As Rippe, Angelopoulos, and Zuckley pointed out, coronary heart disease “represents the quintessential lifestyle disease of developed countries,” offering both opportunities and challenges for the routine practice of lifestyle medicine. Although the empirical evidence provides a compelling rationale for the modification of preventable cardiovascular risks, their review prompts discussion of the continuing tendency for practice to lag behind knowledge, the persisting challenges to narrowing this knowledge-practice divide, and the emerging trends that may further advance cardiovascularrisk reduction efforts.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: understanding and improving health2nd ed.Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, November 2000.
2.
Rippe J, Angelopoulos T, Zuckley L.The rationale for intervention to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Lifestyle Med.2006;1: 10-19.
3.
Chobanian A, Bakris G, Black H, et al.Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42: 1206-1252.
4.
Fiore M, Bailey W, Cohen S, et al.Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians. Rockville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2000. Available at: www.surgeongeneral.gov.
5.
Gibbons R, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, et al.ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina—summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol.2003;41: 159-168.
6.
National Institutes of Health. The practical guide: identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults, 2000. Available at: www.nhlbi.nih.gov.
7.
Fletcher G.How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Task Force on Risk Reduction, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1997;96: 355-357.
8.
Guzman S, in consultation with the American Academy of Family Physicians Panel on Obesity. Practical advice for family physicians to help overweight patients, 2003. Available at: http://www.aafp.org.
9.
Cabana M, Rand C, Powe N, et al.Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999;282: 1458-1465.
10.
Castaldo J, Nester J, Wasser T, et al.Physician attitudes regarding cardiovascular risk reduction: the gaps between clinical importance, knowledge, and effectiveness. Dis Manag.2005;8: 93-105.
11.
Egede L, Zheng D.Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in adults with diabetes: prevalence and missed opportunities for physician counseling. Arch Intern Med.2002;162: 427-433.
12.
Flocke S, Clark A, Schlessman K, Pomiecko G.Exercise, diet, and weight loss advice in the family medicine outpatient setting. Fam Med.2005;37: 415-421.
13.
Heaton P, Frede S.Patients' need for more counseling on diet, exercise, and smoking cessation: results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash DC).2006;46: 364-369.
14.
Ma J, Urizar G, Alehegn T, Stafford R.Diet and physical activity counseling during ambulatory care visits in the United States. Prev Med.2004;39: 815-822.
15.
Mellen P, Palla S, Goff D, Bonds D.Prevalence of nutrition and exercise counseling for patients with hypertension. J Gen Intern Med.2004;19: 917-924.
16.
Meredith L, Yano E, Hickey S, Sherman S.Primary care provider attitudes are associated with smoking cessation counseling and referral. Med Care.2005;43: 929-934.
Rogers L, Bailey J, Gutin B, et al.Teaching resident physicians to provide exercise counseling: a needs assessment. Acad Med.2002;77: 841-844.
19.
Solberg L, Asche S, Boyle R, et al.Frequency of physician-directed assistance for smoking cessation in patients receiving cessation medications. Arch Intern Med.2005;165: 656-660.
20.
Terre L, Poston W, Foreyt J.Overview and the future of obesity treatment. In: Goldstein D, ed. The Management of Eating Disorders and Obesity. 2nd ed.Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005:161-179.
21.
Tsui J, Dodson K, Jacobson T.Cardiovascular disease prevention counseling in residency: resident and attending physician attitudes and practices. J Natl Med Assoc.2004;96: 1080-1083, 1088-1091.
22.
Whitlock E, Orleans C, Pender N, Allan J.Evaluating primary care behavioral counseling interventions: an evidence-based approach. Am J Prev Med.2002;22: 267-284.
23.
Ainsworth B, Youmans C.Tools for physical activity counseling in medical practice. Obes Res.2002;10(suppl): 69S-78S.
24.
Ashley J, St. Jeor S, Schrage J, et al.Weight control in the physician's office. Arch Intern Med.2001;161: 1599-1604.
25.
Bernstein S, Becker B.Preventive care in the emergency department: diagnosis and management of smoking and smoking-related illness in the emergency department—a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med.2002;9: 720-729.
26.
Greenlund K, Giles W, Keenan N, et al.Physician advice, patient actions, and health-related quality of life in secondary prevention of stroke through diet and exercise. Stroke.2002;33: 565-571.
27.
McAvoy B, Kaner E, Lock C, et al.Our healthier nation: are general practitioners willing and able to deliver? Br J Gen Pract. 1999;49;187-190.
28.
Potter M, Vu J, Croughan-Minihane M.Weight management: what patients want from their primary care physicians. J Fam Pract.2001;50: 513-518.
29.
Ruggiero L, Rossi J, Prochaska J, et al.Smoking and diabetes: readiness for change and provider advice. Addict Behav.1999;24: 573-578.
30.
Thomas R, Kottke T, Brekke M, et al.Attempts at changing dietary and exercise habits to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease: who's doing what in the community? Prev Cardiol. 2002;5: 102-108.
31.
McBride C, Emmons K, Lipkus I.Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation. Health Educ Res.2003;18: 156-170.
