Blood Pressure Tracking

Foulkes MA Davis CE : An index of tracking for longitudinal data Biometrics 1981, 37:439–446.

McMahon CA : An index of tracking Biometrics 1981, 37:447–455.

Ware JH Wu MC : Tracking: Prediction of future values from serial measurements Biometrics 1981, 37:427–437.

Morgenstern BZ : Hypertension in pediatric patients: Current issues Mayo Clin Proc 1994, 69:1089–1097.

Sinaiko AR : Current concepts: Hypertension in children N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1968–1973. * The best recent review of hypertension, its diagnosis and management in children and adolescents. The approach to management, and the consideration of hyperinsulinemia as an underlying mechanism are more controversial than in the recent consensus document.

The Society of Actuaries and Associations of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America: Blood Pressure Study, 1979. Chicago, IL: Society of Actuaries and Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America, 1980.

Urbina EM Gidding SS Bao W Pickoff AS Berdusis K Berenson GS : Effect of body size, ponderosity, and blood pressure on left ventricular growth in children and young adults in the Bogolusa Heart Study Circulation 1995, 91:2400–2406. ∗ Although the importance of left ventricular topography and hypertrophy have not yet been as well established in pediatrics as in adult medicine, the effects of blood pressure in increasing left ventricular mass are probably similar in both age groups; the relationship to body size is more difficult to account for in children.

Labarthe DR Eissa M Varas C : Childhood precursors of high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol Annu Rev Public Health 1991, 12:519–541. ∗ A good review of the changes in these important cardiovascular risk factors seen in both childhood and adults, which takes the position that both blood pressure and cholesterol can be predicted in adults, on the basis of values obtained during youth.

Woelk G : Blood pressure tracking from child to adulthood: A review Cent Afr J Med 1994, 40:163–169. ∗ A good review of recent studies of blood pressure tracking, focusing on issues related to pediatrics (and especially relevant to pediatrics in Africa).

Gillman MW Rosner B Evans DA Keough ME Smith LA Taylor JO : Use of multiple visits to increase blood pressure tracking correlations in childhood Pediatrics 1991, 87:708–711.

Gillman MW Cook NR Rosner B Beckett L Evans DA Keough ME : Childhood blood pressure tracking correlations corrected for within-person variability Stat Med 1992, 2:1187–1194.

Gillman MW Cook NR Rosner B Evans DA Keough ME Taylor JO : Identifying children at high risk for the development of essential hypertension J Pediatr. 1993, 122:837–846. * A good summary of the work of these authors, with a limited database of schoolchildren's blood pressures, which discusses also the relative predictive values of single and multiple measurements of an individual's blood pressure, and the difficulties of making public policy on a basis of incomplete information about prognosis for young children related to cardiovascular events decades later.

Donahue RP Prineas RJ Gomez O Hong CP : Tracking of elevated systolic blood pressure among lean and overweight adolescents: The Minneapolis Children's Blood Pressure Study J Hypertens 1994, 12:303–308. ∗ Blood pressure tracks similarly in lean and overweight adolescents, when differences in maturation and height are taken into account.

Wattigney WA Webber LS Srinivasan SR Berenson GS : The emergence of clinically abnormal levels of cardiovascular disease risk factor variables among young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study Prev Med 1995, 24:617–626. ∗ Blood pressure, obesity and dyslipidemia all track significantly from early childhood to adulthood.

Working Group from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program: Update on the Task Force (1987) on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents Pediatrics 1996, 98:649–658. * The most recent consensus opinion of the United States' Expert Panel on Hypertension in Children and Adolescents.

Reaven GM : Role of insulin resistance in human disease: Banting Lecture 1988 Diabetes 1988, 37:1595–1607.

Barker DJP Hales CN Fall CHD Osmond C Phipps K Clark PMS : Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia (Syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth Diabetologia 1993, 36:62–67. ∗ Systolic blood pressure, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia correlate inversely with birth weight.

Bao W Srinivasan SR Wattigney WA Berenson GS : Persistence of multiple cardiovascular risk clustering related to syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood. The Bogalusa Heart Study Arch Intern Med 1994, 154:1842–1847. ∗ Increased blood pressure, dyslipidemia, obesity and glucose intolerance all track from childhood to adulthood, but the ‘clustering’ of all four tracks better than any one abnormality by itself.

Savage PJ Sholinsky P Flack JM Liu K : Tracking of cardiovascular disease risk factor clusters in young adults: The CARDIA study [abstract] Circulation 1992, 86 (suppl I):I198.

Raitakari OT Porkka KV Rasanen L Ronnemaa T Viikari JS : Clustering and six year cluster-tracking of serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure in children and young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study J Clin Epidemiol 1994, 47:1085–1093.

Paffenbarger RS Thorne MC Wing AL : Chronic disease in former college students. VIII. Characteristics in youth predisposing to hypertension in later years Am J Epidemiol 1968, 88:25–32.

Millar JA Isles CG Lever AF : Blood pressure, ‘white-coat’ pressor responses and cardiovascular risk in placebo-group patients of the MRC Mild Hypertension trial J Hypertens 1995, 13:175–183. * Examination of several important questions about blood pressure in the set of patients randomly assigned to receive placebo in the first MRC trial. Even in this well-run clinical trial, there was evidence of a temporary increase in blood pressure in response to a physician, and blood pressure tracking over the 5 years of follow-up.

Virdis R Vanelli M Street M Zampolli M De Fanti A Cantoni S : Blood pressure tracking in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus J Hum Hypertens 1994, 8:313–317. ∗ Tracking of blood pressure in high-risk individual patients not known to have hypertension can discern a point at which further increase in blood pressure becomes of more importance, even before arbitrary and commonly accepted thresholds have been crossed.

Karachaliou FH Karavanaki K Greenwood R Morgan H Baum JD : Consistency of microvascular and autonomic abnormalities in diabetes Arch Dis Child 1996, 75:124–128. ∗ Among children with diabetes, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures (and other abnormalities) track over a 4-year period, but whether these predict clinical disease when the patients age remains unproven.

Law CM de Swiet M Osmond C Fayers PM Barker DJ Curddas AM : Initiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification throughout life BMJ 1993, 306:24–27. ∗ This survey of 6725 people (1895 children, 3699 middle-aged, and 1231 older individuals) in Britain found an inverse correlation between systolic blood pressure and birth weight, after accounting for current weight as a confounder. Essential hypertension thus begins in fetal life, and is amplified from growth to old age.

Law CM Barker DJ : Fetal influences on blood pressure J Hypertens 1993, 12:1329–1332.

Kaplan NM : The deadly quartet: Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension Arch Intern Med 1989, 149:1514–1520.

Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group: Relationship of atherosclerosis in young men to serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and smoking JAMA 1990, 264:3018–3023.

Hofman A Valkenburg HA Maas J Groustra FN : The natural history of blood pressure in childhood Int J Epidemiol 1985, 14:91–96.

Michels VV Bergstralh E Hoveman VR O'Fallon WM Weidman WH : Tracking and prediction of blood pressure in children Mayo Clin Proc 1987, 62:875–881.

Littenberg B Garber AM Sox HC Jr : Screening for hypertension Ann Intern Med 1990, 112:192–202.

Littenberg B : A practice guideline revisited: Screening for hypertension Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:937–939.

Johannesson M : The impact of age on the cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatments: An analysis of randomized drug trials Med Decis Making 1994, 14:236–418.

Jonsson BG : Cost-benefit of treating hypertension J Hypertens 1994, 12 (suppl):S65–S75.

Houtman PN Dillon MJ : Routine measurement of blood pressure in schoolchildren Arch Dis Child 1991, 66:567–568.

Zinner SH Margolius HS Rosner B Kass E : Stability of blood pressure rank and urinary kallikrein concentrations in childhood: An eight year follow-up Circulation 1978, 58:908–915.

Webber LS Cresanta JL Voor AW Berenson GS : Tracking of cardiovascular disease risk factor variables in school age children J Chron Dis 1983, 36:647–660.

Shear C Burke GL Freedman DS Berenson GS : Value of childhood blood pressure measurements and family history in predicting future blood pressure status: Results from eight years follow up in the Bogalusa Heart Study Pediatrics 1986, 77:862–869.

Berenson GS Wattigney WA Bao W Nicklas TA Jiang X Rush JA : Epidemiology of early primary hypertension and implications for prevention: The Bogalusa Heart Study J Hum Hypertens 1994, 8:303–311.

Nelson MJ Ragland DR Syme SL : Longitudinal prediction of adult blood pressure from juvenile blood pressure levels Am J Epidemiol 1992, 136:633–645.

Oriola-Font S Calvo-Rigual F : Correlation of arterial tension in the child population of Guadasuar [in Spanish] An Esp Pediatr 1993, 38:403–406.

Li L Wang Y Cao W Xu F Cao J : Longitudinal studies of blood pressure in children Asia Pac J Public Health 1995, 8:130–133.

Clarke WR Schrott HG Leaverton PE Connor WE Lauer RM : Tracking of blood lipids and blood pressure in school aged children: The Muscatine Study Circulation 1978, 58:626–634.

Andre J Deschamps JP Petit JC Gueguen R : Change of blood pressure over five years in childhood and adolescence Clin Exp Hypertens [A] 1986, 8:539–545.

Voors AW Webber LS Berenson GS : Time course study of blood pressure in children — the Bogalusa Heart Study Am J Epidemiol 1979, 109:320–334.

Rosner B Hennekens CH Kass EH Miall WE : Age-specific correlation analysis of longitudinal blood pressure data Am J Epidemiol 1977, 106:306–313.

Bao W Threefoot SA Srinivasan SR Berenson GS : Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: The Bogolusa Heart Study Am J Hypertens 1995, 8:657–665. ∗ An increased systolic blood pressure measured during childhood was the best predictor of hypertension in adults aged 21-30 years, even when corrected for body mass index; the odds ratio was 3.6 in the top quintile for systolic and 2.6 for diastolic blood pressure, compared with all other quintiles of childhood blood pressure.

Levine RS Hennekens CH Klein B : A longitudinal evaluation of blood pressure in childhood Am J Public Health 1979, 69:1175–1177.

Suh I Nam CM Lee ES Kim IS Lee SY : Blood pressure tracking in Korean schoolchildren Int J Epidemiol 1994, 23:710–715.

Abe K Nishio T Mori C Haneda N Watanabe K : A longitudinal study of blood pressure, cholesterol and left ventricular muscle volume in children: The Shimane Heart Study Acta Paediatr Jpn 1993, 35:130–137.

Higgins M Keller JB Metzner HL Moore FE Ostrander LD : Studies of blood pressure in Tecumseh, Michigan. II. Antecedents in childhood of high blood pressure in young adults Hypertension 1980, 2 (suppl I):117–123.

Shasha S Cohen-Tal I Epstein L Tamir A : Tracking of blood pressure in children: Results of seven years of follow-up: The Nahariya Study Isr J Med Sci 1988, 24:671–675.

Woynarowska B Mukherjee D Roche AF Siervogel RM : Blood pressure changes during adolescence and subsequent adult blood pressure level Hypertension 1985, 7:695–701.

Halt HI Lerneshaw S Rosenman KD : A longitudinal study of blood pressure in a national survey of children Am J Public Health 1982, 72:1285–1287.

Kemper HG Snel J Verschuur R Storm-van Essen L : Tracking of health and risk indicators of cardiovascular diseases from teenager to adult: Amsterdam Growth and Health Study Prev Med 1990, 19:642–655.

Beckett LA Rosner B Roche AF Guo S : Serial changes in blood pressure from adolescence into adulthood Am J Epidemiol 1992, 135:1166–1177.

Kotchen JM McKean HE Kotchen TA : Blood pressure trends with aging Hypertension 1984, 4 (suppl III):III128–III134.

McCue CM Miller WW Mauck HP Jr Robertson L Parr EL : Adolescent blood pressure in Richmond, Virginia schools Va Med 1979, 106:210–220.

Yong LC Kuller LH : Tracking of blood pressure from adolescence to middle age: The Dormont High School Study Prev Med 1994, 23:418–426. ∗ Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure track significantly from childhood to adulthood, but not as well as weight tracks; the differences between genders may be explained by the difference in when boys and girls have their ‘growth spurt’.

Andersen LB Haraldsdottir J : Tracking of cardiovascular disease risk factors including maximal oxygen uptake and physical activity from late teenage to adulthood. An 8-year follow-up study J Intern Med 1993, 234:309–315. ∗ Many cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, track from childhood to adulthood, especially in men with lower socioeconomic status who develop poor health habits.

Froom P Bar-david M Ribak J VanDyk D Kallner B Benbassat J : Predictive value of systolic blood pressure in young men for elevated systolic blood pressure 12 to 15 years later Circulation 1983, 68:467–469.

Tate RB Manfreda J Krahn AD Cuddy TE : Tracking of blood pressure over a 40-year period in the University of Manitoba Follow-up Study, 1948-88 Am J Epidemiol 1995, 142:946–954. ∗ In this study of nearly 4000 men recruited to Air Force service during World War II, blood pressure tracked significantly over a 40-year period, and was most stable in middle age (45-55 years).

Andre JL Spyckerelle Y Guegen R : Future of blood pressure in young adults during 15 years of follow-up [in French] Arch Mal Coeur 1995, 88:1187–1191. ∗ Although blood pressure tracked significantly during 15 years of follow-up in 2752 people, the best predictor of blood pressure was always the result of the previous measurement.

Gillum RF Taylor HL Brozek J Polansky P Blackburn H : Indices of obesity and blood pressure in young men followed 32 years J Chron Dis 1972, 35:211–219.

Oberman A Lane NE Harlan WR Graybiel A Mitchell RE : Trends in systolic blood pressure in the thousand aviation cohort over a twenty-four year period Circulation 1967, 36:812–822.

Kannel WB Sorlie P Gordon T : Labile hypertension: A faulty concept? The Framingham Study Circulation 1980, 61:1180–1187.