The objective of this research was to analyze the duration of visual fixations of novice and expert basketball players before executing a motor action in a triple-threat situation while facing four defensive formations: man-to-man defense, 2-3 zone, 1-2-2 zone, and 1-3-1 zone. The results showed that man-to-man defense required more fixation time for expert offensive players when facing the 2-3 zone. Additionally, expert players exhibited significantly shorter fixation times compared to novices when facing the 2-3 and 1-2-2 defenses. The complexity of defensive movements and the constant pressure in man-to-man defense could be a determining factor that caused longer fixation times in expert players compared to the 2-3 defense, which has predetermined defensive positioning zones that may facilitate reading the game. On the other hand, the shorter visual fixations in expert players compared to novices in the 2-3 and 1-2-2 defenses highlight the importance of experience in developing efficient visual search strategies in basketball.
MannDWilliamsAWardP, et al.Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: a meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol2007; 29: 457–478.
2.
RaynerK. Eye movements and attention in Reading, scene perception, and visual search. Q J Exp Psychol2009; 62: 1457–1506.
3.
LunatiVPodlubneABermejoF, et al.Análisis de fijaciones en movimientos para localización y reconocimiento auditivo de objetos. Mecánica Computacional2013; 32: 3947–3963.
4.
ReinaRdel CampoVL. Influencia del tamaño de la imagen sobre las estrategias de búsqueda visual en situación simulada del resto en tenis. Rev Psicol Deporte2004; 13: 175–193.
5.
WilliamsAMDavidsKBurwitzL, et al.Visual search strategies in experienced and inexperienced soccer players. Res Q Exerc Sport1994; 65: 127–135.
6.
OrquinJLMueller LooseS. Attention and choice: a review on eye movements in decision making. Acta Psychol2013; 144: 190–206.
7.
ManzanaresAMenayoRSegadoF. A probabilistic model for analysing the effect of performance levels on visual behaviour patterns of young sailors in simulated navigation. Eur J Sport Sci2014; 15: 203–212.
8.
RipollH. Analysis of visual scanning patterns of volleyball players in a problem solving task. Int J Sport Psychol1988; 19: 9–25.
9.
BabuRJLillakasLIrvingEL. Dynamics of saccadic adaptation: differences between athletes and nonathletes. Optom Vis Sci2005; 82: 1060–1065.
10.
PérezLMRMendezRPManzanoJAN, et al.Analysis of the visual behavior of taekwondists of different skills level. Rev Mex Psicol2013; 30: 32–40.
11.
VickersJ. Origins and current issues in quiet eye research. Curr Issues Sport Sci2016; 1: 01.
12.
BardCFleuryMGouletC. Relationship between perceptual strategies and response adequacy in sport situations. In: NadeauCHHalliwellWRNewellKMRobertsGC (eds) Psychology of motor behavior and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1970, pp.476–485.
13.
RuízLArruzaJ. El proceso de toma de decisiones en el deporte. Clave de la eficacia y rendimiento deportivo. España: JAAG, 2005.
14.
ReinaRMorenoFSanzD, et al.El efecto de la dimensionalidad de la escena en el comportamiento visual y motor durante el resto al servicio en tenis y tenis en silla de ruedas. Motricidad Eur J Hum Mov2006; 16: 63–83.
15.
Luis del CampoVReinaRSabidoR, et al.Diferencias en el comportamiento visual y motor de tenistas en laboratorio y en pista de tenis. Rev Latinoam Psicol2015; 47: 136–145.
16.
MaarseveenMOudejansR. Motor and gaze behaviors of youth basketball players taking contested and uncontested jump shot. Front Psychol2018; 9: 706.
17.
HarleSVickersJ. Training quiet eye improve accuracy in the basketball free throw. Sport Psychol2001; 15: 289–305.
18.
RojasFCeperoMOñaA, et al.Kinematic adjustments in basketball jump shot against an opponent. Ergonomics2000; 43: 1651–1660.
19.
GibsonEJOwsleyCJWalkerA, et al.Development of the perception of invariants: substance and shape. Perception1979; 8: 609–619.
20.
SousaRPereiraA. Patterns of visual search in basketball coaches. An analysis on the level of performance. Rev Psicol Deporte2013; 22: 199–204.
21.
IshibashiYKatoTNaganoT, et al.Visual search behavior of experienced players while anticipating the success of basketball free throws. Jap J Sport Psychol2010; 37: 101–112.
22.
SayazoDM. Comportamiento visual y rendimiento en la defensa al jugador con balón en el baloncesto. EmásF: Rev Digital Educ Fís2009; 1: 74–79.
23.
Van MaarseveenMJSavelsberghGJOudejansRR. In situ examination of decision-making skills and gaze behaviour of basketball players. Hum Mov Sci2018; 57: 205–216.
24.
AmaroCMCastroMAMendesR, et al.Visual fixations in basketball shooting: differences between shooting conditions. Appl Sci2024; 14: 1–13.
25.
ZhaoCLiSZhaoX. Empirical study on visual attention characteristics of basketball players of different levels during free-throw shooting. PeerJ Hubs2023; 11: 1–18.
26.
MarquesRDiasGMartinsF, et al.Visual patterns of U16 athletes and professional basketball players. Appl Sci2023; 13: 1–12.
CrespoJAPilar-LópezMI. Estudio de las fases de ataque en baloncesto infantil masculino: diferencias entre ganadores y perdedores. Cuad Psicol Deporte2017; 17: 207–216.
29.
ÁngelGMEvangelosTAlbertoL. Defensive systems in basketball ball posa6d69ba0-140d-4461-9f89-9254edf91f79essions. Int J Perf Anal Sport2006; 6: 98–107.
30.
SampaioJLeserRBacaA, et al.Defensive pressure affects basketball technical actions but not the time-motion variables. J Sport Health Sci2016; 5: 375–380.
31.
MahmoudMH. Balance exercises as the basis for developing the level of physical and skill performance in basketball young players. World J Sport Sci2011; 4: 172–178.
32.
SernaJMuñoz ArroyaveVMarch LlanesJ, et al.Decisional analysis of finishing in basketball. Cultura_Ciencia_Deporte2022; 17: 174–182.
33.
BardavíoJSArroyaveVM. Influencia del tipo defensa sobre el éxito en el lanzamiento. Cuad Psicol Deporte2015; 15: 193–198.
34.
ArbexJP. El baloncesto educativo. Editorial Inclusión 2020.
35.
MolinuevoJS. Sistemas de juego: Defensa. Material curso de entrenadores segundo nivel 2003.
36.
WisselH. Basketball: Steps to success. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2011.
37.
CunhaV. How to build a 2-3 zone defense. FIBA Assist Mag2003; 1: 32–35.
38.
VineSJWilsonMR. The influence of quiet eye training and pressure on attention and visuo-motor control. Acta Psychol2011; 136: 340–346.
39.
AbernethyBRussellDG. Expert-novice differences in an applied selective attention task. J Sport Exerc Psychol1987; 9: 326–345.
40.
Aguilar-HidalgoGA. Las estrategias metodológicas utilizadas por los entrenadores de baloncesto y su incidencia en los sistemas defensivos en zona, en la categoría sub-17 masculino de los clubes formativos especializados del cantón Cayambe, 2015-2016. Tesis de licenciatura, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador, 2016.
41.
ZhengAMaJPetridisM, et al.Structure based feature extraction in basketball zone-defense strategies. Int J Comput Sci Appl2010; 7: 18–32.
42.
RoseL. Winning basketball fundamentals. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012.
43.
GómezMALorenzoAIbáñezSJ, et al.An analysis of defensive strategies used by home and away basketball teams. Percept Mot Skills2010; 110: 159–166.
44.
Sáez-GallegoNMaldonadoSVAbellánJ, et al.El comportamiento visual de bloqueadoras juveniles de voleibol y su relación con la precisión de su respuesta. Cuad Psicol Deporte2015; 15: 143–154.
45.
WilliamsAM. Perceptual skill in soccer: implications for talent identification and development. J Sports Sci2004; 18: 737–750.
46.
RocaAFordPRMemmertD. Creative decision making and visual search behavior in skilled soccer players. PLoS One2018; 13: e0199381.
