Nonwoven polypropylene and cotton fabrics are grafted to a vinyl quaternary compound using atmospheric-pressure plasma. Two different atmospheric plasma devices are used -the NCAPS (North Carolina Atmospheric Plasma System), a dielectric barrier discharge device created by North Carolina State University, and a plasma device from APJeT® Inc. The addition of additives such as Mohr's salt, potassium persulfate, and diacrylates are assessed to see if graft yield can be increased. Acid dye tests, SEM, and XPS reveal successful grafting of the vinyl quaternary compound. A combination of all four additives is found to yield the highest graft yields and greatest uniformity.
References
1.
PalaskarS., DesaiA., “Application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma in textiles”, Journal of Magnetohydrodynamics, Plasma, and Space Research, 21(2), 2016, 213–234.
2.
MorentR., “Non-thermal plasma treatment of textiles”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 202, 2008, 3427–3449.
3.
EdwardsB., “Towards flame retardant cotton fabrics by atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization: synthesis and application of novel phospharamidate monomers”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 209, 2012, 73–79.
4.
HocharF., JaegerD., Levalois-GrutzmacherJ., “Graft-polymerization of a hydrophobic monomer onto PAN textile by low-pressure plasma treatments”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 165, 2003, 201–210.
5.
WangH., RemboldM., WangJ., “Characterization of surface properties of plasma-polymerized fluorinated hydrocarbon layers: surface stability as a requirement for permanent water repellency”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 49, 1993, 701–710.
6.
WardL., “Atmospheric pressure glow discharge deposition of polysiloxane and SiOx Films”, Langmuir, 19, 2002, 2110–2114.
7.
LuX., “Reactive species in non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasmas: generation, transport, and biological effects”, Physics Reports, 630, 2016, 1–84.
8.
LeeS., HsiueG., WangC., “Characterization of plasma-induced graft polymerization of 2–hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto silicone rubber”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 54, 1994, 1279–1287.
9.
MoriM., UyamaY., IkadaY., “Surface modification of polyethylene fiber by graft polymerization”, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A Polymer Chemistry, 32, 1994, 1683–1690.
10.
GuptaB., “Plasma-induced graft polymerization of acrylic poly(ethylene terephthalate) films”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81, 2001, 2993–3001.
11.
YokoyamaT., “The mechanism of the stabilization of glow plasma at atmospheric pressure”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 23, 1990, 1125–1128.
HsiueG., WangC., “Functionalization of polyethyle surfaces using plasma-induced graft copolymerization of acrylic acid”, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 31, 1993, 3327–3337.
14.
GawishS.“Modification of PA 6, 6 by atmospheric plasma and grafting 2–hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to improve fabric properties”, Polymer-plastics technology and engineering, 47, 2008, 473–478.
15.
GawishS., “New functionalities of PA6, 6 fabric modified by atmospheric pressure plasma and grafted glycidyl methacrylate derivatives”, Textile Research Journal, 77(2), 2008, 92–104.
16.
LerouxF., “Fluorocarbon nano-coating of polymester fabrics by atmospheric air plasma with aerosol, Applied Surface Science, 254, 2008, 3902–3908.
17.
PriyaM., “Functional military textile: plasma-induced graft polymerization of DADMAC for antimicrobial treatment on nylon-cotton blend fabric”, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processes, 32, 2012, 833–843.
18.
BarcioS., Thermally Responsive Biopolymers for Tissue Engineering and Apparel Applications.Master's Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2006.
19.
WangX., Responsive Biomaterials.Master's Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2006.
20.
MondalM., UbukataM., “Graft polymerization of vinyl monomers onto cotton fibres pretreated with amines”, Cellulose, 15, 2008, 581–592.
21.
MajiT., BanerjeeA., “Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate on silk fiber using mohr's salt-potassium persulfate as redox initiator under visible light in a limited aqueous medium”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 62(4), 1996, 595–603.
22.
RohmanG., “The grafting of a thin layer of poly(styrene sulfonate) onto poly(e-caprolactone) surface can enhance fibroblast behavior”, Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 26(7), 2015, 206–216.
23.
HunkelerD., “Mechanisms and kinetic of the persulfate-initiated polymerization of acrylamide”, Macromolecule, 24, 1991, 2160–2171.
24.
LiuY.“Antimicrobial cotton containing N-halamine and quaternary ammonium groups by grafting copolymerization”, Applied Surface Science, 296, 2014, 231–236.
25.
VirkR., RamaswamyG., “Plasma and antimicrobial treatment of nonwoven fabrics for surgical gowns”Textile Research Journal, 74, 12, 2004, 1073–1079.
26.
LebedevY., TsvetkovY., “Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of radicals formed by irradiation of polypropylene”, Zhurnal Strukturnot Khimil, 2(5), 1961, 558–560.
27.
ChenJ, “Study on free radicals of cotton and wool fibers treated with low-temperature plasma”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 62, 1996, 1325–1329.
28.
BorciaG., AndersonG., BrownN., “Dielectric barrier discharge for surface treatment: application to selected polymers in film and fibre form”, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 12, 2003, 335–344.
29.
LinH., “Solution polymerization of acrylamide using potassium persulfate as an initiator: kinetic studies, temperature and pH dependence”, European polymer journal, 37, 2001, 1507–1510.
30.
AATCC Technical Manual, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1993.
31.
WrightW., “The Measurement of Colour”, 3rd edition, Van Nostrand, Princeton, USA, 1964.
WongK., “Wicking properties of linen treated with low temperature plasma”, Textile Research Journal, 71(1), 2001, 49–56.
34.
TsuchiyaY., AkutuK., IwataA., “Surface modification of polymeric materials by atmospheric plasma treatment”, Progress in Organic Coatings, 34, 1998, 100–107.
35.
PykonenM., “Ageing effect in atmospheric plasma activation of paper substrates”, Surface & Coating Technology, 20, 2008, 3777–3786.
36.
GoossensO., “Application of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges in deposition, cleaning, and activation”, Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001, 141–144.
