion and dorsiflexionFoot and Ankle9194–200
18.
MaffulliN, LongoUG, OlivaF2009Minimally invasive surgery of the achilles tendonOrthopaedic Clinics of North America40491–498
19.
MalikAA, YousafN, KhanW, IhsanM, RavenscroftM2010Fractures of the wrist and handJournal of Perioperative Practice2048–54
20.
MicheslonJD1995Current Concepts Review: Fractures about the ankleJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery77A142–152
21.
MichelsonJD, AhnUM, HelgemoSL1996Ankle motion following simulated supination-external rotation fractureJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery78A1024–1031
22.
MichelsonJD, MagidD, McHaleK2007Clinical utility of a stability-based ankle fracture classification systemJournal of Orthopaedic Trauma21307–315
23.
PotterMQ, NunleyJA2009Long-term functional outcomes after operative treatment for intraarticular fractures of the calcaneusJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery91A1854–1860
SchenckRCJr, HeckmanJD1995Fractures and dislocations of the forefoot: operative and non-operative treatmentJournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons370–78
26.
SchepersT, GinaiAZ, VanLieshout EM, PatkaP2008Demographics of extra-articular calcaneal fractures: including a review of the literature on treatment and outcomeArchives of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery1281099–1106
27.
StromAC, CasillasMM2009Achilles tendon rehabilitationFoot and Ankle Clinics14773–782
28.
van den BekeromMP, HaverkampD, KloenP2009Biomechanical and clinical evaluation of posterior malleolar fractures. A systematic review of the literatureJournal of Trauma66279–284
29.
van StaaTP, DennisonEM, LeufkensHG, CooperC2001Epidemiology of fractures in England and WalesBone29517–522
30.
VuoriJP, AroHT1993Lisfranc joint injuries: trauma mechanisms and associated injuriesJournal of Trauma3540–45
31.
WeberB G1972Die Verletzungen des Oberen sprunggelenkes, 2nd Ed, Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien