Percutaneous Fixation of Unstable Proximal Phalanx Fractures: A Biomechanical Study

Abstract

Background

Unstable extra-articular proximal phalanx fractures are common injuries to the hand that are often treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Fracture-induced shortening of the proximal phalanx leads to an extensor lag at the proximal interphalangeal joint. We describe a biomechanical study in cadaver hands to compare the ability of each of three different pin configurations to resist shortening in unstable fractures.

Methods

Seventeen fresh frozen hands were disarticulated at the proximal ends of the metacarpals. The second, third, and fourth proximal phalanges were tested. A 5-mm section of bone was resected from the mid-shaft of proximal phalanx to simulate an unstable fracture. Three techniques were employed and randomized for each finger: transmetacarpophalangeal joint pinning using 1 or 2 Kirschner wires (K-wires) and periarticular cross pinning using 2 K-wires. Compressive axial loads and energy at 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm of subsidence were examined.

Results

The forces and energy required to shorten the finger for each amount of subsidence were similar for all 3 pinning techniques and for all 3 finger types. Greater amounts of shortening were found to require larger forces.

Conclusion

Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning using any of the presented techniques is an adequate method of treatment for unstable proximal phalanx fractures. All of the techniques were equivalent in their ability to resist axial loading, regardless of the complexity of technique, the number of pins used, or finger that was pinned.