Based on the IVR (instant video replay) rules of the Paris Olympic taekwondo cycle, this study aimed to investigate (1) whether coaches’ IVR appeals influence contest outcomes, and (2) how specific contest elements affect IVR outcomes. The video recordings of 156 taekwondo contests from the Paris Olympics were analyzed. Variables selected included the contest period, state, round, category, and IVR content. The results showed that, points were awarded after the IVR proposed by the coaches in 85 rounds (44.04% of IVR-involved rounds), subsequently altering contest outcomes. The frequency of appealed IVRs increased per 30-s period in the 2-min contest (p < 0.05). The distribution of approved and rejected IVRs differed depending on the period (divided into 60-s) during the contest, contest status, contest round, and IVR content (p < 0.05), but did not depend on the period (divided into 30-s) during the contest or contest category (p > 0.05). We concluded that IVR significantly impacts the outcome of the taekwondo contests at the Paris Olympics, and coaches are permitted to appeal decisions deemed erroneous to increase the contest's fairness using PSS (Protective System and Scoring) but should also continue to modify the content of the IVR rule.
ChoEEomH. Validity of electronic-protector scoring system in Taekwondo game. KSME2007; 9: 93–104.
2.
World Taekwondo. WT RULES, World Taekwondo DOCUMENTS. WT Competition Rules & Interpretation (February 1, 2009). https://m.worldtaekwondo.org/rules-wt/rules.html?sc=01f (accessed 17 November 2024).
3.
World Taekwondo. WT RULES, World Taekwondo DOCUMENTS. WT Competition Rules & Interpretation (September 30, 2024). https://m.worldtaekwondo.org/rules-wt/rules.html?sc=01f (accessed 17 November 2024).
4.
World Taekwondo. WT RULES, World Taekwondo DOCUMENTS. WT Competition Rules & Interpretation (June 1, 2022). https://m.worldtaekwondo.org/rules-wt/rules.html?sc=01f (accessed 17 November 2024).
5.
World Taekwondo. WT RULES, World Taekwondo DOCUMENTS. WT Competition Rules & Interpretation (September 1, 2022). https://m.worldtaekwondo.org/rules-wt/rules.html?sc=01f (accessed 17 November 2024).
6.
CarbochJVejvodovaKSussV. Analysis of errors made by line umpires on ATP tournaments. Int J Perform Anal Sport2016; 16: 264–275.
7.
FitzpatrickAStoneJAChoppinS, et al.Analysing Hawk - Eye ball - tracking data to explore successful serving and returning strategies at Wimbledon. Int J Perform Anal Sport2023; 24: 251–268.
8.
SpitzJWagemansJMemmertD, et al.Video assistant referees (VAR): The impact of technology on decision making in association football referees. J Sports Sci2020; 39: 147–153.
9.
PizzeraAMarrableJRaabM. The video review system in association football: implementation and effectiveness for match officials and referee education. Manage Sport Leis.Epub ahead of print November 2022; 2022: 1–17. DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2022.2147856.
10.
ErrekagorriICastellanoJEcheazarraI, et al.The effects of the video assistant referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical - tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. Int J Perform Anal Sport2020; 20: 808–817.
11.
CarlssonTBerglezJKoivisto PerssonS, et al.The impact of video review in karate kumite during a Premier League competition. Int J Perform Anal Sport2020; 20: 846–856.
12.
LiuHWWangHPGaoZH. Research on the video review of three major national taekwondo competitions in 2011. J Shenyang Sport Univ2012; 31: 118–121.
13.
KimNJeonJ. A study on the frequency of instant video replay during Taekwondo Gyeorugi. KPEAW2014; 28: 195–206.
14.
OhHMoonWJungK, et al.Investigation of changes in perception and game operation after the introduction of the taekwondo athletes’round system based on topic modeling. Sports Sci2022; 40: 97–104.
15.
JeonMLimH. Taekwondo win - loss determining factors using data mining - based decision tree analysis: focusing on game analysis for evidence - based coaching. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil2024; 16: 115.
16.
LandisJRKochGG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics1977; 33: 159–174.
17.
CohenJW. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
18.
ChoEHJungMMKangSK, et al.Data analysis of Taekwondo games decision by intraclass correlation coefficient: electronic protector vs judgment score. JKAMA2009; 11: 165–176.
19.
Van BiemenTMannDL. How do referees visually explore? An in-situ examination of the referential head and eye movements of football referees. J Sport Sci2024; 42: 1243–1258.
20.
SpitzJPutKWagemansJ, et al.Does slow motion impact on the perception of foul play in football?Eur J Sport Sci2017; 17: 748–756.
21.
MoenigU. Dominant features and negative trends in the current World Taekwondo Federation (WT) competition system. IDO MOV CULT2017; 17: 56–67.
World Karate Federation. Rules & Documents. KUMITE Competition Rules. https://www.wkf.net/documents (accessed 1 March 2025).
25.
Da Silva SantosJFDias WilsonVHerrera-ValenzuelaT, et al.Time-motion analysis and physiological responses to taekwondo combat in juvenile and adult athletes: a systematic review. Strength Cond J2020; 42: 103–121.
26.
KovalchikSASackmannJReidM. Player, official or machine?: uses of the challenge system in professional tennis. Int J Perform Anal Sport2017; 17: 961–969.
27.
JiaoFGongBCaoR, et al. Using massive spatial - temporal data to analyse NBA contest performance under different possession outcomes. ISH2025; 1: 1–15.
28.
RogersonMKnightDSchererR, et al.Meta-analysis of the effects of VAR on goals scored and home advantage in football. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part P: J Sports Eng TechnolEpub ahead of print April. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17543371241242914.
YinCLiBGaoT. Differential effects of reward and punishment on reinforcement - based motor learning and generalization. J Neurophysiol2023; 130: 1150–1161.
31.
ZhangJSunJZhouY, et al.The effect of mindfulness training on the psychological state of high-level athletes: Meta analysis and system evaluation research. J Sports Sci2025; 43: 600–622.
32.
JowettSPoczwardowskiA. Understanding the coach - athlete relationship. In: JowettSLavalleeD (eds) Social psychology in sport. Champaign, IL, USA: Human Kinetics, 2007, pp. 3–14.
33.
ChoiHJeongYKimS.-K. The relationship between coaching behavior and athlete burnout: Mediating effects of communication and the coach – athlete relationship. Int J Environ Res Public Health2020; 17: 8618.
34.
TornelloFCapranicaLMingantiC, et al.Technical-tactical analysis of youth Olympic taekwondo combat. J Strength Cond Res2014; 28: 1151–1157.
35.
ApollaroGSarmet MoreiraPVHerrera-ValenzuelaT, et al.Time-motion analysis of taekwondo matches in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. J Sports Med Phys Fitness2023; 63: 964–973.
