This review discusses evidence-based perspectives on the relationship between dyslipidemia and cognitive decline, including strategic implications for risk reduction in primary care and empirically driven public policy initiatives to prevent cognitive dysfunction.
Ellison J.A 60-year-old woman with mild memory impairment: review of mild cognitive impairment. JAMA. 2008;300:1566-1574.
2.
Grodstein F.Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive function . Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:S16-S22.
3.
Jacobson T., Miller M., Schaefer E.Hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular risk reduction. Clin Ther. 2007;29:763-777.
4.
Kivipelto M. , Solomon A.Cholesterol as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease- epidemiological evidence. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;114(suppl 185):50-57.
5.
Leon A., Ulf G.Dyslipidemia and the risk of coronary heart disease: role of lifestyle approaches for its management. Am J Lifestyle Med. In press.
6.
Stamler J., Neaton J.The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)-importance then and now . JAMA. 2008;300:1343-1345.
7.
Desmond DW, Tatemichi T., Paik M., et al. Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease as correlates of cognitive function in a stroke-free cohort. Arch Neurology1993; 50: 162-166.
8.
Elkins J., Knopman D., Yaffe K., et al. Cognitive function predicts first-time stroke and heart disease . Neurology. 2005;64: 1750-1755.
9.
Fillit H., Nash D., Rundek T., et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and dementia. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008;6: 100-118.
10.
Morris M., Evans D., Bienias J., et al. Dietary fat intake and 6-year cognitive change in an older biracial community population. Neurology. 2004;62:1573-1579.
11.
Morris M., Evans D., Tangney C., et al. Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change. Neurology. 2006;67:1370-1376.
12.
Reiss A., Siller K., Rahman M., et al. Cholesterol in neurologic disorders of the elderly: stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 ;25:977-989.
13.
van den Berg E., Biessels G., de Craen A., et al. The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old. Neurology . 2007;69:979-985.
14.
Van Exel E., de Craen A., Gussekloo J., et al. Association between high-density lipoprotein and cognitive impairment in the oldest old. Ann Neurol. 2002;51:716-721.
15.
Albright C., Thompson D.The effectiveness of walking in preventing cardiovascular disease in women: a review of the current literature. J Womens Health. 2006;15: 271-280.
16.
Pavlik V., Hyman D., Doody R.Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive function in adults 30-59 years of age (NHANES III). Neuroepidemiology. 2005;24:42-50.
17.
Suzuki T., Homma S.Treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2007;91: 1211-1223.
18.
Wildman R., Muntner P., Reynolds K., et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1617-1624.
19.
Szekely C., Breitner J., Zandi P.Prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2007;19:693-706.
20.
Wang W., Shinto L., Connor W., et al. Nutritional biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: the association between carotenoids, n-3 fatty acids, and dementia severity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008;13:31-38.
21.
Chakravarty E. , Hubert H., Lingala V., et al. Reduced disability and mortality among aging runners. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1638-1646.
22.
Larson E.Physical activity for older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2008;300:1077-1079.
23.
Lautenschlager N., Cox K., Flicker L., et al. Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial . JAMA. 2008;300:2027-1037.
24.
Mackey R.Weighing benefits for older runners. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1948-1949.
25.
Eriksson K., Westborg C., Eliasson M.A randomized trial of lifestyle intervention in primary healthcare for the modification of cardiovascular risk factors. The Bjorknas study. Scand J Public Health. 2006;34: 453-461.
26.
Grover S., Lowensteyn I., Joseph L., et al. Patient knowledge of coronary risk profile improves the effectiveness of dyslipidemia therapy. The CHECK-UP study: a randomized controlled trial . Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:2296-2303.
27.
Graham G.Secondary stroke prevention: from guidelines to clinical practice. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100:1125-1137.
28.
Jallinoja P. , Abset P., Kuronen R., et al. The dilemma of patient responsibility for lifestyle change: perceptions among primary care physicians and nurses . Scand J Prim Health Care. 2007;25:244-249.
29.
Lawlor D., O'Callaghan M., Mamun A., et al. Socioeconomic position, cognitive function, and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence: findings from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and its Outcomes. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:862-868.
30.
Lutfiyya M. , Lipsky M., Bates R., et al. Disparities in knowledge of heart attack and stroke symptoms among adult men: an analysis of behavioral risk factor surveillance survey data. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100:1116-1124.
31.
Vashitz G., Meyer J., Gilutz H.General practitioners' adherence with clinical reminders for secondary prevention of dyslipidemia. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2007 :766-770.
32.
Carels R., Darby L., Cacciapaglia H., et al. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health. 2004;13:412-426.
33.
Elis A., Pereg D., Tirosh A., et al. Family history of cardiovascular disease does not predict risk-reducing behavior. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 ;15:325-328.
34.
Hayes S.Preventing cardiovascular disease in women. Am Fam Physician . 2006;74:1331-1340.